RailsConf 2016: Pat Packet visits Ruby Rails

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Pat Packet Visits Ruby Rails by: Jeremy Fairbank @elpapapollo | github.com/jfairbank illustrations: Marissa Roeper marissaroeper.com

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We help brands excel. pushagency.io Your website, SimplyBuilt. simplybuilt.com

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HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING GET / HTTP/1.1   Host: rubyonrails.org Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive   Hello World The Message

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HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING The Destination rubyonrails.org 192.30.252.153

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The Transportation HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING

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The Directions HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING

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Package Address Continent Kingdom Train Router Station Network Packet IP Address Physical Device Software Server Connection Router/Switch Legend

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WAN - Wide Area Network The Internet LAN - Local Area Network Router + computers Protocol Official rules/guidelines to follow HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Protocol for HTML, JSON, XML

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Can you send me your home page? Request Sure thing! Here you go! Reply

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GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: rubyonrails.org Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive   Hello World Request Line Method Resource HTTP Version HTTP Request Headers Optional Message

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GET POST PUT DELETE HTTP Methods

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GET Can you send me your home page? GET / HTTP/1.1 POST PUT DELETE HTTP Methods

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GET Can you send me your home page? POST Here is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT DELETE POST /checkout HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

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GET Can you send me your home page? POST Here is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT I changed my name. Can you please update your records? DELETE PUT /user/info HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

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GET Can you send me your home page? POST Here is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT I changed my name. Can you please update your records? DELETE I no longer use this address. Can you remove it? DELETE /address/2 HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

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Meta data is like saying I’d prefer the list of friends in HTML. Data is like saying Please send me a list of my friends. HTTP Headers

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Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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Send back whatever you have. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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Send back HTML please. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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I’m sending you some JSON. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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Please give this message to rubyonrails.org. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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Here’s how much information I’m sending. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

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Status Line Headers Message HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: GitHub.com Date: Sun, 17 Apr 2016 11:19:48 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 4127 Last-Modified: Tue, 01 Mar 2016 10:32:49 GMT   Ruby on Rails! HTTP Version Status Code Status Description HTTP Reply

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200 304 404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304 404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

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HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

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HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 500 HTTP Statuses

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HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 Sorry, you’re not allowed to request that. 500 HTTP Statuses

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HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 Sorry, you’re not allowed to request that. 500 Sorry, we’re having problems right now. HTTP Statuses

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GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: rubyonrails.org Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive

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DNS - Domain Name System Where is rubyonrails.org? Oh, you can find it at 192.30.252.153. Translate domain names into IP addresses. Client DNS Server

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) Root Kingdoms DNS

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) rubyonrails.org? RECURSIVE Root Kingdoms DNS

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) rubyonrails.org? RECURSIVE Root Kingdoms DNS ? ITERATIVE (keep trying)

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) rubyonrails.org? RECURSIVE Root Kingdoms DNS TLDs .org .com .net .io ? ITERATIVE (keep trying)

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) rubyonrails.org? RECURSIVE Root Kingdoms DNS TLDs .org .com .net .io NS a0.org… a2.org… ? Try these kingdoms. ITERATIVE (keep trying)

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) TLD Kingdoms DNS NS Kingdoms

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) TLD Kingdoms DNS Please associate rubyonrails.org with my IP address. ns1.gratisdns.dk. ns2.gratisdns.dk. NS Kingdoms Please associate us with rubyonrails.org.

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) TLD Kingdoms DNS ? NS ns1.gratisdns.dk. ns2.gratisdns.dk. Try these kingdoms. NS Kingdoms

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms rubyonrails.org?

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153 rubyonrailsftw.com?

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153 rubyonrailsftw.com? CNAME rubyonrails.org.

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) Root Kingdoms TLD Kingdoms DNS NS Kingdoms A Hierarchy

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Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) Root Kingdoms TLD Kingdoms DNS NS Kingdoms A Hierarchy

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x 4 billion IP addresses = LOTS of storage Can you all update my address?

