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Modular Architecture for Building Content Websites

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Hi! I’m Souvik. @souvikdg

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Miranj

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We architect information and design radically simple, future-proof websites.

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We like tackling projects that are content-heavy.

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The number of content pieces often run into thousands.

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How we think of a website has kept evolving over time.

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Page Page Website Page

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Page Page Website Page Complexity & Size ∝ fn(n)

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Page Page Website Page n = pages

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Section Section Website Section Page Page Page Page Page Page Page

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Section Section Website Section Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Template Template Template

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Section Section Website Section Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Template Template Template n = templates

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Section Section Website Blog Section Page Page Post Page Page Page Post Template Template Template Post Post

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Section Section Website Blog Section Page Page Post Page Page Page Post Template Template Post Post Template Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Index

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Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Index Template Section Section Website Blog Section Page Page Page Page Page Template Template Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post

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Shift towards  Modular Thinking

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Shift towards  Modular Thinking

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Modularity is  intrinsic to the Web

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Modular Design Principles of Design – Tim Berners-Lee (1998) www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Principles.html

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“ – Tim Berners-Lee There are lots of reasons for modularity. The basic one is that one module   can evolve or be replaced without affecting   the others. www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Modularity.html

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“ – Tim Berners-Lee If the interfaces are clean, and there are no side effects, then a developer can redesign a module without having to deeply understand the neighboring modules. www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Modularity.html

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“ – Tim Berners-Lee The ﬂip side is that a cleanly designed module designed as part of one system can be re-used in other systems. www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Modularity.html

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“ – Tim Berners-Lee The ﬂip side is that a cleanly designed module designed as part of one system can be re-used in other systems. www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Modularity.html

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Modular Design = Evolvable + Decoupled + Reusable

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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lego_Color_Bricks.jpg

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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lego_Color_Bricks.jpg Think Lego!

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UI/UX Patterns…

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Pattern Libraries…

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www.ﬂickr.com/photos/antpaniagua/8110356483 Modules that stack.

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www.ﬂickr.com/photos/antpaniagua/8110356483

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Style Guides…

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Atomic Design bradfrost.com/blog/post/atomic-web-design/ Design Systems!

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Atomic Design bradfrost.com/blog/post/atomic-web-design/

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Components

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Layouts

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pixabay.com/en/matryoshka-russian-doll-russian-toy-2737108 Modules that nest.

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pixabay.com/en/matryoshka-russian-doll-russian-toy-2737108

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Stacking + Nesting

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“Content Builders”

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Matrix The universally loved feature in Craft CMS

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In 2013…

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Spon posals Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2

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Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2 Spon posals

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Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2 Spon posals

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Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2 Spon posals

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Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2 Spon posals

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Talks Schedule JSFoo Speakers Talk 1 Talk 2 Talk 3 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Track 1 Track 2 Sponsors Workshops Proposals Past Speakers Featured Talks Venue Hotels Spon posals

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Content is deeply interconnected.

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Content is deeply interdependent.

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Every piece of content   needs to appear across   multiple pages and sections.

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Treating page-level templates as   monolithic units is inefﬁcient.

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It just wasn’t DRY enough. (Don’t Repeat Yourself)

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Discipline + Consistency + Reuse

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Post Hiker About Us

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Post? Hiker? About Us? Hard to skim Hard to differentiate Hard to consume Hard to appreciate

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Post? Hiker? About Us? Inferior Content UX

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“ – Tom Brinck Contrast and consistency go hand in hand. Make similar things look similar. Make different things look different. Usability For The Web (2001)

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Is this a side-effect of a modular approach?

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Not really.

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User Interface

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Dependency Direction Content User Interface

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Dependency Direction User Interface Content

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“ – Josh Clark Pull back from obsession with presentation. Start with content. [Designers] have to accept that your content will take many forms.… Seven Deadly Mobile Myths (2012)

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Embrace content and   yet achieve modularity

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Components Layouts

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? Layouts Components

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Layouts Components Content

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Content-ﬁrst Approach

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1. Content Modelling 2. Identifying Representations and Modules 3. Translating Modules into Templates

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1. Content Modelling Content Strategy and Information Architecture

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Layouts Components Content

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Structured Content

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Structured Content Information or content that is organised in a predictable way and is usually classiﬁed with metadata.

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In a conference website…

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Speaker

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Speaker First Name Biography Proﬁle Picture Last Name Role Organisation Twitter Handle Location

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Content Types

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We refer to the individual   content instances as Objects.

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Content Modelling 1. Identify the objects (content types) 2. Deﬁne the objects (models) 3. Map relationships between objects

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In Craft CMS you’re already working with Objects.

