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Go Ͱ Network Programming ͢ΔͨΊ ͷΑ΋΍·࿩ Tomohiro Takezawa


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ࣗݾ঺հ • ஛ᖒ ༑ത • Github: ttakezawa • Twitter: @takezawa • גࣜձࣾKyashॴଐ • όοΫΤϯυશൠ • ಛʹ VISA ΍ QUICPay (Google Pay) ͷϓϩηγϯάγεςϜͳͲ

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࣮຿ͱωοτϫʔΫϓϩάϥϛϯά • ࣮ࡍͷͱ͜Ζɺ࢓ࣄͰ࢖͏ػձ͋Δʁ • Kyash ͷۀ຿Ͱ͸ඞਢͳͱ͜Ζ͕͋Δ • ΫϨδοτΧʔυͷϓϩηγϯάۀ຿ • ௿ϨΠϠʔͷཧղ͕ਂ·Δͱڧ͍

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࿩͢͜ͱͱɺ࿩͞ͳ͍͜ͱ • ࿩͢͜ͱ • ιέοτϓϩάϥϛϯάશൠ • Go ʹ͓͚Δ I/O ͷ࢓૊Έ • ࿩͞ͳ͍͜ͱ • HTTP • νϟωϧ

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ࠓ೔ͷΞδΣϯμ • ωοτϫʔΫϓϩάϥϛϯάͷجຊతͳΠϯ λϑΣʔε • netpoll ʹΑΔ I/OଟॏԽͷ࢓૊Έ • ϒϩοΩϯά I/O ΛΩϟϯηϧ͢Δํ๏ • TLSରԠʹ͍ͭͯ

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GoͷωοτϫʔΫϓϩάϥϛ ϯάͷجຊతͳΠϯλϑΣʔ εʹ͍ͭͯ

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·ͣ৮Γ͔Β • جຊతͳΠϯλϑΣʔεʹ͍ͭͯ • ந৅౓ߴΊʹઆ໌

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM αʔόଆ جຊతͳϓϩτίϧʹ͓͍ͯڞ௨ͷྲྀΕ ίωΫγϣϯ ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό͸ListenͰ଴ͪड͚͠ɺΫϥΠΞϯτ͸ DialͰ઀ଓ͢Δ

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM αʔόଆ جຊతͳϓϩτίϧʹ͓͍ͯڞ௨ͷྲྀΕ ίωΫγϣϯ ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό͸ListenͰ଴ͪड͚͠ɺΫϥΠΞϯτ͸ DialͰ઀ଓ͢Δ

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM αʔόଆ ίωΫγϣϯ ΫϥΠΞϯτ αʔό͸ListenͰ଴ͪड͚͠ɺΫϥΠΞϯτ͸ DialͰ઀ଓ͢Δ جຊతͳϓϩτίϧʹ͓͍ͯڞ௨ͷྲྀΕ

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM αʔόଆ ίωΫγϣϯ ΫϥΠΞϯτ ͓ޓ͍ʹίωΫγϣϯΦϒδΣΫτͰίϛϡχ έʔγϣϯΛߦ͏ جຊతͳϓϩτίϧʹ͓͍ͯڞ௨ͷྲྀΕ

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM netύοέʔδʹ͸ϓϩτίϧ͝ͱʹͦΕͧΕͷ࣮૷͕͋Δ net.DialIP(…) net.DialTCP(…) net.DialUDP(…) net.DialUnix(…) net.IPConn net.TCPConn net.UDPConn net.UnixConn net.ListenIP(…) net.ListenTCP(…) net.ListenUDP(…) net.ListenUnix(…) net.ListenUnixgram(…)

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM netύοέʔδʹ͸ϓϩτίϧ͝ͱʹͦΕͧΕͷ࣮૷͕͋Δ net.DialIP(…) net.DialTCP(…) net.DialUDP(…) net.DialUnix(…) net.IPConn net.TCPConn net.UDPConn net.UnixConn net.ListenIP(…) net.ListenTCP(…) net.ListenUDP(…) net.ListenUnix(…) net.ListenUnixgram(…)

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM netύοέʔδʹ͸ϓϩτίϧ͝ͱʹͦΕͧΕͷ࣮૷͕͋Δ net.DialIP(…) net.DialTCP(…) net.DialUDP(…) net.DialUnix(…) net.IPConn net.TCPConn net.UDPConn net.UnixConn net.ListenIP(…) net.ListenTCP(…) net.ListenUDP(…) net.ListenUnix(…) net.ListenUnixgram(…)

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ίωΫγϣϯཱ֬·ͰͷϓϦϛςΟϒ $POO -JTUFO %JBM netύοέʔδʹ͸ϓϩτίϧ͝ͱʹͦΕͧΕͷ࣮૷͕͋Δ net.ListenIP(…) net.ListenTCP(…) net.ListenUDP(…) net.ListenUnix(…) net.ListenUnixgram(…) net.DialIP(…) net.DialTCP(…) net.DialUDP(…) net.DialUnix(…) net.IPConn net.TCPConn net.UDPConn net.UnixConn

