pydanny • Python & Django developer for Cartwheel Web / RevSys • Founded django-uni-form • Does Capoeira • Lives in Los Angeles with his Fiancé, Audrey Roy (audreyr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/pydanny/4442245488/ 2
maraujop • Freelance Python developer • Co-lead of django-uni-form • Does Muay Thai • Lives in Madrid with his amazing girlfiend who does aerospace for a living • http://maraujop.github.com/ 3
content • We probably won’t have time for questions • Slides will be posted right after the talk • Too much content in the abstract • Special thanks to: • Brian Rosner • James Tauber • Frank Wiles 4
easy way • Smaller, cleaner code makes our lives better • Line 5 of the Zen of Python • Flat is better than nested. • Aim for minimal boilerplate • So you can focus on your business logic 9
def my_view(request, template_name='myapp/my_form.html'): if request.method == 'POST': form = MyForm(request.POST) # Form #1! if form.is_valid(): # nested if! do_x() return redirect('/') else: form = MyForm() # Form #2! return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Form #1 Form #2 Only 1 nested if, but real code gets much more complex Custom business goes here
def my_view(request, template_name='myapp/my_form.html'): # sticks in a POST or renders empty form form = MyForm(request.POST or None) if form.is_valid(): do_x() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Single form Custom business goes here If no request.POST, then instantiated with None
# sticks in a POST or renders empty form form = MyForm(request.POST or None) if form.is_valid(): do_x() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Easy views.py • 6 lines of code instead of 9 • 33.3333333333% less code to debug • One form instantiation • less conditionals == less edge case insanity 14
files • 6 lines of code again! • Code donated by Audrey Roy 16 def my_view(request, template_name='myapp/my_form.html'): form = MyForm(request.POST or None, request.FILES or None) if form.is_valid(): do_x() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Request.POST or None Request.FILES or None
statistics • 91% of all Django projects use ModelForms • 80% ModelForms require trivial logic • 20% ModelForms require complicated logic 18 Let’s try and make that easy
ModelForm 20 def my_model_edit(request, slug=slug, template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): # I wouldn't call the variable model, because it's an instance of a model, it's confusing mymodel = get_object_or_404(MyModel, slug=slug) if request.method == 'POST': form = MyForm(request, instance=mymodel) if form.is_valid(): mymodel = form.save() mymodel.day_shown = datetime.datetime.now() # Do any extra model stuff here mymodel.save() return redirect('home') else: form = MyForm(instance=mymodel) return render(request, template_name, {'form': form, 'model': mymodel}) Form #1 Form #2 Only 1 nested if, but real code gets much more complex Custom business goes here
ModelForm 21 def my_model_edit(request, slug=slug, template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): # I wouldn't call the variable model, because it's an instance of a model, it's confusing mymodel = get_object_or_404(MyModel, slug=slug) if request.method == 'POST': form = MyForm(request, instance=mymodel) if form.is_valid(): mymodel = form.save() mymodel.day_shown = datetime.datetime.now() # Do any extra model stuff here mymodel.save() return redirect('home') else: form = MyForm(instance=mymodel) return render(request, template_name, {'form': form, 'model': mymodel}) • 12 lines of code • Nested conditionals • What if we have to handle 3 different submit buttons? • Watch out for edge case insanity!
ModelForm 22 def my_model_edit(request, slug=slug, template_name='myapp/ my_model_form.html'): mymodel = get_object_or_404(MyModel, slug=slug) form = MyModelForm(request.POST or None, instance=mymodel) if form.is_valid(): mymodel = form.save() mymodel.edited_at_djangocon = True mymodel.save() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form, 'mymodel': mymodel}) Single form Custom business goes here If no request.POST, then instantiated with None So this will fail validation!