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1. Asset 2. Category 3. Entry 4. Globals 5. MatrixBlock 6. Tag 7. User craft\elements\Asset craft\elements\Category craft\elements\Entry craft\elements\GlobalSet craft\elements\MatrixBlock craft\elements\Tag craft\elements\User

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Taxonomies are ﬁrst-class objects.

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Layouts Components Content

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Layouts Components Objects (Structured Content)

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2. Representing Objects Content Strategy leading to Design

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Let’s look at a popular website…

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Objects have many representations.

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Objects have many representations.

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“But that’s a very large website. What about smaller websites?”

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Same object. Multiple representations.

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Objects need different representations.

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Movies

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Movies Title Poster Trailer Full-length

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Movies Title Poster Trailer Full-length Label Engage Preview Entertain

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Movies Title Poster Trailer Full-length Label Engage Preview Entertain

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Movies Title Poster Trailer Full-length Label Engage Preview Entertain Views

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Objects Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Label Engage Preview Full Information Views

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Speaker Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Label Engage Preview Full Information Views

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Views aren’t tied to   any speciﬁc visual design.

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Speaker Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Label Engage Preview Full Information Views

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Talk Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Label Engage Preview Full Information Views

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Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Speaker Talk

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Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Speaker Talk “That’s plenty of variants to manage!”

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Stacking Nesting

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Stacking Nesting Cascading

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www.ﬂickr.com/photos/petechar/15224096659

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Snippet Teaser Embed Detail Speaker Talk

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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Snippet Teaser Embed Speaker Talk Detail

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www.ﬂickr.com/photos/petechar/15224096659 Modules that Cascade.

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All interfaces are powered by views.

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Views 1. Are the representations of an object. 2. Are not tied to a visual design, but rather to a purpose behind the representation. 3. Stack, nest and cascade across all objects. 4. Can evolve (or be replaced) for speciﬁc objects.

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Layouts Components Object (Structured Content) s

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Layouts Components Views (Object Representations)

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Components Views Layouts

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3. Templating Implementation and Development

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templates/ _entry.twig tracks ! _entry.twig talks ! speakers ! _entry.twig

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Components Views Layouts

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templates/ _layouts " _views " _components "

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templates/ fragment.twig blog.twig page.twig _layouts ! landing.twig _views " _components "

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banner.twig quote.twig image.twig heading.twig _components ! table.twig text.twig templates/ _layouts " _views "

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_components templates/ _layouts " details teasers " " snippets " " _views ! "

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_components templates/ _layouts " details teasers ! ! snippets ! default.twig default.twig default.twig " _views ! "

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Separation of Concerns Components Layouts Views Render  a UI Component Render   an object Provide scaffolding  for laying out the content

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Components Views Layouts Dependency Direction

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Components Views Layouts Components Views Layouts

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Speaker Page

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Snippet(Talk)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Detail(Speaker)

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{% block detail_main %}      {% block detail_header_content %} 

  {% endblock %}      {% block detail_body %}    {% block detail_body_content %}  {% for component in entry.body.all() %}    {% include '_components/' ~ component.type   with { self: component } only %}    {% endfor %}  {% endblock %}    {% endblock %}    {% block detail_body_after %}{% endblock %}  _views/details/default.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% block detail_main %}      {% block detail_header_content %} 

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{% block detail_main %}      {% block detail_header_content %} 

  {% endblock %}      {% block detail_body %}    {% block detail_body_content %}  {% for component in entry.body.all() %}    {% include '_components/' ~ component.type   with { self: component } only %}    {% endfor %}  {% endblock %}    {% endblock %}    {% block detail_body_after %}{% endblock %}  _views/details/default.twig 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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{% extends '_layouts/fragment' %}        {% block component_content %} 

  {% endblock %} _components/text.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% extends '_layouts/fragment' %}        {% block component_content %} 

  {% endblock %} _components/text.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% extends '_layouts/fragment' %}        {% block component_content %} 

  {% endblock %} _components/text.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% extends '_layouts/fragment' %}        {% block component_content %} 

  {% endblock %} _components/text.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 How will a talk and a speaker view be made different?

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Components Views Layouts Components Views Layouts

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Components Views Layo Speakers Talks

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_components templates/ _layouts " details teasers ! ! snippets ! default.twig default.twig default.twig " _views ! "

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_components ꔇ templates/ _layouts " details teasers ! ! snippets ! default.twig default.twig speakers.twig default.twig speakers.twig talks.twig " _views ! "

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{% extends '_views/details/default' %}        {% block detail_header_content %}    {# Photo #}  {% set photo = entry.photo.one() %}  {% include '_components/image' with {  self: photo,  style: 'round',  } %}    {# Name #}  {{ parent() }} {#

    {# Job Title and Twitter #} 

    _views/details/speakers.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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    {# Job Title and Twitter #} 

    _views/details/speakers.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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    {# Job Title and Twitter #} 

