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Introduction à
Ruby
Rémi Prévost — Web à Québec 2012
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Rémi Prévost
Développeur Web qui aime Ruby
freelance!
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Objectif
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Vous convaincre
d’essayer Ruby!
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Simple
à apprendre
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Rapide
à débuter
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Naturel
à écrire
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Sondage
rapide
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Ruby, le langage
Ruby et le Web
Introduction à Ruby
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Ruby,
le langage
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“I’ve made a
huge mistake.”
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Historique
Installation
Types de données
Syntaxe particulière
Modèle objet
Gems
Ruby, le langage
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Minute
historique
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No content
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Installer
Ruby
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$ ruby -v
ruby 1.8.7 (2010-01-10 patchlevel 249)
Mac OS X
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$ brew install rbenv ruby-build
$ rbenv install 1.9.2-p290
Mac OS X
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$ sudo apt-get install ruby-1.9.1-full
Ubuntu/Debian
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Windows
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$ irb
ruby-1.9.2-p290 :001 >
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Hello
World
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# Contenu de hello.rb
puts("Hello World.")
$ ruby hello.rb
Hello World.
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Types de
données
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# Fixnum
7
# String
"foo"
# Array
[4, 7, 15, 16, 23, 42]
# Hash
{ :foo => "bar", :omg => 3 }
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# Symbol
:foo
# Regex
/[a-z]{0,10}\s+$/i
# Proc
lambda { |args| return "hello" }
# NilClass
nil
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Syntaxe pensée pour les
développeurs
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puts "Hello world."
# puts("Hello world.")
puts :foo => :bar, :omg => 3
# puts({ :foo => :bar, :omg => 3 })
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nombres = ["un", "deux", "trois"]
nombres.empty?
=> false
nombres.first
=> "un"
nombres.include? "deux"
=> true
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puts "Hello" if total == 2
# ou
if total == 2
puts "Hello"
end
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def hello(name)
another_method("foo")
return "Hello, #{name.capitalize}"
end
# ou
def hello(name)
another_method("foo")
"Hello, #{name.capitalize}"
end
hello("rémi")
=> "Hello, Rémi"
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[1, 2, 3].map { |x| x * 2 }
# ou
[1, 2, 3].map do |x|
x * 2
end
=> [2, 4, 6]
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Modèle objet
simple
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Tout est un
objet
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Tout?
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Tout!
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upcase("foo")
=> NoMethodError: undefined method
`upcase' for main:Object
"foo".upcase
=> FOO
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"foo".upcase
=> "FOO"
108.to_s
=> "108"
[1, 2, 3, 4].shuffle
=> [2, 4, 1, 3]
{ :foo => "bar", :omg => 3 }.keys
=> [:foo, :omg]
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10.times { |i| puts i }
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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2 + 3
# ou
# 2.+(3)
=> 5
[1, 2, 3] << 4
# ou
# [1, 2, 3].<<(4)
=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
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puts "Hello World."
# Kernel.puts("Hello World.")
require "../fichier.rb"
# Kernel.require("../fichier.rb")
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Définir nos propres
classes
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class Article
end
article = Article.new
=> #
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class Article < Contenu
attr_reader :published
def initialize(published=true)
@published = published
end
def publish!
@published = true
end
end
article = Article.new(false)
article.publish!
article.published
=> true
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Modèle objet
souple
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Classes
modifiables
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class Article
def delete
puts "Suppression de l’article!"
end
end
class Article
def delete
puts "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
end
end
article = Article.new
article.delete
=> "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
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class Article
def delete
puts "Suppression de l’article!"
end
end
article = Article.new
class Article
def delete
puts "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
end
end
article.delete
=> "Finalement, on ne fait rien!"
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Classes internes
modifiables
(au runtime!)
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class String
def sans_les_voyelles
self.gsub /[aeiouy]/i, ""
end
end
"webaquebec".sans_les_voyelles
=> "wbqbc"
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class Fixnum
def minutes
self * 60
end
def hours
self * 60.minutes
end
end
2.minutes
=> 120
5.hours
=> 18000
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class Object
def lol!
"LOL!"
end
end
1.lol!
=> "LOL!"
"Test".lol!
=> "LOL!"
[1, 2, 3].lol!
=> "LOL!"
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class NilClass
def really?
"Yep, really!"
end
end
foo = nil
foo.really?
=> "Yep, really!"
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Extension via
modules
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module SuperModule
def super!
"Hé, #{self}, super!"
end
end
class String
include SuperModule
end
"Web à Québec".super!
=> "Hé, Web à Québec, super!"
