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由Spanner來看Google資料庫的前世今生
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Szu-Kai Hsu (brucehsu)
November 07, 2012
Technology
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由Spanner來看Google資料庫的前世今生
2012年秋,網際網路資料庫 @ 國立中正大學資工所
Szu-Kai Hsu (brucehsu)
November 07, 2012
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Transcript
由 Spanner來看 Google資料庫 的 前世今⽣生 Szu-Kai Hsu (brucehsu)
Spanner is a scalable multi-version globally-distributed synchronously-replicated database
BigTable
Handling
Handling really
Handling really BIG DATA
key-value
key-value { “CCU”: “123”, “NCTU”: “113”, “NTU”: “112” }; key
key-value { “CCU”: “123”, “NCTU”: “113”, “NTU”: “112” }; value
distributed
Lack of transaction, think of our first project.
CAP
C A P
Consistency A P
Consistency Availability P
Consistency Availability Partition tolerance
Consistency Availability Partition tolerance Consistency
Megastore
NoSQL datastores are highly scalable, but their limited API and
loose consistency models complicate application development. “ “
In Megastore, data model is declared in a strong-typed schema
strong-typed schema CREATE TABLE User { required int64 user_id; required string name; } PRIMARY KEY(user_id), ENTITY GROUP ROOT;
Based on BigTable BigTable
PRIMARY user_id PRIMARY user_id, nyan_id
Local and Global Indexes are introduced: Local Index Find corresponding
data in entity group Global Index Find corresponding data in external groups Local Index Global Index
(user_id, born,nyan_id) For local index CREATE LOCAL INDEX NyanByBorn ON
Nyan(user_id, born); CREATE LOCAL INDEX NyanByBorn ON Nyan(user_id, born);
Consistency achieved via Paxos algorithm Paxos 2 Replicas 1 Witness
At least
Replica consists of Replication server and Coordinator Replication server Coordinator
write oversee
Witness’ Replication server only writes logs logs
Average Latency: 100-400ms Poor write throughput 100-400ms
Spanner ,finally.
We believe it is better to have application programmers deal
with performance problems due to overuse of transactions as bottlenecks arise, rather than always coding around the lack of transactions. “ “
Data model is almost identical to Megastore almost identical Basic
unit defined as Directory Directory
Data model is almost identical to Megastore almost identical Basic
unit defined as Directory Directory Same prefix key, therefore adjacent
Data model is almost identical to Megastore almost identical Basic
unit defined as Directory Directory Same prefix key, therefore adjacent Fine-grained mapping
Data model is almost identical to Megastore almost identical Basic
unit defined as Directory Directory Same prefix key, therefore adjacent Fine-grained mapping Interleaved rows gain performance
Two-phase commit for distributed transactions Two-phase commit 1Vote Coordinator Participants
Two-phase commit for distributed transactions Two-phase commit 2Commit Coordinator Participants
Locking remains a big issue Locking Especially when someone went
down, causing deadlock, literally.
Paxos is here to rescue, again Paxos will make sure
ALL logs are copied to every replicas. ALL logs
Real Innovation lies in time TrueTime API utilizes atomic clock
& GPS to determine the order of each transactions atomic clock GPS
NewSQL is the new NoSQL and Spanner is the best
example so far.