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2 December 2005 Next Generation User Interfaces Pen-based Interaction Prof. Beat Signer Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2 March 4, 2024 History of Pens and Writing Instruments [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting] stones as writing instruments for cave paintings starting ~40 000 BC

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3 March 4, 2024 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... reed pen ~3000 BC quill pen ~500-1900 AD ink brush pen ~300 BC stylus ~3200 BC silver pencil ~1000 BC

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4 March 4, 2024 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... ▪ Clay and wax tablets ▪ ~3200 BC ▪ Papyrus ▪ ~3000 BC ▪ Parchment ▪ ~300 BC ▪ made from animal skin ▪ Paper ▪ invented in China in 105 AD - brought to Europe by Arabs - produced in Europe ~1100 AD - rags were only replaced by wood pulp ~1850 AD Papyrus Paper

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5 March 4, 2024 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... fountain pen 1884 dip pen ~1800 ruling pen radiograph 1953 pencil 1795

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6 March 4, 2024 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ... ballpoint pen 1938 rollerball pen 1963 marker pen ~1910 ceramic tip pen ?

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7 March 4, 2024 40000 Years of Evolution in Writing Tools ▪ Existing pens and writing tools have evolved over the last 40000 years ▪ Pens have been optimised for the corresponding writing surfaces ▪ It sometimes took a long time before a new writing tool got adopted (e.g.paper) ▪ There has been a coevolution of paper and work practices over a long period of time ▪ Everybody knows how to use pen and paper and has some expectations when using these artefacts

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8 March 4, 2024 The Paperless Office

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9 March 4, 2024 The Myth of the Paperless Office ... ▪ For decades, people have predicted the office of the future as a paperless office ▪ documents generated, published and distributed electronically ▪ documents read electronically ▪ What has happened to this imminent revolution?

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 10 March 4, 2024 The Myth of the Paperless Office

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 11 March 4, 2024 Worldwide Paper Consumption Release Date: September 2023, Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1089078/demand-paper-globally-until-2030/

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12 March 4, 2024 Affordances of Pen and Paper ▪ An affordance of an object tells us something (gives us a clue) about how to use the object ▪ Affordances of paper ▪ light, flexible, mobile and cheap ▪ robust ▪ porous ▪ opaque or transparent ▪ high resolution ▪ ease of navigation - flipping through pages or across documents ▪ easy to annotate ▪ hard to replicate and must be accessed locally ▪ ...

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13 March 4, 2024 Affordances of Pen and Paper ... ▪ Human interaction with paper ▪ grasping ▪ folding ▪ tearing ▪ carrying ▪ writing on ▪ juxtaposing paper documents ▪ arranging paper documents in space ▪ ... ▪ Paper supports some forms of collaboration and interaction that are difficult to mimic in digital space!

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14 March 4, 2024 Affordances of Pen and Paper ... ▪ Affordances of pens ▪ robust ▪ light ▪ mobile ▪ colour ▪ erasable ▪ cheap ▪ durable ▪ easy to draw on different surfaces ▪ ...

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15 March 4, 2024 IKEA Bookbook (Video)

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16 March 4, 2024 Replacing Pen and Paper? ▪ Study shows advantages of handwriting in education ▪ generative note-taking rather than transcribing on a laptop ▪ Another study from 2024 by Van der Weel et al.shows that handwriting (but not typewriting) leads to wide- spread brain connectivity ▪ “Switching off: Sweden says back-to-basics schooling works on paper” [2023]

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17 March 4, 2024 Today's Human-Computer Interaction ▪ How are pen and paper currently integrated in our daily work with computers? ▪ How to deal with the paper-digital divide?

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18 March 4, 2024 Bridging the Paper-Digital Divide picture1.png PIC00008.jpg map1.jpg IMG_0738.JPG

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19 March 4, 2024 Paper-Digital Integration reMarkable 2 Anoto Digital Pen and Paper Technology Augmented / Interactive Paper Electronic Paper

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20 March 4, 2024 Telautograph ▪ Telautograph invented in 1888 by Elisha Gray ▪ Transforms pen writing at the sending station into electrical impulses (via potentiometers) ▪ Reproduces the drawing at the receiving station via a pen attached to a servomechanism ▪ e.g.remote signatures Telautograph [https://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/data/L/399l.html]

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 21 March 4, 2024 Telautograph ... Telautograph Receiver Telautograph Transmitter

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 22 March 4, 2024 Memex ▪ Vannevar Bush's article 'As We May Think' (1945) introduces the Memex (memory extender) ▪ Store and access information on microfilms ▪ create and follow cross- references in the form of associative trails ▪ pen-based creation and annotation of content Memex, Vannevar Bush, 1945 Pen-based Memex interaction