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͓͏ લϖʔδͰڍ͛ͨ΋ͷ͸͢΂ͯ۩ମ࣮૷ ۩ମ࣮૷Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͑͹ • ςετ͕͠΍͍͢ • ൚༻Խ͕͠΍͍͢

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͓͏ ΠϯλʔϑΣʔεͰѻ͏৔߹ʹ͸ɺେ͖͘2छྨʹ෼͔ΕΔ • ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧ • TCP • ετϦʔϜܕͷUnixυϝΠϯιέοτ • σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧ • UDP • IP • σʔλάϥϜܕͷUnixυϝΠϯιέοτ

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͏ͱ $POO -JTUFO %JBM net.Listen(…) net.ListenPacket(…) net.Dial(…) net.Conn net.PacketConn • Listen • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹: net.Listen() → net.Listener → net.Conn • σʔλάϥϜܕͷ৔߹: net.ListenPacket() → net.PacketConn • Dial͸͍ͣΕͷϓϩτίϧͰ΋ڞ௨ • net.Dial() → net.Conn

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͏ͱ $POO -JTUFO %JBM net.Listen(…) net.ListenPacket(…) net.Dial(…) net.Conn net.PacketConn • Listen • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹: net.Listen() → net.Listener → net.Conn • σʔλάϥϜܕͷ৔߹: net.ListenPacket() → net.PacketConn • Dial͸͍ͣΕͷϓϩτίϧͰ΋ڞ௨ • net.Dial() → net.Conn

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͏ͱ $POO -JTUFO %JBM net.Listen(…) net.ListenPacket(…) net.Dial(…) net.Conn net.PacketConn • Listen • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹: net.Listen() → net.Listener → net.Conn • σʔλάϥϜܕͷ৔߹: net.ListenPacket() → net.PacketConn • Dial͸͍ͣΕͷϓϩτίϧͰ΋ڞ௨ • net.Dial() → net.Conn

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͏ͱ $POO -JTUFO %JBM net.Listen(…) net.ListenPacket(…) net.Dial(…) net.Conn net.PacketConn • Listen • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹: net.Listen() → net.Listener → net.Conn • σʔλάϥϜܕͷ৔߹: net.ListenPacket() → net.PacketConn • Dial͸͍ͣΕͷϓϩτίϧͰ΋ڞ௨ • net.Dial() → net.Conn

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͏ͱ $POO -JTUFO %JBM net.Listen(…) net.ListenPacket(…) net.Dial(…) net.Conn net.PacketConn • Listen • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹: net.Listen() → net.Listener → net.Conn • σʔλάϥϜܕͷ৔߹: net.ListenPacket() → net.PacketConn • Dial • ͲͪΒͷ৔߹΋: net.Dial() → net.Conn

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • αʔό/ΫϥΠΞϯτ͸ڞʹ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔε ͱͯ͠ίωΫγϣϯΛѻ͏ • αʔόଆ • net.Listen() Ͱ଴ͪड͚Λ࢝Ίɺฦ͖ͬͯͨListener ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷ Accept() ͰίωΫγϣϯͷ஋Λಘ Δ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ
 • net.Dial() Ͱ઀ଓ͢Δ

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • TCPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυ͸ྫ͑͹͜͏ͳΔ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹ɺίωΫγϣϯཱ͕֬͢ΔͱɺαʔόଆɺΫϥΠΞϯ τଆͷ྆ํʹ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛຬͨ͢ΦϒδΣΫτ͕ฦͬͯ͘Δ

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • TCPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυ͸ྫ͑͹͜͏ͳΔ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹ɺίωΫγϣϯཱ͕֬͢ΔͱɺαʔόଆɺΫϥΠΞϯ τଆͷ྆ํʹ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛຬͨ͢ΦϒδΣΫτ͕ฦͬͯ͘Δ

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • TCPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυ͸ྫ͑͹͜͏ͳΔ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹ɺίωΫγϣϯཱ͕֬͢ΔͱɺαʔόଆɺΫϥΠΞϯ τଆͷ྆ํʹ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛຬͨ͢ΦϒδΣΫτ͕ฦͬͯ͘Δ

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • TCPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ετϦʔϜܕͷ৔߹ɺίωΫγϣϯཱ͕֬͢ΔͱɺαʔόଆɺΫϥΠΞϯ τଆͷ྆ํʹ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛຬͨ͢஋͕ฦͬͯ͘Δ

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ετϦʔϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • αʔό/ΫϥΠΞϯτ͸ͱ΋ʹ net.Conn ΠϯλʔϑΣʔεͰίωΫ γϣϯΛѻ͏ • networkͱͯ͠ "tcp"ɺ"unix"ɺ"unixpacket" ͳͲ͕ࢦఆՄೳ OFU-JTUFO αʔόଆ
 net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:8080")
 net.Listen("unix", "socketfile") ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ
 net.Dial("tcp", "127.0.0.1:8080")
 net.Dial("unix", "socketfile") OFU-JTUFOFS "DDFQU OFU$POO OFU%JBM OFU$POO