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TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol

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TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol

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ACKnowledging the package. Here’s your reply. ACK

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ACKnowledging the package. Here’s your reply. ACK I’m not sure you got that package. I’ll try again! ? X

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X X X X X X X X X X X X X Congestion

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Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 TCP Congestion Control

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Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 1 TCP Congestion Control

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Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 ACK 1 1 TCP Congestion Control

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ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 2 Delivered Sliding Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control

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2 3 ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 2 Delivered Sliding Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control

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2 3 ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 2 Delivered Sliding Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control X X

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2 3 ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 1 Delivered Sliding Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control X X

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2 3 ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 1 Delivered Sliding Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control X X 2

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TCP Connections - 3 way handshake

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SYN TCP Connections - 3 way handshake 1. Client (requester) requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 1

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ACK-SYN Window = 1 SYN TCP Connections - 3 way handshake 1. Client (requester) requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 2. Server (recipient) ACKnowledges SYN and sends its own SYN. Server can specify initial window size to prevent too much coming in. 1 2

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ACK-SYN Window = 1 SYN TCP Connections - 3 way handshake ACK 1. Client (requester) requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 2. Server (recipient) ACKnowledges SYN and sends its own SYN. Server can specify initial window size to prevent too much coming in. 3. Client ACKnowledges server’s SYN and connection is established. 1 3 2

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1 Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers

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1 Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers Got #1… ACK 1

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Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers Got #1… And #2! 2 ACK 1 ACK 2

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Destination Next Hop 23.235.44.0/24 192.168.1.1 104.0.0.0/8 192.168.2.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 23.21.0.0/16 192.168.4.1 Routing Tables Tell which location to go to next for a range of IP addresses. IP Address Range with CIDR Path to follow, i.e. the next router

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CIDR — Classless Inter-domain Routing 192.30.0.0/16

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192.30.252.153 8 bits = 2^8 = 256 numbers => 0-255 4 of 2^8 => 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255 IPV4 Addresses - Dotted Quads 0—255 1st quad 0—255 2nd quad 0—255 3rd quad 0—255 4th quad

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CIDR — Classless Inter-domain Routing 192.30.0.0/16 192.30.0.0/8 1. Use the first /8 bits to mask the first quad. Masks “lock” a number in. 2. Use the next /8 bits to mask the second quad. 3. This leaves a range of possible IP addresses to find a match in. 192.30.0.0/0 192.30.0-255.0-255 -or- 192.30.0.0 - 192.30.255.255

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Destination Next Hop 23.235.44.0/24 192.168.1.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 23.21.0.0/16 192.168.4.1 Destination Next Hop 107.20.0.0/16 192.168.5.1 192.30.252.0/24 192.168.6.1 Destination Next Hop 192.30.252.50.144/28 192.168.7.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.8.1 192.30.252.153? Routing Range grows smaller and more specific (mask grows larger).

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Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets)

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Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets)

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Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets) No room for packets. They must be dropped. Requester must try again and potentially slow down sending rate.

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Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets) No room for packets. They must be dropped. Requester must try again and potentially slow down sending rate. Slow down please! X X

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Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets) No room for packets. They must be dropped. Requester must try again and potentially slow down sending rate. Slow down please! X X

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GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: rubyonrails.org Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive

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DNS Destination Next Hop 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 Routing TCP/IP ACK Recap

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DNS Destination Next Hop 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 Routing TCP/IP ACK Recap

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• Physical distance and latency unavoidable • Persistent/shared TCP connections • Caching DNS queries • Caching HTML, scripts, images, etc. • Content distribution networks (CDNs) and mirrors • HTTP 2 Performance Matters!

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• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cartoon_cloud.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Checkmark_green.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-web-browser.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_clock_chris_kemps_01.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Network-server.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Server-web.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Server.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_crown_icon.svg • https://pixabay.com/en/metro-subway-tramway-159004/ • https://pixabay.com/en/postal-parcel-post-package-32383/ • https://pixabay.com/en/subway-map-transportation-metro-576776/ • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/I-80_Eastshore_Fwy.jpg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osa_device-wireless-router.svg Sources

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Acknowledgement Illustrations by Marissa Roeper marissaroeper.com

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Thanks! by: Jeremy Fairbank @elpapapollo | github.com/jfairbank illustrations: Marissa Roeper marissaroeper.com