ModelForm 25 def my_model_add(request, template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): form = MyModelForm(request.POST or None) if form.is_valid(): mymodel = form.save() mymodel.added_at_djangocon = True mymodel.save() return redirect('home') return render(request,template_name,{'form': form,'mymodel':mymodel}) No need for an instance here This creates the model instance.
it smaller! 26 def my_model_tiny_add(request,template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): form = MyModelForm(request.POST or None) if form.is_valid(): form.save() return redirect('home') return render(request,template_name,{'form':form,'mymodel':mymodel}) Good practice: Use model field defaults rather than doing it in your views. Not setting defaults here
test your forms • This isn’t a testing talk but... • Forms are the number one thing to test • Don’t skip on testing them • Edge case insanity is the thing to fear 28
33 class MyModelTooMuchTypingForm(forms.ModelForm): """ I've done this and it sucks hard to debug and too much duplication """ name = forms.CharField(_('Name'), max_length=50, required=True) age = forms.IntegerField(_('Age in years'), required=True) profession = forms.CharField(_('Profession'), required=True) bio = forms.TextField(_('Bio'), required=True) class Meta: model = MyModel class MyModel(models.Model): name = models.CharField(_('Name'), max_length=50, blank=True, null=True) age = models.IntegerField(_('Age in years'), blank=True, null=True) profession = models.CharField(_('Profession'), max_length=100, blank=True, null=True) bio = models.TextField(_('Bio'), blank=True, null=True) Nearly duplicated code
34 class MyModelForm(forms.ModelForm): """ Much better and you are extending, not copy/pasting """ def __init__(self): super(MyModelForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.fields['name'].required = True self.fields['age'].required = True self.fields['profession'].required = True self.fields['profession'].help_text = _("Hi professor") class Meta: model = MyModel Fields are in a dict-like object
inheritance! 35 class BaseEmailForm(forms.Form): email = forms.EmailField(_('Email')) confirm_email = forms.EmailField(_('Email 2')) class ContactForm(BaseEmailForm): message = forms.CharField(_('Message')) def __init__(self): super(ContactForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.fields['confirm_email'].label = _('Confirm your email') self.fields['confirm_email'].description = _('We want to be absolutely \ certain we have your correct email address.')
to a form 37 def my_view(request, template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): form = MyModelForm(request.POST or None) # Let's add a field on the go, needs to be done before validating it form.fields['favorite_color'] = forms.ChoiceField( label = "Which is your favorite color from these?", choices = (('blue', 'blue'), ('red', 'red'), ('green', 'green')), widget = forms.RadioSelect, required = True, ) if form.is_valid(): # Let's get user's favorite color, # you can do whatever you want with it favorite_color = form.cleaned_data['favorite_color'] form.save() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Form dictionary of fields Fields have to be added before the form.is_valid method is checked.
39 class MyModelForm(forms.ModelForm): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): extra = kwargs.pop('extra') super(UserCreationForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) for i, question in enumerate(extra): self.fields['custom_%s' % i] = forms.CharField(label=question) def extra_fields(self): """ Returns a tuple (question, answer) """ for name, value in self.cleaned_data.items(): if name.startswith('custom_'): yield (self.fields[name].label, value) looping over ‘extra’ iterable
40 def my_view(request, template_name='myapp/my_model_form.html'): form = MyModelForm(request.POST or None, extra=["What's your pet's name?"]) if form.is_valid(): # We can gather extra fields data doing for (question, answer) in form.extra_fields(): save_answer(request, question, answer) form.save() return redirect('home') return render(request, template_name, {'form': form}) Passing in a list of form field titles
__init__(self, numberItems, *args, **kwargs): super(ItemFormSet, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.numberItems = numberItems def clean(self): # Don't bother validating the formset # unless each form is valid on its own if any(self.errors): return for form in self.forms: if not form.cleaned_data['your_choice'] == 'mod_wsgi': raise ValidationError(u'mod_wsgi is the way to go!') formsets.py 42 Forms must have ‘your_choice’ field that only accepts “mod_wsgi”
• Django’s widget parameter attrs expects a dictionary • Replaces the normal widgets with HTML5 ones 53 import floppyforms as forms class ExampleForm(forms.Form): username = forms.CharField( label='', widget = forms.TextInput( attrs={'placeholder': '@johndoe'}, ), )
