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Getting a System to Production ... and keeping it there 1

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Who Am I? Eoin Woods - CTO at Endava 2005 - 2014 in capital markets (UBS, BGI) 2000 - 2004 in product engineering & consultancy 
 (Bull, Sybase, InterTrust, independent) Author, editor, speaker, community-guy 2

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Who are Endava? Software Engineering & IT Services Firm 2800+ people UK, US, Germany, Romania, Moldova, Serbia, Macedonia Agile and Digital Transformation Consulting, Architecture, Development, Testing Data and Analytics Application Management, Infrastructure, DevOps 3

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Content Introducing Production Systems What Goes Wrong in Production? Solutions for Production Systems Conclusions 4

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Production Systems 5

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What is a production system? 6 Any system
 being used
 for real work

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Why is Productionisation Hard? No one teaches you about production who do you talk to? what do they want? what is the definition of “done” ? Production is difficult for developers hard to access, interrogate, debug, change, ... 7

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A new cast of characters 8 Developers Development Users

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A new cast of characters 8 Production Users Developers Auditors Operations Acquirers Infrastructure Business
 Management

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Production is constrained Highly controlled Content is all valuable Change can be difficult 9

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Production is unpredictable 10

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Production is highly visible! 11

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You don’t own production 12

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What goes wrong? 13

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Performance surprises Interactive load Batch time surprises System abusers! “all transactions this year”, “average since 1967”, ... 14

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Environment bombshells Constraints and contention Unexpected behaviour Integration points 15

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Failures happen Software defects Platform failures Environment failures 16

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Security tangles Security is simple in Development Much more complex in Production! 17

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Finding Solutions 18

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Key requirements for production Functionally correct does what the business process requires Stability behaves predictably in all situations Capacity can process the workload required (at all times) Security limits access to those who are authorised to have it 19

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Solution Framework Correctness Stability Capacity Security Design Principles Technology Practices 20

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Solution Framework Correctness Stability Capacity Security Design Principles Technology Practices Simplicity 20

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Solution Framework Correctness Stability Capacity Security Design Principles Technology Practices Simplicity Resource Governor 20

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Solution Framework Correctness Stability Capacity Security Design Principles Technology Practices Simplicity Resource Governor Threat Modelling 20

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Solution Framework Correctness Stability Capacity Security Design Principles Technology Practices Simplicity Resource Governor Threat Modelling 20 Our focus today

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General Principles One Team Automate Measure and Improve (feedback loops) Good Enough over Perfection 21 Timeless principles … that led to CD and DevOps

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DevOps Principles Communication Automation Lean thinking Measurement Sharing 22 CALMS - itrevolution.com/devops-culture-part-1

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Solutions: Achieving Stability 23

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Stability - design principles Fail quickly fail fast, timeouts Isolate problems flow control, circuit breakers, bulkheads, asynchronous integration Ensure steady state operation housekeeping, predictable resource allocation, governors, throttling 24

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Stability - technology solutions 25

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Stability - technology solutions Fail fast 25

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Stability - technology solutions Fail fast Bulkhead 25

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Stability - technology solutions Timeouts Fail fast Bulkhead 25

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Stability - technology solutions Timeouts Fail fast Bulkhead Governor 25

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Stability - technology solutions Timeouts Circuit Breaker Fail fast Bulkhead Governor 25

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Stability - technology solutions Timeouts Circuit Breaker Fail fast Bulkhead Governor Housekeeping 25

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Example - Circuit Breaker Clear Checking Tripped err_returned timeout err_returned &&
 err_count > 10 err_returned 26

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Stability - practices Repeatability defined processes, practice scenarios, prelive environments Automation automate the routine, automate the difficult allow the human back in the loop on demand Transparency logging, monitoring, alerts, trends 27

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Stability - process automation Logging 
 & Metrics Monitoring Automation 28

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Stability - environments Development UAT Prelive Production 29

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“Uncontrolled” Stability - environments Development UAT Prelive Production 29

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“Controlled” “Uncontrolled” Stability - environments Development UAT Prelive Production 29

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“Controlled” “Uncontrolled” Stability - environments Development UAT Prelive Production 29 The DevOps Zone

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Stability - production runbooks Security, Audit,
 Compliance, ... Production
 Operations Developers System design Experience Constraints •Overview •Install •Backout •Op Procs •Investigation •Recovery 30

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Solutions: Achieving Capacity 31

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Capacity - design principles Minimise workload efficiency is important Flatten the peaks move workload around Design for the large (scalability) understand where the time goes multiply by a million 32

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Capacity - technology solutions Measure and minimise understand where the work is Caching and pre-computing reduce the work to be done Sharding and partitioning separate workload to allow scale 33

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Capacity - solutions 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings Static cache 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings Static cache Lookaside cache 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings Static cache Lookaside cache Result set caching 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings Static cache Lookaside cache Precompute Result set caching 34

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Capacity - solutions Segment Timings Static cache Lookaside cache Precompute Result set caching Phased batch 34

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Moving Work Around Utilisation 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Utilisation 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 35

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Capacity - practices Model and estimate Test capacity on realistic environments allows model calibration Monitoring and trend analysis tests theory against reality spots impending storms before they hit 36

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Solutions: Achieving Security 37

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Security - key design principles What they don’t have won’t hurt you least privilege - grant the minimum needed Security needs simplicity what you can’t analyse you can’t be sure about Don’t put your eggs in one basket separate privileges to avoid total breaches Fail safely 38

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Security - solutions 39

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Security - solutions Authentication & Roles 39

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Security - solutions Authentication & Roles Least privilege / separation 39

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Security - solutions Authentication & Roles Least privilege / separation Privacy (TLS) 39

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Security - solutions Authentication & Roles Least privilege / separation Privacy (TLS) Trust (certs) 39

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Security - solutions Authentication & Roles Least privilege / separation Privacy (TLS) Isolation (firewalls & zones) Trust (certs) 39

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Security - key practices Model threats to identify mitigation Define policy to know what to protect Apply mechanisms to mitigate threats Test security as well as functions 40

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Security - techniques Security Model Threat
 Model 41

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Summary 42

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Production is just different it’s not yours and you need to respect that Production is demanding Correctness Stability Capacity Security Summary 43

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Summary (ii) Identify solutions by requirement & area principles technologies practices 44

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Summary (iii) Production requirements and principles go back to the age of the mainframe CD and DevOps the latest incarnation welcome attention from developers new tech enabling new possibilities breaking down silos to make it happen 45

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Books Software Systems Architecture Second Edition NICK ROZANSKI • EOIN WOODS Working with Stakeholders Using Viewpoints and Perspectives Second Edition 46

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Eoin Woods
 [email protected]
 www.eoinwoods.info
 @eoinwoodz Thank you. Questions? 47 Acknowledgements http://www.icons-land.com http://www.alamy.com/ http://www.42u.com