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How to Scale Postgres - Automation, Tuning & Sharding
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Lukas Fittl
June 23, 2020
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Transcript
@LukasFittl How to Scale Postgres: Automation, Tuning & Sharding
@LukasFittl
Scaling Postgres
Scaling Postgres
Automation Handling 100s of database servers
Consistency is key
Infrastructure as Code
Postgres Infrastructure as Code
Demo: Managing Configuration using Terraform
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform Access Control (Roles, pg_hba.conf) Terraform
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups Access Control (Roles,
pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups Access Control (Roles,
pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in Read Replicas Built-in
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups Access Control (Roles,
pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in Read Replicas Built-in Backups Built-in
Cloud PaaS Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups Access Control (Roles,
pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in Read Replicas Built-in Backups Built-in Connection Pooling Manual Setup
Cloud PaaS Self-Managed VM Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups ?
Access Control (Roles, pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in ? Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in ? Read Replicas Built-in ? Backups Built-in ? Connection Pooling Manual Setup ?
Cloud PaaS Self-Managed VM Synchronized Configuration Terraform Parameter Groups ?
Access Control (Roles, pg_hba.conf) Roles: Terraform HBA: Built-in ? Automatic Failover (for HA & Planned Updates) Built-in pg_auto_failover Read Replicas Built-in ? Backups Built-in ? Connection Pooling Manual Setup ?
pg_auto_failover: Simple, automated failover
pg_auto_failover
Demo: Postgres HA using pg_auto_failover
Tuning Making The Most Of Your Database Server
work_mem tuning
Out Of Memory vs Operations Spill To Disk
Temporary Files Written pg_stat_statements.temp_blks_written pg_stat_database.temp_bytes
Temporary Files Written (Per Query) log_temp_files = 0 Jan 20
09:18:58pm PST 28847 LOG: temporary file: path "base/pgsql_ pgsql_tmp28847.9", size 50658332 Jan 20 09:18:58pm PST 28847 STATEMENT: WITH servers AS ( SELECT …
When Sorts Spill To Disk, Increase work_mem However, be aware
of OOMs!
When you get a lot of Out of Memory Errors
Reduce work_mem!
VACUUM
autovacuum => SELECT pid, query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query LIKE
'autovacuum: %'; 10469 | autovacuum: VACUUM ANALYZE public.schema_columns 12848 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.replication_follower_stats 28626 | autovacuum: VACUUM public.schema_index_stats | (to prevent wraparound) (3 rows) pg_stat_activity
autovacuum pg_stat_progress_vacuum relid: OID of the table phase: current VACUUM
phase heap_blks_total: Heap Blocks Total heap_blks_scanned: Heap Blocks Scanned heap_blks_vacuumed: Heap Blocks Vacuumed …
Reduce autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay To Increase VACUUM Speed 80 MB/s 8 MB/s
(20ms) (2ms) PG 12+ Older PG Default OS / Disk Reads
Use Table Partitioning For Append-Only + Delete Workloads (e.g. Timeseries)
Checkpoints
Data Directory WAL WAL WAL Buffer Cache Checkpointer WAL Checkpoints
Are Important For I/O Tuning
16688 LOG: checkpoint starting: xlog xlog = WAL exceeded max_wal_size,
checkpoint has to happen quickly time = checkpoint_timeout reached, checkpoint impact spread over time
Checkpoint Statistics pg_stat_bgwriter checkpoints_timed: # of scheduled checkpoints checkpoints_req: #
of requested checkpoints 1. Time Between Checkpoints 2. % of Timed Checkpoints
Increase max_wal_size / Reduce checkpoint_timeout To Have More Timed Checkpoints
(but be careful with recovery times)
Tune checkpoint_completion_target To Control I/O Impact of Timed Checkpoints (Often
0.9 is a good value, but depends on I/O Subsystem & Workload)
Demo: Postgres 13 WAL Monitoring
Sharding Scaling Beyond The Limits of a Single Server
Citus: Extension for Sharding Postgres
Select from table Coordinator Table metadata Select from table_1001 Select
from table_1003 Select from table_1002 Select from table_1004 Data node N Data node 2 Data node 1 Table_1001 Table_1003 Table_1002 Table_1004 Each node PostgreSQL with Citus installed 1 shard = 1 PostgreSQL table Sharding data across multiple nodes
Demo: Hyperscale (Citus) on Kubernetes with Azure Arc
Thank you!
[email protected]
@LukasFittl