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 23 March 4, 2024 Stylator and RAND Tablet ▪ Stylator (stylus translator) was the first computer with pen-based input ▪ demonstrated by Tom Dimond in 1957 ▪ handwriting recognition (single character) ▪ Another early pen- operated computing device was the RAND Tablet in 1961 ▪ pressure-sensitive pen tip [https://alltabletpc.blogspot.be/2011/07/history-of-tablet-pc-from-ancient-times.html] Stylator

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 24 March 4, 2024 Sketchpad (1963) ▪ Sketchpad developed as part of Ivan Sutherland’s PhD thesis at MIT ▪ drawing tool ▪ light pen and buttons ▪ first graphical user interface ▪ direct manipulation of graphical objects ▪ basis for many new interface ideas

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 25 March 4, 2024 Light Pen ▪ Light-sensitive pen input device for cathode ray tube (CRT) screens ▪ creates a signal each time the screen's electron beam passes the position of the pen ▪ Disadvantages ▪ not very accurate due to rounding errors and noise ▪ entire screen image has to be rather bright HES [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Pen]

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26 March 4, 2024 Graphics Tablet ▪ Digitises hand-drawn sketches ▪ Passive tablets ▪ pen powered by the tablet (electromagnetic induction) ▪ Active tablets ▪ pen has its own battery ▪ In addition to the electromagnetic tracking there exist other solutions ▪ acoustic tracking ▪ optical tracking Wacom Bamboo Wacom Cintiq

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 27 March 4, 2024 Ultrasonic Position Detection Pens ▪ Paper clip to track hand- writing on paper via ultra- sonic position detection ▪ Larger versions transform standard whiteboards from a simple writing medium into a powerful collabo- ration and communication tool ▪ Calibration might be an issue Seiko InkLink Mimio Xi

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 28 March 4, 2024 DigitalDesk ▪ DigitalDesk developed by Pierre Wellner at Xerox EuroPARC ▪ camera-based tracking and projection ▪ "Instead of making the workstation more like a desk, make the desk more like a workstation" ▪ Many follow-up augmented desk projects ▪ What about mobility? Pierre Wellner, DigitalDesk, 1991

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 29 March 4, 2024 Digital Pen and Paper Technology ▪ Anoto offers ▪ camera technology ▪ pattern license (virtual paper space of 60 million km2) ▪ Pen manufacturers ▪ Nokia ▪ Maxell ▪ Adapx ▪ Livescribe ▪ … ▪ Recent alternative by NeoLAB ▪ Neo Smartpen

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 30 March 4, 2024 Digital Pens Nokia SU-1B Magicomm G303 Livescribe Echo Smartpen FLY Fusion Pentop Computer

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 31 March 4, 2024 Notetaking ▪ Audio Notebook by Lisa Stifelman (1996) ▪ records audio and synchronises it with the handwriting ▪ uses graphics tablet for pen tracking ▪ Livescribe Echo Pen (2010) ▪ records audio on the pen and synchronises it with the handwriting ▪ uses Anoto pattern for the pen tracking Lisa Stifelman, Audio Notebook Livescribe Echo Pen

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 32 March 4, 2024 iPaper Research Link Metamodel (RSL) Tools Cross-Media Server / Publishing Applications links_blue adminTab edfestComponents temp1

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 33 March 4, 2024 Cross-Media Server (iServer) ipaperArchitecture.jpg

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 34 March 4, 2024 Active Page Areas and Layers image video clip

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 35 March 4, 2024 RSL Hypermedia Metamodel iwebfirefox movieplugin ipaper Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 36 March 4, 2024 iserverNew_blue Links Users Layers Plug-ins Structure Active Content Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 37 March 4, 2024 Input Device Independence barcode.jpg arjo1.jpg nokia.jpg cosmo iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2001 iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2003 iPaper, EdFest Project, ETH Zurich, 2005 iPaper, The Lost Cosmonaut Project, ETH Zurich, 2004

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 38 March 4, 2024 Digital Pen and Paper Applications ▪ Enhanced Reading ▪ interactive paper maps ▪ interactive festival brochures ▪ educational materials ▪ auction brochures ▪ scientific publications ▪ … ▪ Enhanced Writing ▪ photo album ▪ researcher's notebook ▪ mammography annotation ▪ query by sketching ▪ … ▪ Paper-based Interfaces ▪ PaperPoint ▪ document proof-editing ▪ digital libraries ▪ video analysis tool ▪ educational games ▪ Art Installations ▪ Lost Cosmonaut ▪ Generosa Enterprise ▪ Interactive Tabletops ▪ photo browser ▪ collaborative sketch tool

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 39 March 4, 2024 PaperPoint Presentation Tool ▪ Mobile PowerPoint presentation tool ▪ non-linear presentations ▪ real-time annotations ▪ digital whiteboard ▪ ... ▪ Multi-pen support ▪ brainstorming paperpoint1 paperpoint2