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Librairies externes
centralisées
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$ ls /var/www/mon-application-php
wp-atom.php wp-feed.php index.php
wp-blog-header.php wp-includes/ license.txt
wp-comments-post.php wp-opml.php wp-login.php
wp-commentsrss2.php wp-load.php wp-pass.php
readme.html wp-config.php wp-rdf.php
wp-activate.php wp-mail.php
wp-admin/ wp-content/
wp-app.php wp-cron.php
$ ls /var/www/mon-application-ruby
Gemfile Gemfile.lock config.ru app.rb
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Gems
(moi je dis « une gem »)
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$ gem install httparty
Fetching: multi_xml-0.4.1.gem (100%)
Fetching: httparty-0.8.1.gem (100%)
When you HTTParty, you must party hard!
Successfully installed multi_xml-0.4.1
Successfully installed httparty-0.8.1
2 gems installed
$ irb
>> HTTParty
NameError: uninitialized constant Object::HTTParty
>> require "httparty"
=> true
>> HTTParty
=> HTTParty
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$ bundle --version
command not found: bundle
$ gem install bundler
Successfully installed bundler-1.0.22
1 gem installed
$ bundle --version
Bundler version 1.0.22
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Ruby et le
Web
(à Québec)
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Historique
Rack
Frameworks
• Rails
• Sinatra
Hébergement + déploiement
Ruby et le Web
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Minute
historique
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DHH
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Rack
(une structure pour faire du Web)
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$ tree .
.
!"" a-propos.rb
!"" index.rb
#"" projets.rb
0 directories, 3 files
$ curl http://localhost/index.rb
Ma page d’accueil!
$ curl http://localhost/a-propos.rb
Moi, bla bla bla.
NOPE
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Rack
(une structure pour faire du Web)
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Interface
serveur +
code
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Utilisateur
Serveur Web
Rack
Ruby
Rack
Serveur Web
Utilisateur
Requête HTTP
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# Contenu de config.ru
class Blogue
def call(env)
headers = { "Content-type" => "text/html" }
[200, headers, "Hello world."]
end
end
run Blogue.new
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$ gem install rack
$ rackup config.ru
WEBrick 1.3.1
ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09)
WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292
$ curl http://localhost:9292
Hello world.
$ curl http://localhost:9292/foo/bar
Hello world.
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Ruby on
Rails
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“Full stack”
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ORM
AJAX
EMAIL
TESTS
MVC
SESSIONS
CSRF
ROUTES
DATABASE
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“Convention
over
configuration”
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Utilisateur
Serveur Web
Rack
Rails
Rack
Serveur Web
Utilisateur
Requête HTTP
Ruby
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$ rails new mon_application
…
$ du --max-depth 1 -h .
28K ./app
60K ./config
4,0K ./db
4,0K ./doc
0 ./lib
0 ./log
24K ./public
4,0K ./script
8,0K ./test
0 ./tmp
0 ./vendor
164K .
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Ruby on
Sinatra
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“Micro-framework”
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ORM
AJAX
EMAIL
TESTS
MVC
SESSIONS
CSRF
ROUTES
DATABASE
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“Add as you grow”
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Utilisateur
Serveur Web
Rack
Sinatra
Rack
Serveur Web
Utilisateur
Requête HTTP
Ruby
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Configuration (Bundler)
Données (DataMapper)
Routes
Vues (Haml)
Sinatra
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Surprise,
un blogue!
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$ tree .
.
!"" Gemfile
!"" config.ru
#"" blogue.rb
0 directories, 3 files
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Configuration
(avec Bundler)
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# Contenu de Gemfile
source "http://rubygems.org"
gem "sinatra"
gem "dm-core"
gem "dm-mysql-adapter"
gem "dm-migrations"
gem "haml"
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# Contenu de Gemfile
source "http://rubygems.org"
gem "sinatra", "~> 1.3"
gem "dm-core"
gem "dm-mysql-adapter"
gem "dm-migrations"
gem "haml", "3.1"
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$ bundle install
=> Fetching gem metadata from http://rubygems.org/
Installing addressable (…)
Installing data_objects (…)
Installing dm-core (…)
Installing dm-mysql-adapter (…)
Installing dm-migrations (…)
Installing rack (…)
Installing tilt (…)
Installing sinatra (…)
Installing haml (…)
Using bundler (…)
Your bundle is complete!
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# Contenu de config.ru
require "bundler"
Bundler.require
require "./blogue.rb"
run Sinatra::Application
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$ rackup config.ru
WEBrick 1.3.1
ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09)
WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292
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Données
(avec DataMapper)
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# Contenu de blogue.rb
configure do
DataMapper::Logger.new(STDOUT, :debug)
DataMapper.setup(:default, "mysql://localhost/blogue")
end
class Article
include DataMapper::Resource # Un module!
property :id, Serial
property :title, String
property :content, Text
property :created_at, DateTime
end
DataMapper.finalize
DataMapper.auto_upgrade!
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Article.all
=> [#, #, …]
Article.all(:created_at.gte => Time.now - 3600)
=> [#]
Article.get(42)
=> #
Article.create(:title => "Hello!")