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • αʔόଆ • net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷ஋Λฦ͢ • net.PacketConn ͸௨৴૬ख͕ݶఆ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ʹ ࢖༻͞ΕΔίωΫγϣϯͷΠϯλϑΣʔεͰ͋Γɺ net.PacketConn Λ࢖ͬͯૹ৴͢Δͱ͖͸ɺૹ৴ઌΛࢦ ఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ௨৴૬ख͕ݶఆ͞ΕΔͷͰɺ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷ ஋͕࢖͑Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • UDPͰૹड৴Λ͢Δίʔυͷྫ αʔόଆ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ɺΠϯλϑΣʔε্͸ετϦʔϜܕͱมΘΒͳ͍ • αʔόଆ͸௨৴૬ख͕ఆ·Βͳ͍ͷͰɺ net.PacketConn ΠϯλϑΣʔεͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ ௨৴͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΔ • PacketConn.ReadFrom ͕௨৴૬खͷΞυϨε΋ฦͯ͘͠ΕΔ • PacketConn.WriteTo Ͱ૬खઌͷΞυϨεΛࢦఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ

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σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • σʔλάϥϜܕϓϩτίϧͷ৔߹ • αʔόଆ͸ net.ListenPacket() Λ࢖ͬͯ଴ͪड͚Λ։࢝ • αʔόଆ͸ net.PacketConnɺΫϥΠΞϯτଆ͸ net.Conn ͰίωΫγϣϯΛѻ͏ • networkͱͯ͠ "udp"ɺ"unixgram"ɺ"ip" ͳͲ͕ࢦఆՄೳ OFU-JTUFO1BDLFU αʔόଆ
 net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:8080")
 net.ListenPacket("unixgram", "socketfile") ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ
 net.Dial("tcp", "127.0.0.1:8080")
 net.Dial("unix", "socketfile") OFU1BDLFU$POO OFU$POO OFU%JBM ΫϥΠΞϯτͱ௨৴Λ։࢝͢Δલ ʹ࡞ΒΕΔίωΫγϣϯͷΠϯλʔ ϑΣʔε
 ௨৴૬ख͕1ͭʹఆ·͍ͬͯͳ͍ ͱ͖ʹ࢖ΘΕΔ ΫϥΠΞϯτ(Dial)ଆ͸ɺ௨৴૬ ख͕ఆ·͓ͬͯΓɺ net.Conn Π ϯλʔϑΣʔεʹ౷Ұ͞Ε͍ͯΔ

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ωοτϫʔΫϓϩάϥϛϯάͷ جຊతͳΠϝʔδ͸Θ͔ͬͨ

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Go ͷ৔߹Ͳ͏΍ͬͯ I/O ͷ ฒྻԽΛͯ͠Δʁ

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I/O ͷॲཧΛฒྻԽ I/O ͸ඇৗʹ஗͍ • ฒྻԽ • I/O Λ଴͍ͬͯΔؒʹผͷॲཧΛߦ͍͍ͨ • I/O ͷ଴ػΛ௿ίετͰ • ΫϥΠΞϯτ1ສ୆(C10K)໰୊

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I/O ʹؔ͢Δ༻ޠͷઆ໌ • ϒϩοΩϯά I/O • I/O ॲཧ͕׬ྃɺΤϥʔɺλΠϜΞ΢τʹͳΔ͔ɺͳͲ௨஌͕͘Δ·Ͱ ࣮ߦΛઌʹਐ·ͳ͍ॲཧ • ϊϯϒϩοΩϯά I/O ͷ৔߹͸ɺ I/O ͕ॲཧதͰ΋࣮ߦΛ͙͢ʹਐΊΔ • I/O ͷଟॏԽ • ෳ਺ͷ I/O ͷ௨஌ΛҰ౓ʹ଴ͯΔΑ͏ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ • ଟॏԽ͍ͯ͠ͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸଴ͪड͚ର৅͝ͱʹγεςϜίʔϧ͕ඞཁ ʹͳΔ • OSʹΑΓɺ selectɺpollɺepoll(Linux)ɺkqueue(BSDܥ) ͳͲͷγες ϜίʔϧͰ࣮ݱ͞ΕΔ • ΠϕϯτۦಈϞσϧͷ࣮૷ʹ͸΄΅ඞਢͳ࢓૊Έ

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ฒྻԽΛ͢ΔͨΊͷ ϓϩάϥϛϯάϞσϧ

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ϚϧνεϨουϞσϧ • Α͋͘ΔҰൠతͳϓϩάϥϛϯάϞσϧ ͦͷ1 • ϑϩʔۦಈϞσϧ • ฒྻʹॲཧ͍ͨ͠୯ҐͰεϨουΛ࡞ͬͯɺεϨου͝ ͱʹ I/O Λߦ͏ • ྫ͑͹ίωΫγϣϯ͝ͱʹεϨου΋͘͠͸ϓϩηε Λੜ੒͠ɺͦΕͧΕͷεϨουͰ I/O Λߦ͏ɺͱ͍͏ Α͏ͳΞϓϩʔνʹͳΔ • ฒྻ౓͕ߴ͍ͱ͖(ίωΫγϣϯ͕ଟ͍ͱ͖)ʹɺͦͷ෼ εϨουΛͨ͘͞Μ࢖͏͜ͱʹͳΔͷͰɺίετ͕େ͖ ͍