    _views/details/speakers.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% set photo = entry.photo.one() %}  {% include '_components/image' with {  self: photo,  style: 'round',  } %}    {# Name #}  {{ parent() }} {#

    {# Job Title and Twitter #} 

    @{{ entry.twitter }}   

  {% endblock %}        _views/details/speakers.twig 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

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{% set photo = entry.photo.one() %}  {% include '_components/image' with {  self: photo,  style: 'round',  } %}    {# Name #}  {{ parent() }} {#

    {# Job Title and Twitter #} 

    @{{ entry.twitter }}   

  {% endblock %}        _views/details/speakers.twig 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {# Invoke a relevant view for the talk object #}

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {# Invoke a relevant view for the talk object #}

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {# Invoke a relevant view for the talk object #}

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {# Invoke a relevant view for the talk object #}    _views/details/speakers.twig 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

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Invoking a View 1. Which view? 2. Which variant? 3. Which template ﬁle?

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Components Views Layo Speakers Talks

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Invoking a View 1. Which view? 2. Which variant? 3. Which template ﬁle?

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_components ꔇ templates/ _layouts " details teasers ! ! snippets ! default.twig default.twig speakers.twig default.twig speakers.twig talks.twig " _views ! "

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How to invoke a view when the template ﬁle is unknown?

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Router

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Router 1. Target a desired view 2. Find the most speciﬁc template based on an order of precedence 3. Invoke the template

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Components Views Layo Speakers Talks

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Compo Views Speakers Talks Routers

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {% include ‘_routers/snippet’ with { entry: talk } %}

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {% include ‘_routers/snippet’ with { entry: talk } %}

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{#  Snippet Router  #}    {%- include [  '_views/snippets/' ~ entry.section ~ '/' ~ entry.type,  '_views/snippets/' ~ entry.section ~ '/default',  '_views/snippets/' ~ entry.section,  '_views/snippets/default',  ] -%}  _routers/snippet.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% block snippet_main %}

{% block snippet_content %}    {{ entry.title }}  {% endblock %}

  {% endblock %} _views/snippets/default.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% block snippet_main %}

{% block snippet_content %}    {{ entry.title }}  {% endblock %}

  {% endblock %} _views/snippets/default.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% extends '_views/snippets/default' %}    {% block snippet_content %}  {{ entry.year }} – {{ parent() }}  {% endblock %} _views/snippets/talks.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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Compo Views Speakers Talks Routers

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Compo Views Speakers Talks Routers

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Views can be nested in any order.

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Detail (Speaker) Teaser (Talk) Snippet (Track) Detail (Speaker) Snippet (Track)

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Routers Views Components Layouts

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_views " templates/ _routers " _components " _layouts "

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_components " _views ! templates/ _routers ! snippet.twig detail.twig teaser.twig page.twig teasers snippets details " " " _layouts "

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_components " _views ! templates/ _routers ! snippet.twig detail.twig teaser.twig page.twig teasers snippets details " " " _layouts "

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h/t: Flexible Twig Templates in Craft by Anthony Colangelo and Ryan Irelan

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h/t: Flexible Twig Templates in Craft by Anthony Colangelo and Ryan Irelan

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{% extends '_layouts/page' %}        {% block page_main %}    {% include '_routers/detail' with { entry: entry } %}    {% endblock %}  _routers/page.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{#  Detail Router  #}    {%- include [  '_views/details/' ~ entry.section ~ '/' ~ entry.type,  '_views/details/' ~ entry.section ~ '/default',  '_views/details/' ~ entry.section,  '_views/details/default',  ] -%} _routers/detail.twig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {% include '_routers/snippet' with { entry: talk } %}

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{% block detail_body_after %}    {#   Talks by this Speaker   #}    {% set talks = craft.entries({  section: 'talks',  relatedTo: entry,  }).all() %}    {% if talks|length %}    

Talks by {{ entry.firstName }}

  {% include ‘_routers/teaser' with { entry: talk } %}

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Recap 1. Content Modelling 3. Translate Modules  into Templates 2. Identify Representations  and Modules Objects Views Views (Objects) Routers +

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n = views + object-types

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Routers Views Components Layouts

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Modular Architecture for Building Content Websites

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Decoupled Evolvable Reusable

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Decoupled Evolvable Reusable Components Views Layouts Decoupled ✓

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Decoupled Evolvable Reusable Nesting Stacking Cascading Reusable ✓ ✓

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Decoupled Evolvable Reusable Cascading Evolvable ✓ ✓ ✓ Extensible +

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Decoupled Evolvable Reusable Evolvable ✓ Decoupled ✓ Reusable ✓

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Flexible and Maintainable.

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Scales better.

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No content

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Elements + Routing + Twig

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This architecture does not replace a Design System or a “Content Builder” approach.