import floppyforms as forms class OtherEmailInput(forms.EmailInput): template_name = 'path/to/other_email.html' <input type="email" name="{{ name }}" id="{{ attrs.id }}" placeholder="[email protected]" {% if value %}value="{{ value }}"{% endif %}> path/to/other_email.html forms.py
custom fields 62 “Its only requirements are that it implement a clean() method and that its __init__() method accept the core arguments mentioned above (required, label, initial, widget, help_text).” The docs seem to be wrong
works • required • widget • label • help_text • initial • error_messages • show_hidden_initial • validators • localize 63 You don’t need to implement “clean” You do need to implement:
AMarkField(forms.Field): widget = TextInput default_error_messages = { 'not_an_a': _(u'you can only input A here! damn!'), } def __init__(self, **kwargs): super(AMarkField, self).__init__(**kwargs) def to_python(self, value): if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES: return None if value != 'A': raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['not_an_a']) return value Only accepts upper case A as input
class MyModelForm(forms.ModelForm): mark = CharField() def clean_mark(self): mark_value = self.cleaned_data['mark'] if mark_value is not None or mark_value.upper() != 'A': raise ValidationError(_(u'Only input A here!')) return mark_value class ExampleForm(forms.Form): mark = CharField() def clean_mark(self): mark_value = self.cleaned_data['mark'] if mark_value is not None or mark_value.upper() != 'A': raise ValidationError(_(u'Only input A here!')) return mark_value
django.forms.extras.widgets import MultiWidget class AddressWidget(MultiWidget): def __init__(self, attrs=None): widgets = (TextInput, TextInput) super(AddressWidget, self).__init__(widgets, attrs) def decompress(self, value): """ If called, value is a string should return a list """ if value: # parse stuff and return a list return value.split() return [None, None] Called when a form with MultiWidget is passed initial or instance values Two TextInput widgets!!!
• Clean does not work in the standard way • Every field validated with its corresponding widget value • Beware! run_validator does run but validate is called 74 class AlternativeAddressField(forms.MultiValueField): widget = AddressWidget def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): fields = (forms.CharField(), forms.CharField()) super(AlternativeAddressField, self).__init__(fields, *args, **kwargs) def compress(self, data_list): return data_list Django Ticket #14184
value, attrs=None): # HTML to be added to the output widget_labels = [ '<label for="id_%s">Address: </label>', '<label for="id_%s">Number: </label>' ] if self.is_localized: for widget in self.widgets: widget.is_localized = self.is_localized # value is a list of values, each corresponding to a widget # in self.widgets. if not isinstance(value, list): value = self.decompress(value) output = [] final_attrs = self.build_attrs(attrs) id_ = final_attrs.get('id', None) for i, widget in enumerate(self.widgets): try: widget_value = value[i] except IndexError: widget_value = None if id_: final_attrs = dict(final_attrs, id='%s_%s' % (id_, i)) # Adding labels output.append(widget_labels[i] % ('%s_%s' % (name, i))) output.append(widget.render(name + '_%s' % i, widget_value, final_attrs)) return mark_safe(self.format_output(output)) Custom Widget Output 77 So Easy!
Widget Output • Overring render means indepth knowledge • Hard to do custom output with built-in widgets • You can’t call super.render and customize easily • Templates? Open Ticket #15667 79
Widget Output • Oldest ticket in Django is related to forms (#23) • ComboField is broken • Validators are thought to validate simple values because of the way run_validators is coded 81
you have an input that get a list of emails seperated by spaces • Your widget returns: [“[email protected]”, “[email protected]”] • You want to run validators on all of them • There is an EmailValidator 83
incredible • We want to see this and more in the formal Django docs • We’ve scratched our own itch • There are hidden things that need to see the light of day • Danny holds the DjangoCon talks record 88
maraujop
bkuhlmann
estie
quiver
kosmosebi
konifar
lovee
onomax
kangnux
mackey0225
teamlab
upamune
zakiwarfel
mclloyd
edds
pauljervisheath
stephaniewalter
geoffreycrofte
notwaldorf
orderedlist
kneath
chriscoyier
holman
bluesmoon