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ΠϕϯτۦಈϞσϧ • Α͋͘ΔҰൠతͳϓϩάϥϛϯάϞσϧ ͦͷ2 • ΠϕϯτΛ଴ػ͠ɺىͬͨ͜Πϕϯτʹ͍ͭͯΠϕϯτϋϯυϥΛ࣮ߦ͠ଓ͚ Δɺͱ͍͏Ϟσϧ • Node.jsɺRubyͷEventMachineɺPythonͷTwisted ͳͲ • I/O ΛଟॏԽͯ͠γϯάϧεϨουͰͨ͘͞Μͷ I/O Λѻ͑Δ • ೉͍͠ɺͱݴΘΕ΍͍͢Ϟσϧ • ओʹγϯάϧεϨουͰಈ࡞͢ΔͷͰɺ • ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔॲཧΛ࣮ߦͯ͠͠·͏ͱଞͷॲཧ͕શ࣮͘ߦ͞Εͳ͘ͳΔ • ෳ਺ίΞͷCPUΛੜ͔ͤͳ͍ • ॲཧͷ࣮ߦ͞ΕΔॱং͕Θ͔Βͳ͍ɺͳͲ

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GoͰͷ΍Γํ ϚϧνεϨουͱΠϕϯτۦಈͷϋΠϒϦουͷΑ͏ͳ࢓૊Έ • Go͸εϨουΑΓ΋ܰྔͳgoroutineΛɺεϨου্ʹׂΓ౰ ͯͳ͕Β࣮ߦ͢Δ • goroutine্Ͱ I/O Λ࣮ߦ͢Δͱgoroutine͸ϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ • ϒϩοΫ͍ͨ͠਺͚ͩgoroutine͕ඞཁ • GoͷϥϯλΠϜ͸ I/O ΛଟॏԽͯ͠଴ͪड͚͢Δ • ଴ͪड͚ͷͨΊʹେྔͷεϨουΛඞཁͱ͠ͳ͍ • I/O ଴ͪͷͱ͖goroutine͸εϨουʹׂΓ౰ͯ͞Εͳ͍

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ϢʔβͷGoίʔυࢹ఺Ͱ͍͏ͱ • GoͷϓϩάϥϛϯάΠϯλϑΣʔεͱͯ͠͸ I/O ͸ϒ ϩοΩϯά • ྫ͑͹ conn.Read(buffer) ͱ͢ΔͱΠϕϯτ͕͋Δ· Ͱɺͦͷgoroutine͸εέδϡʔϥ͔Β֎͞Εͯ଴ͪঢ় ଶ(ϒϩοΩϯά)ʹͳΔ • ͜ͷ I/O ʹ͍ͭͯ௨஌͕͘Δͱɺ conn.Read(buffer) ͕ ฦͬͯ͘Δ

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GoͷϥϯλΠϜ͕΍ͬͯ͘Ε͍ͯΔ • Ϣʔβͷίʔυ্Ͱ͸ϒϩοΩϯάૢ࡞ʹ ͳ͍ͬͯΔ΋ͷΛɺ಺෦తʹ͸ଟॏԽͯ͠औ Γѻͬͯ͘Ε͍ͯΔ • ϒϩοΩϯά I/O Λ ଟॏԽ I/O ʹ͍ͯ͠Δ netpoll ͱ͍͏࢓૊Έ͕͋Δ

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netpollͷ࢓૊Έʹ͍ͭͯ

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netpollͱ͸ʁ • goroutine ͷϒϩοΩϯάI/O ΛଟॏԽͯ͠؂ࢹ͢Δ࢓૊Έ • ଟॏԽʹ͍ͭͯͷ࣮૷ͰɺҎԼͷγεςϜίʔϧΛ࢖༻͍ͯ͠Δ • epoll(Linux) • kqueue(BSDܥ) • event ports(Solaris) • IOCP(Windows)

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netpollʹΑΔଟॏԽͷྲྀΕ ҎԼͷྲྀΕΛ Linux (epoll) ͷྫͰऔΓ্͛ͯઆ໌͢Δ 1. ιέοτΛ࡞Δͱ͖ʹ४උ͢Δ 2. I/O ॲཧ (ReadͳͲ) Λ։࢝͢Δ 3. I/O ϒϩοΩϯά͢Δ goroutine Λεέδϡʔϥ͔Β֎͢ 4. ௨஌Λड͚औͬͨΒɺgoroutineΛ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹ໭͢ 5. εέδϡʔϥ͸࣮ߦ଴ͪͷΩϡʔ͔ΒgoroutineΛऔΓग़ ͠ɺOSεϨουʹׂΓ౰࣮ͯͯߦ͢Δ

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1. ιέοτΛ࡞Δͱ͖ͷ४උ ιέοτΛ࡞ΔλΠϛϯάͰڞ௨ͷinitؔ਺Λ࣮ߦ͍ͯ͠Δ ҎԼɺGoͷιʔείʔυ͔Βൈਮ go1.11/src/net/sock_posix.go go1.11/src/os/file_unix.go • DialɺListenɺListenPacketɺAcceptɺϑΝΠϧΛ։͘ɺͦΕͧΕͷͱ͖ʹڞ௨ͷॳظԽॲཧ͕ߦΘΕΔ • Go 1.9 ͔ΒωοτϫʔΫ I/O͚ͩͰͳ͘ϑΝΠϧ I/Oʹ͍ͭͯ΋ netpoll ͰଟॏԽ͢Δ࣮૷͕ೖͬͨ • ͱ͸͍͑ɺৗʹ͋ΒΏΔ I/O Λ netpoll ͰଟॏԽ͍ͯ͠Δͱ͍͏Θ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͘ɺos.Open() ΍ os.Pipe() ͳͲݶఆ͞ΕͨϑΝΠϧσΟεΫϦϓλʹ͍ͭͯ netpoll ͰଟॏԽ͞ΕΔ go1.11/src/net/fd_unix.go

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1. ιέοτΛ࡞Δͱ͖ͷ४උ • ڞ௨initؔ਺ : pollDesc.init • ιέοτ΍ϑΝΠϧͷσΟεΫϦϓλॳظԽʹݺͼग़͞ΕΔɻ • epoll ͕ॳظԽ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ epoll ͷॳظԽ epoll_create Λ͢Δ • epoll ͷ ؂ࢹ଴ͪʹొ࿥ EPOLL_CTL_ADD ͢Δ go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go • runtime_pollServerInit ʹͯ epoll_create ͕1౓͚ͩ (sync.Once Ͱอূ) ͞ΕΔ • runtime_pollOpen Ͱ؂ࢹ଴ͪʹొ࿥ (EPOLL_CTL_ADD)͢Δ

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1. ιέοτΛ࡞Δͱ͖ͷ४උ go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go • runtime_pollServerInit ʹͯ epoll_create ͕1౓͚ͩ (sync.Once Ͱอূ) ͞ΕΔ • runtime_pollOpen Ͱ؂ࢹ଴ͪʹొ࿥ (EPOLL_CTL_ADD)͢Δ • ڞ௨initؔ਺ : pollDesc.init • ιέοτ΍ϑΝΠϧͷσΟεΫϦϓλॳظԽʹݺͼग़͞ΕΔɻ • epoll ͕ॳظԽ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ epoll ͷॳظԽ epoll_create Λ͢Δ • epoll ͷ ؂ࢹ଴ͪʹొ࿥ EPOLL_CTL_ADD ͢Δ

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2. I/O ॲཧΛ։࢝͢Δ I/O ॲཧ͕ϒϩοΫ͢Δ৔߹ʹɺ pollDesc.wait() Λݺͼग़͢ go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_unix.go go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go ReadFrom ΍ WriteTo ͳͲʹͭ ͍ͯ΋ɺଟॏԽͷඞཁ͕͋Δ৔ ߹͸ಉ༷ʹ pollDesc.wait() ͢ ΔΑ͏ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ

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3. I/OϒϩοΩϯά͢ΔgoroutineΛεέδϡʔϥ͔Β֎͢ go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go runtime.gopark ʹΑΓ goroutine͕εέδϡʔϥͷ ࣮ߦΩϡʔ͔ΒऔΓআ͔ΕΔ go1.11/src/runtime/netpoll.go runtime_pollWait͔Β netpollblockΛݺͼग़͍ͯ͠Δ ϢʔβͷGoίʔυ͔ΒݟΔͱɺ I/O ॲཧͷλΠϛ ϯάͰ goroutine ͕ϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ

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go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go runtime.gopark ʹΑΓ goroutine͕εέδϡʔϥͷ ࣮ߦΩϡʔ͔ΒऔΓআ͔ΕΔ go1.11/src/runtime/netpoll.go runtime_pollWait͔Β netpollblockΛݺͼग़͍ͯ͠Δ ϢʔβͷGoίʔυ͔ΒݟΔͱɺ I/O ॲཧͷλΠϛ ϯάͰ goroutine ͕ϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ 3. I/OϒϩοΩϯά͢ΔgoroutineΛεέδϡʔϥ͔Β֎͢

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go1.11/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go runtime.gopark ʹΑΓ goroutine͕εέδϡʔϥͷ ࣮ߦΩϡʔ͔ΒऔΓআ͔ΕΔ go1.11/src/runtime/netpoll.go runtime_pollWait͔Β netpollblockΛݺͼग़͍ͯ͠Δ ϢʔβͷGoίʔυ͔ΒݟΔͱɺ I/O ॲཧͷλΠϛ ϯάͰ goroutine ͕ϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ 3. I/OϒϩοΩϯά͢ΔgoroutineΛεέδϡʔϥ͔Β֎͢

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4. ௨஌Λड͚औͬͨΒgoroutineΛ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹ໭͢ go1.11/src/runtime/proc.go ιέοτΛ؂ࢹͯ͠௨஌Λड͚औͬͨ৔߹ʹ͸ɺ֘౰͢ΔgoroutineΛ࣮ ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ • εέδϡʔϦϯάͰ͙͢ʹ࣮ ߦͰ͖Δgoroutine͕ݟ͔ͭ Βͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺnetpoll() ʹΑΓ epoll_pwait Λ࣮ߦ͠ ͯɺI/O ͷ௨஌Λ଴ͭ • netpoll() ͸௨஌͕͋ͬͨ goroutine Λࢦ͢஋gpΛฦ ͢ͷͰɺ injectglist(gp) ʹΑ Γ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ ͜ͷޙɺεέδϡʔϥ͸࣮ߦ଴ͪͷΩϡʔ͔ΒgoroutineΛऔΓग़͠ɺ࠶౓OS εϨουʹׂΓ౰࣮ͯͯߦ͢Δ