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 40 March 4, 2024 edfestComponents EdFest Project Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 41 March 4, 2024 EdFest User Trials picture1 Picture2 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 42 March 4, 2024 EdFest Documents bookmarknew brochurenew mapnew Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 43 March 4, 2024 Cross-Media Publishing Framework XCM content publishing XML data of festival venues and events iServer cross-media link server • paper link data • active areas on paper • layers • digital resources • user model import publish PDF XML link definition data iPublish publishing framework Structure Style XSL CSS information-centric approach Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 44 March 4, 2024 Natural History Museum, London Picture6 Paper++ Project

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 45 March 4, 2024 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 46 March 4, 2024 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 47 March 4, 2024 Natural History Museum, London ... Picture6

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 48 March 4, 2024 Print-n-Link ▪ Handle existing PDF documents ▪ e.g. research papers ▪ Automatic link authoring at print time ▪ applicable to other domains references references1 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 49 March 4, 2024 Document Authoring and Editing ▪ Digital pen and paper-based user interface ▪ Support for collaborative editing ▪ Multiple digital/physical editing iteration cycles ▪ seamless transition between paper and digital information Digital Document Printed Document

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 50 March 4, 2024 PaperProof: Paper-Digital Proof-Editing paper.jpg openoffice.png Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 51 March 4, 2024 Digital Ink Processing ▪ Parse proprietary pen formats ▪ position, timestamp, force, tilt, … ▪ Stroke detection ▪ pen up and pen down events ▪ time difference between succeeding points ▪ distance between succeeding points, … ▪ Interpolation/Filtering

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 52 March 4, 2024 Ink Markup Language (InkML) ▪ XML language for representing digital ink ▪ Pen movement data ▪ and elements ▪ x,y coordinates, force, angles ▪ Device-specific information ▪ resolution, sample rate, … W3C Recommendation

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 53 March 4, 2024 Ink Markup Language (InkML) … W3C Recommendation 10 0, 9 14, 8 28, 7 42, 6 56, 6 70, 8 84, 8 98, 8 112, 9 126, 10 140, 13 154, 14 168, 17 182, 18 188 130 155, 144 159, 158 160, 170 154, 179 143, 179 129, 166 125, 152 128, 140 136, 131 149, 126 163 ... ...

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 54 March 4, 2024 Rough Guide Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 55 March 4, 2024 DiDA Learning Material ▪ Diploma in Digital Applications ▪ includes Using ICT, Multimedia, Graphics and ICT in Enterprise ▪ "...designed to stimulate students' creativity and develop real-world, practical skills..." ▪ Published by Edexcel (Pearson Education) ▪ Interactive DiDA book combines printed information with CD-ROM and web content

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 56 March 4, 2024 DiDA ... dida1 dida2 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 57 March 4, 2024 The Lost Cosmonaut ▪ Writing as a collaborative act of memory and story- telling ▪ Reading, writing and narrative as an act of making sense ▪ Handwriting as a tool for human-computer interaction In collaboration with Axel Vogelsang, Artists in Labs Programme Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 58 March 4, 2024 Interactive Tables test2 itable test3 test4 Pen-Based Google Earth Browser Pen-Based Drawing Tool Photo Browser Photo Browser (Slider) Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 59 March 4, 2024 Interactive Table (iTable) Video Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 60 March 4, 2024 Visual and Interaction Design ▪ Visualisation of interactive areas and functionality ▪ design patterns ▪ Interaction design ▪ online versus offline input processing ▪ lack of modal dialogues ▪ multimodal interaction ▪ Findings might be appli- cable to traditional GUIs ▪ e.g. cross-application widget interaction booklet 2004 booklet 2005 Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 61 March 4, 2024 Innovative Hardware and Materials ▪ Mobile solutions for feed- back on paper documents ▪ spatially aware projection of information ▪ digital pen with display ▪ voice feedback ▪ ... ▪ Fusion of electronic paper and interactive paper ▪ printed electronics PaperWorks project MouseLight

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 62 March 4, 2024 Innovative Hardware and Materials … ▪ Feedback via HoloLens in HoloDoc ▪ lookup of references as in Print-n-Link ▪ freeform search as in Rough Guide ▪ … HoloDoc, 2019

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 63 March 4, 2024 Conclusions ▪ Pen input is not always the most effective input ▪ sometimes it is faster to type on a keyboard rather than to write ▪ New challenges in terms of interaction design ▪ what are the user's expectations (based on known use of pen)? ▪ combination with other modalities and lack of control ▪ visual encoding and design ▪ how to provide feedback if used without a screen? - might need modes and timeouts ▪ Device independence and digital ink abstraction ▪ different pens can be used to control an application ▪ Automatic application deployment and installation ▪ easy interaction with arbitrary digital or physical documents