=> #
Article.all(:title => "Un test").destroy
=> true
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Routes
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get "/" do
…
end
post "/articles" do
…
end
put "/articles/:id" do
…
end
delete "/articles/:id" do
…
end
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get "/articles/:id" do
# params[:id]
end
get /\/articles\/(?[0-9]+)/ do
# params[:id]
end
get "/articles/*" do
# params[:splat]
end
get "/articles/:id.?:format?" do
# params[:id], params[:format]
end
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get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.get(params[:id])
end
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post "/articles" do
@article = Article.create(params[:article])
redirect to("/articles/#{@article.id}")
end
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$ curl http://localhost:9292/articles
-X POST
--data "article[title]=Mon+article"
--data "article[content]=Le+contenu"
params
=> {
:article => {
:title => "Mon article",
:content => "Mon contenu"
}
}
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Vues
(avec Haml)
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get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.find(params[:id])
end
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get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
"Il y a #{@articles.length} articles."
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.get(params[:id])
"C’est bien #{@article.title}."
end
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get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
haml :index
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.get(params[:id])
haml :show
end
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Introduction à
Haml
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%h1 Hello world.
%p Voici une liste :
%ul
%li
%a{ :href => "http://exomel.com" } Rémi
Hello world.
Voici une liste :
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Fin de
l’introduction à
Haml
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-# Contenu de views/index.haml
%ul
- @articles.each do |article|
%li
%h1= article.title
= article.content
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-# Contenu de views/show.haml
%h1= @article.title
= @article.content
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get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
haml :index, :layout => :blogue
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.get(params[:id])
haml :show, :layout => :blogue
end
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-# Contenu de views/blogue.haml
!!! 5
%title Mon blogue
%body
= yield
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-# Exemple de http://localhost/articles/1
Mon blogue
Lorem Ipsum
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla dignissim, libero quis dapibus scelerisqueSlide 112
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Le code final
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# Contenu de blogue.rb
configure do
DataMapper::Logger.new STDOUT, :debug
DataMapper.setup :default, "mysql://localhost/blogue"
class Article
include DataMapper::Resource
property :id, Serial
property :title, String
property :content, Text
property :created_at, DateTime
end
DataMapper.finalize
DataMapper.auto_upgrade!
end
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# Suite de blogue.rb
get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
haml :index, :layout => :blogue
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.get(params[:id])
haml :show, :layout => :blogue
end
post "/articles" do
@article = Article.create(params[:article])
redirect to("/article/#{@article.id}")
end
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-# Contenu de views/index.haml
%ul
- @articles.each do |article|
%li
%h1= article.title
= article.content
-# Contenu de views/show.haml
%h1= @article.title
= @article.content
-# Contenu de views/blogue.haml
!!! 5
%title Mon blogue
%body
= yield
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configure do
DataMapper::Logger.new STDOUT, :debug
DataMapper.setup :default, "mysql://localhost/blogue"
class Article
include DataMapper::Resource
property :id, Serial
property :title, String
property :content, Text
property :created_at, DateTime
end
DataMapper.finalize
DataMapper.auto_upgrade!
end
get "/" do
@articles = Article.all
haml :index, :layout => :blogue
end
get "/articles/:id" do
@article = Article.find(params[:id])
haml :show, :layout => :blogue
end
post "/articles" do
@article = Article.create(params[:article])
redirect to("/article/#{@article.id}")
end
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Hébergement
et déploiement
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Le mythe
(« omg, ruby c’est compliqué! »)
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Heroku
(la magie)
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$ gem install heroku
$ heroku apps:create blogue
Creating blogue... done
Git remote heroku added
$ git push heroku master
-----> Heroku receiving push
-----> Ruby/Rack app detected
-----> Gemfile detected, running Bundler version 1.0.7
Unresolved dependencies detected; Installing...
Your bundle is complete!
-----> Launching... done, v1
http://blogue.heroku.com deployed to Heroku
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mod_passenger
(la transition idéale)
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$ sudo gem install passenger
$ sudo passenger-install-apache2-module
LoadModule passenger_module /usr/lib/ruby/gems/
1.9.1/gems/passenger-3.0.11/ext/apache2/
mod_passenger.so
PassengerRoot /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/
passenger-3.0.11
PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1
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ServerName blogue.webaquebec.org
DocumentRoot /var/www/blogue/public
Allow from all
Options -MultiViews
$ cd /var/www/blogue
$ mkdir public
$ mkdir tmp
$ sudo apachectl restart
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$ touch tmp/restart.txt
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Résumé
(en 30 secondes)
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$ sudo gem install sinatra
$ cat config.ru
require "sinatra"
get "/" do
"Hello world."
end
run Sinatra::Application
$ rackup config.ru
WEBrick 1.3.1
ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09)
WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69232 port=9292
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Ressources
utiles
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Ressources utiles
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Ressources utiles
• sinatrarb.com
• guides.rubyonrails.org
• haml-lang.com
• github.com/explore/languages/ruby
• heroku.com
• modrails.com (Apache et nginx)
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Merci!
Rémi Prévost — http://exomel.com
@remi