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4. ௨஌Λड͚औͬͨΒgoroutineΛ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹ໭͢ go1.11/src/runtime/proc.go • εέδϡʔϦϯάͰ͙͢ʹ࣮ ߦͰ͖Δgoroutine͕ݟ͔ͭ Βͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺnetpoll() ʹΑΓ epoll_pwait Λ࣮ߦ͠ ͯɺI/O ͷ௨஌Λ଴ͭ • netpoll() ͸௨஌͕͋ͬͨ goroutine Λࢦ͢஋gpΛฦ ͢ͷͰɺ injectglist(gp) ʹΑ Γ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ ιέοτΛ؂ࢹͯ͠௨஌Λड͚औͬͨ৔߹ʹ͸ɺ֘౰͢ΔgoroutineΛ࣮ ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ ͜ͷޙɺεέδϡʔϥ͸࣮ߦ଴ͪͷΩϡʔ͔ΒgoroutineΛऔΓग़͠ɺ࠶౓OS εϨουʹׂΓ౰࣮ͯͯߦ͢Δ

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4. ௨஌Λड͚औͬͨΒgoroutineΛ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹ໭͢ go1.11/src/runtime/proc.go • εέδϡʔϦϯάͰ͙͢ʹ࣮ ߦͰ͖Δgoroutine͕ݟ͔ͭ Βͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺnetpoll() ʹΑΓ epoll_pwait Λ࣮ߦ͠ ͯɺI/O ͷ௨஌Λ଴ͭ • netpoll() ͸௨஌͕͋ͬͨ goroutine Λࢦ͢஋gpΛฦ ͢ͷͰɺ injectglist(gp) ʹΑ Γ࣮ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ ͜ͷޙɺεέδϡʔϥ͸࣮ߦ଴ͪͷΩϡʔ͔ΒgoroutineΛऔΓग़͠ɺ࠶౓OS εϨουʹׂΓ౰࣮ͯͯߦ͢Δ ιέοτΛ؂ࢹͯ͠௨஌Λड͚औͬͨ৔߹ʹ͸ɺ֘౰͢ΔgoroutineΛ࣮ ߦΩϡʔʹೖΕΔ

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I/O ͕ goroutine ΛϒϩοΫ ͢Δ͜ͱ͸Θ͔ͬͨɻ runtime ͕ଟॏԽ͢Δ͜ͱ΋ Θ͔ͬͨɻ

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Ϣʔβͷ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰ ϒϩοΩϯά I/O Λऴྃͤ͞ ͯɺgoroutineΛಈ͔͢ʹ ͸ʁ

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ϒϩοΩϯά I/O Λ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰऴ͍ྃͤͨ͞৔߹ ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰ I/O Λதஅ͍ͤͨ͜͞ͱ͕͋Δ • ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯΛऴྃ࣌ͷॲཧΛ࡞ΓࠐΉ৔߹ • SetDeadline Ͱ͸ରԠͰ͖ͳ͍தஅॲཧΛೖΕ͍ͨ৔߹ ͳͲ • ϒϩοΩϯάૢ࡞ (Read) ͷલʹϑϥάνΣοΫ Λ௥Ճ͢Δ͚ͩͰ͸ɺϒϩοΩϯάૢ࡞͕ղআ ͞ΕΔΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍ • ͜ͷΑ͏ͳ࣮૷Λͯ͠͠·͏ͱɺ goroutine ͷऴྃʹ͸࠷େͰ1෼Ҏ্଴ͬͯ͠·͏ • SetDeadline Λ୹͘͢Δͱɺ଴ͭ࣌ؒ͸୹͘ ͳΔ͕ɺγεςϜίʔϧΛݺͼग़͠·͘Δ͜ ͱʹͳΔͷͰɺίετ͕ߴ͍ ଴ͨ͞Εͯ͠·͏ྫ

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ϒϩοΩϯά I/O Λ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰऴ͍ྃͤͨ͞৔߹ ओʹ2ͭͷΞϯϒϩοΫํ๏͕͋Δ 1. context.Context ΠϯλϑΣʔεͰΩϟϯηϧ͢Δ • DialͳͲɺ৽͘͠ιέοτΛ࡞੒͢Δ৔߹ͳͲ ͸ɺCloseର৅ʹͳΔΦϒδΣΫτ͕ଘࡏ͍ͯ͠ͳ ͍ͷͰ context Λ࢖ͬͨ΍ΓํʹͳΔ 2. Read ΍ WriteΛ͍ͯ͠ΔΦϒδΣΫτΛ Close() ͢Δ

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contextΛ࢖ͬͯΞϯϒϩοΫͤ͞Δ৔߹ context.Context ʹରԠ͍ͯ͠ΔΠϯλϑΣʔε͕͋Ε͹ɺͦΕΛ࢖͏ • Dial() Ͱ͋Ε͹ net.Dialer ͷ DialContext() ͕࢖͑Δ • Listen() ΋ net.ListenConfig Ͱ ΩϟϯηϧରԠ • net.ListenConfig ͸ Go 1.11 Ͱ௥Ճ͞Εͨ࢓૊Έ • ͱ͸͍͑ɺListen()ͰϒϩοΫ͢Δͷ͸ DNS Ͱ໊લղܾ͢Δͱ͜ΖͷΈ

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context.Context ʹରԠ͍ͯ͠ΔΠϯλϑΣʔε͕͋Ε͹ɺͦΕΛ࢖͏ • Dial() Ͱ͋Ε͹ net.Dialer ͷ DialContext() ͕࢖͑Δ • Listen() ΋ net.ListenConfig Ͱ ΩϟϯηϧରԠ • net.ListenConfig ͸ Go 1.11 Ͱ௥Ճ͞Εͨ࢓૊Έ • ͱ͸͍͑ɺListen()ͰϒϩοΫ͢Δͷ͸ DNS Ͱ໊લղܾ͢Δͱ͜ΖͷΈ contextΛ࢖ͬͯΞϯϒϩοΫͤ͞Δ৔߹

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Close() Λ࢖ͬͯΞϯϒϩοΫͤ͞Δ৔߹ contextରԠ͕ͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺClose() ͢Δ • ྫ͑͹ net.Listener ͷ Accept() ͸ context ΛҾ਺ʹऔΒͳ͍ • Listener ʹ SetDeadline() Λ࢖͏͜ͱͰλΠϜΞ΢τͷઃఆͳΒՄೳ • Listener Λ Close() ͨ͠λΠϛϯάͰAccpet()͕ΞϯϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ • Close() ͰΞϯϒϩοΫͨ͠ͱ͍͏͜ͱΛ఻͑ΔͨΊʹɺdoneνϟωϧͰ఻͍͑ͯΔ

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contextରԠ͕ͳ͍৔߹ʹ͸ɺClose() ͢Δ • net.Listener ͷ Accept() ʹ͸ context ରԠ͕ͳ͍ • Listener ʹ SetDeadline() Λ࢖͏͜ͱͰλΠϜΞ΢τͷઃఆͳΒՄೳ • Listener Λ Close() ͨ͠λΠϛϯάͰAccept()͕ΞϯϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ • Close() ͰΞϯϒϩοΫͨ͠ͱ͍͏͜ͱΛ఻͑ΔͨΊʹɺdoneνϟωϧͰ఻͍͑ͯΔ Close() Λ࢖ͬͯΞϯϒϩοΫͤ͞Δ৔߹

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ϒϩοΩϯά I/O Λ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰऴ͍ྃͤͨ͞৔߹ net.Conn ͱ os.File ͷΦϒδΣΫτʹ͍ͭͯ • net.Conn ͷ Read ΍ Write ʹ΋ context ͷ࢖͑Δ ݺͼग़͠͸ͳ͍ • Accept() ͱಉ༷ʹ net.Conn ͷ஋Λ Close() ͢Δ ͜ͱʹΑΓ೚ҙͷλΠϛϯάͰΞϯϒϩοΫ • os.File ͷ Read ΍ Write ΋ಉ༷ • os.File Λ Close() ͢Ε͹ΞϯϒϩοΫ͞ΕΔ

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͜͜·ͰͰϒϩοΩϯά I/O ͷ࿩ʹ͍ͭͯҰ௨Γ͠·ͨ͠ɻ

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ҙ֎ͱ؆୯ͩ͠ɺॏཁͳ TLSʹ΋ରԠͯ͠ΈΑ͏ʂ

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TLSରԠ͸೉͘͠ͳ͍ • ॳظԽॲཧΛআ͚͹ɺετϦʔϜܕϓϩτί ϧͱಉ͡ΠϯλϑΣʔε͕࣮૷͞Ε͍ͯΔ • ࠷ॳ͔ΒΠϯλϑΣʔεΛϕʔεʹ։ൃͯ͠ ͍Δͱ؆୯ • ࣮૷ͷखؒ͸গͳ͍ͷͰɺηΩϡΞʹͨ͠ ͍ͱ͖ݕ౼͢΂͖

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TLSରԠ: αʔόଆ • net.Listen ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Listen Λ࢖͏ • αʔόଆ͸ূ໌ॻͷઃఆ͕ՃΘ Δ͘Β͍Ͱɺ͋ͱ͸ಉ͡Πϯλ ϑΣʔεͰѻ͑Δ αʔόଆͷίʔυྫ

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• net.Listen ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Listen Λ࢖͏ • αʔόଆ͸ূ໌ॻͷઃఆ͕ՃΘ Δ͘Β͍Ͱɺ͋ͱ͸ಉ͡Πϯλ ϑΣʔεͰѻ͑Δ αʔόଆͷίʔυྫ TLSରԠ: αʔόଆ

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• net.Listen ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Listen Λ࢖͏ • αʔόଆ͸ূ໌ॻͷઃఆ͕ՃΘ Δ͘Β͍Ͱɺ͋ͱ͸ಉ͡Πϯλ ϑΣʔεͰѻ͑Δ αʔόଆͷίʔυྫ TLSରԠ: αʔόଆ

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TLSରԠ: ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • net.Dial ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Dial Λ࢖͏ • ࣗݾೝূہΛ࢖͏৔߹ʹ͸ɺূ໌ॻΛࢦ ఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ • αʔόূ໌ॻͷݕূΛεΩοϓ͢ΔΦ ϓγϣϯ΋͋Δ͕ɺӡ༻ͰࣄނΔϦε ΫΛߴΊΔͷͰɺݸਓతʹ͸։ൃ؀ڥ ͩͱͯ͠΋εΩοϓ͸Φεεϝ͠ͳ͍ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ

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TLSରԠ: ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • net.Dial ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Dial Λ࢖͏ • ࣗݾೝূہΛ࢖͏৔߹ʹ͸ɺূ໌ॻΛࢦ ఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ • αʔόূ໌ॻͷݕূΛεΩοϓ͢ΔΦ ϓγϣϯ΋͋Δ͕ɺӡ༻ͰࣄނΔϦε ΫΛߴΊΔͷͰɺݸਓతʹ͸։ൃ؀ڥ ͩͱͯ͠΋εΩοϓ͸Φεεϝ͠ͳ͍ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ

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TLSରԠ: ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ • net.Dial ͷ୅ΘΓʹ tls.Dial Λ࢖͏ • ࣗݾೝূہΛ࢖͏৔߹ʹ͸ɺূ໌ॻΛࢦ ఆ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ • αʔόূ໌ॻͷݕূΛεΩοϓ͢ΔΦ ϓγϣϯ΋͋Δ͕ɺӡ༻ͰࣄނΔϦε ΫΛߴΊΔͷͰɺݸਓతʹ͸։ൃ؀ڥ ͩͱͯ͠΋εΩοϓ͸Φεεϝ͠ͳ͍ ΫϥΠΞϯτଆ

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TLSͰΑΓηΩϡΞʹ • TLSΛ࢖͏ͱͦΕ͚ͩͰ؆୯ʹ௨৴ͷ҉߸Խ͕Ͱ͖Δ͕ɺߟྀ͓͖ͯͨ͠ ͍໰୊΋͋Δ • ௨৴ઌͷαʔό͸ຊ෺ʁ ͳΓ͢·͠͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍ʁ • SymantecύʔτφʔاۀʹΑΔূ໌ॻͷޡൃߦ໰୊ͳͲ • Webϒϥ΢βͳΒ CT (Certificate Transparency) ΍ HPKP (HTTP Public Key Pinning) ͱ͍͏࢓૊Έ͕͋Δ͕ɺࣗલͷTLSΞϓϦέʔγϣ ϯͰ͸Ͳ͏͢Δʁ • ࣗ෼Ͱಉ͡Α͏ͳ࢓૊ΈΛೖΕΑ͏ʂ

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ࣗ෼Ͱ Public Key Pinning ݕূ͚ͩ͢ΔΫϥΠΞϯτίʔυ

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ࣗ෼Ͱ Public Key Pinning ݕূ͚ͩ͢ΔΫϥΠΞϯτίʔυ ΫϥΠΞϯτʹݕূ͍ͨ͠pOHFSQSJOUΛؚΊ͓ͯ͘

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Public Key Pinning ݕূ͚ͩ͢ΔΫϥΠΞϯτίʔυ %JBM ͷ࣌ʹ$POpHͰݕূؔ਺Λࢦఆ͢Δ

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Public Key Pinning ݕূ͚ͩ͢ΔΫϥΠΞϯτίʔυ w ઀ଓʹ࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔূ໌ॻͷpOHFSQSJOUΛܭࢉ w Ұக͍ͯ͠Δ͔ݕূ

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TLSରԠ • TLS΋ετϦʔϜܕͰ͸͋ΔͷͰɺ net.Conn ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖͑Δ • Public Key Pinning ͘Β͍͸ࣗ෼Ͱ࣮૷Ͱ͖Δ ͘Β͍ʹඪ४ϥΠϒϥϦͷॊೈੑ͸͋Δ

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·ͱΊ

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ΠϯλϑΣʔεΛ࢖ͬͨϓϩάϥϛϯά • GoͷιέοτϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͸ɺந৅౓ͷ ߴ͍ΠϯλϑΣʔε͕࢖͑Δ

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I/O ଟॏԽͷ࢓૊Έ • GoϥϯλΠϜ͸ netpoll ͱ͍͏ػೳͰ ϒ ϩοΩϯά I/O ΛଟॏԽ͍ͯ͠Δ

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ϒϩοΩϯά I/O ͷΞϯϒϩοΫ • context.Context Λ࢖͏৔߹ • Close() Λ͢Δ৔߹

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TLSରԠͯ͠ΈΑ͏ • ূ໌ॻΛࢦఆΛ͢Δ͙Β͍Ͱɺ͋ͱ͸ετϦʔ ϜܕͱΠϯλϑΣʔε͕ಉ͡ͳͷͰɺ͓खܰʂ • TLSΛ࢖ͬͯ΋ηΩϡϦςΟ͕֬อ͞ΕΔΘ͚ Ͱ͸ͳ͍ • Web ͡Όͳͯ͘΋ Public Key Pinning ͸؆ ୯ʹ࣮ࢪͰ͖Δ

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Thanks!