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 64 March 4, 2024 Exercise 2 ▪ 3D Printing

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 65 March 4, 2024 References ▪ Fundamental Concepts for Interactive Paper and Cross-Media Information Spaces, Beat Signer, Books on Demand, April 2017 (second edition) ISBN-13: 978-3837027136 ▪ The Myth of the Paperless Office, Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper, The MIT Press, February 2003 ISBN-13: 978-0262692830 Technology in Action, Christian Heath and Paul Luff, Cambridge University Press, June 2000 ISBN-13: 978-0521560337 cover2.jpg

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 66 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ B.Signer, Pen-based Interaction, Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature, 2024 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_HCI2024.pdf ▪ M.R. Davis and T.O. Ellis, The RAND Tablet: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device, Proceedings of AFIPS 1964 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464080 ▪ I. Sutherland, Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 1963 ▪ https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 67 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ Sketchpad Demo ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6orsmFndx_o ▪ P. Wellner, The DigitalDesk Calculator: Tangible Manipulation on a Desk Top Display, Proceedings of ACM UIST 1991, Hilton Head, USA, November 1991 ▪ https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/120782.120785 ▪ L.J. Stifelman, Augmenting Real-World Objects: A Paper-based Audio Notebook, Proceedings of CHI 1996, International Conference on Human Factors in Com- puting Systems, Vancouver, Canada, April 1996 ▪ https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/257089.257279

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 68 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, Interactive Paper: Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper Computing, Copenhagen Denmark, September 2010 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_PaperComp2010.pdf ▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, PaperPoint: A Paper-based Presentation and Interactive Paper Prototyping Tool, Proceedings of TEI 2007, 1st International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction, Baton Rouge, USA, February 2007 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_TEI2007.pdf

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 69 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer, M. Grossniklaus, R. Belotti, C. Decurtins and N. Weibel, Context-Aware Platform for Mobile Data Management, ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks (WINET), 13(6), December 2007 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_WINET2007.pdf ▪ P. Luff, C. Heath, M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and P. Herdman, Only Touching the Surface: Creating Affinities Between Digital Content and Paper, Proceedings of CSCW 2004, ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Chicago, USA, November 2004 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/luff_CSCW2014.pdf

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 70 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and N. Weibel, Print-n-Link: Weaving the Paper Web, Proceedings of DocEng 2006, ACM Symposium on Document Engi- neering, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 2006 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_DocEng2006.pdf ▪ N. Weibel, B. Signer, P. Ponti and M.C. Norrie, PaperProof: A Paper-Digital Proof-Editing System, CoPADD 2007, 2nd International Workshop on Collaborating over Paper and Digital Documents, London, UK, November 2007 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/weibel_CHI2008.pdf

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 71 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ A. Vogelsang and B. Signer, The Lost Cosmo- naut: An Interactive Narrative Environment on Basis of Digitally Enhanced Paper, Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Storytelling 2005, Strasbourg, France, December 2005 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/vogelsang_ICVS2005.pdf ▪ H. Song, F. Guimbretière, T. Grossman and G. Fitzmaurice, MouseLight: Bimanual Interactions on Digital Paper Using a Pen and a Spatially-aware Mobile Projector, Proceedings of CHI 2010, Atlanta, USA ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753697

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 72 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ P.A. Mueller and D.M. Oppenheimer, The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking, Psychological Science, 25(6), 2014 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581 ▪ F.R. Van der Weel and A.L.H. Van der Meer, Hand- writing But Not Typewriting Leads to Widespread Brain Connectivity: A High-Density EEG Study With Impli- cations for the Classroom, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, January 2024 ▪ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 73 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ Switching Off: Sweden Says Back-to-Basics Schooling Works on Paper ▪ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/11/sweden-says-back-to- basics-schooling-works-on-paper ▪ Z. Li, M. Annett, K. Hinckley, K. Singh and D. Wigdor, HoloDoc: Enabling Mixed Reality Workspaces that Harness Physical and Digital Content, Proceedings of CHI 2019, Glasgow, UK, May 2019 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300917

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Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 74 March 4, 2024 References … ▪ IKEA Bookbook ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOXQo7nURs0 ▪ Interactive Paper ▪ https://beatsigner.com/interactivePaper.html ▪ Print-n-Link Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-lXzi8mPMY ▪ PaperProof Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZW2Msw6HM0 ▪ The Lost Cosmonaut Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fu27Cmr1aX4 ▪ Interactive Table (iTable) Video ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rc7I5h6XirY ▪ Paper++ Project ▪ https://beatsigner.com/paperpp.html

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2 December 2005 Next Lecture Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces