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Addy Osmani Picture Perfect Toronto WebPerf https://unsplash.com/photos/uf-IaeduFfk

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Optimizing images. How hard could it be?

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Image optimization is an evolving topic.

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Major changes in the image landscape • WebP support in all modern browsers • AVIF image decode support landing in Chrome & Firefox • JPEGXL decoding behind a fl ag in Chrome • Lazy-loading images in Chrome, FF, Safari TP. A default in WordPress • Compute img/video aspect ratio from width/height attributes • FF support for preload, Chrome: imagesrcset and imagesizes on link rel=preload • width/height on elements for • and more! 2020-2021

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The modern element A delicious donut Lazy-load Async decode SET DIMENSIONS TO AVOID LAYOUT SHIFTS Placeholder

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50% of the brain is involved in visual processing Time to get the sense of a visual scene 0.01s How much we recall of what we see or do vs. 20% of what we read. 80% Increase in willingness to read due to color visuals. 80% Neuroscience How much audiences more likely to be persuaded by a talk with visuals vs. a purely verbal one 17% To process a symbol and 100ms to attach meaning to it. 150ms Sources: goo.gle/imgsci

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There are many ways to load an image. https://goo.gle/3eLzPux

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Images impact Web Vitals in a number of ways

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Optimal image serving for Web Vitals • For a fast Largest Contentful Paint • Request your key hero image early • Use , srcset + e ff i cient modern image formats • Avoid wasting pixels (compress, don't serve overly high DPR images) • Lazy-load o ff screen images (reduce network contention for key resources) • For a low Cumulative Layout Shift • Set dimensions (width, height) on your images • Use CSS aspect-ratio or aspect-ratio boxes to reserve space otherwise • For a low impact First Input Delay • Avoid images causing network contention with other critical resources like CSS and JS.

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Largest Contentful Paint Element Lighthouse Audit function getLCPDebugTarget(entries) { const lastEntry = entries[entries.length - 1]; return lastEntry.element; } LCP API (RUM) web.dev/debug-web-vitals-in-the- fi eld/ User devices have di ff erent screen resolutions, which results in di ff erent page layouts and thus di ff erent elements being visible within the viewport. Content may be personalized for the current user, so the LCP candidate element could vary wildly from user to user. 🔬 ⛰

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Images & Developer tooling Identify images that could be served in a more modern format

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Serving Modern Image Formats Cute puppy

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Picking an image format Compression • Compression • Speed • Limitations • Animation • Features • Tooling

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JPEG 80 vs AVIF 70 vs WEBP 85 54% size reduction vs JPEG 26% size reduction vs JPEG https://www.industrialempathy.com/posts/avif-webp-quality-settings/

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When lossy compression is good enough, both AVIF and JPEG XL deliver significantly better results than the existing web codecs, including WebP.

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Original 1.7MB How much can we get out of ~70KB?

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JPEG 68.3KB

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JPEG 68.3KB

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WEBP 67.7KB

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HEIC 69.7KB

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AVIF 67.6KB

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JXL 67.0KB

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Picking an image format Speed & Features

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Image Optimization Tooling Squoosh • Imagemin • ImageMagick • Sharp / Jimp • Thumbor • ImageOptim • XnConvert • Image CDNs

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Images & Developer tooling Image format debugging

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Identify images that can be better sized Properly size images

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Images without dimensions

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Layout Shifts from images without dimensions Lighthouse audit function getCLSDebugTarget(entries) { const largestShift = entries.reduce(( return a && a.value > b.value ? a : }); if (largestShift && largestShift.sour const largestSource = largestShift. return a.node && a.previousRect.w b.previousRect.width * b.prev }); if (largestSource) { return largestSource.node; } } PerformanceObserver

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Lots of factors determine the best image size • Many factors determine the best image size • Screen size and resolution • Viewport • Layout and responsive breakpoints • Device pixel ratio (physical resolution) • Art direction Can one size fi t all?

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Responsive Images: srcset and sizes A delicious pink donut.

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by width and density Responsive images

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Device Pixel Ratio (DPR) / Pixel Density Capping Responsive images

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Image Aspect Ratio Reserve space for responsive and lazy-loaded images Padding-top hack Mapped aspect-ratio Explicit aspect-ratio

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Enhanced image preview in DevTools File size, rendered size, rendered aspect ratio, intrinsic size, intrinsic aspect ratio

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Image lazy-loading Defer o ff screen images

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Image lazy-loading Eager image fetching

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Lazy-loading responsive images A delicious pink donut. Lazy-loading images

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Image lazy-loading Lazy image fetching

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Image discovered late - loaded via JS LCP image preloaded

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Preload Largest Contentful Paint image Lighthouse audit

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Request your image early

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Blurry placeholder images Approximate the fi nal image before it loads in

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Placeholder using background-image A delicious donut Placeholder Final image

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https://unsplash.com/photos/qDY9ahp0Mto

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Next.js Image Component • Automatic srcsets for images • Enforced sizing to prevent layout shift • Automatic lazy-loading of o ff screen assets • Framework-speci fi c asset prioritization optimizations • Flexible layout options • Customizable loader support for any image server or CDN Features and bene fi ts Up to 60% faster LCP and up to 100% reduced CLS

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Next.js Image Component Features and bene fi ts • Automatic srcsets for images • Enforced sizing to prevent layout shift • Automatic lazy-loading of o ff screen assets • Framework-speci fi c asset prioritization optimizations • Flexible layout options • Customizable loader support for any image server or CDN Up to 60% faster LCP and up to 100% reduced CLS

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Images in Next.js without Next Image import Head from 'next/head'; export default function Index() { return (
Create Next App
Donut Donut

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Next.js Image Component

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Images in Next.js with Next Image import Head from 'next/head'; import Image from 'next/image'; export default function Index() { return (
Next.js Image Component
Donut Donut

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Next.js Image Component

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Next.js Image Component

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31% improvement in LCP increased sales by 8% Optimizations to improve LCP included resizing their hero image, optimizing SVGs and using media queries to limit loading o ff screen images. Their optimizations to LCP included a 2.5s saving from switching their fi rst large image from being behind JavaScript (client-side hydration) to being directly in the main HTML document. 70% improvement in LCP correlated with a 76% reduction in load abandonment They determined shifts were caused after their hero images were loaded and snapped in for the fi rst view. They used Aspect Ratio Boxes to reserve space before their image was loaded. Optimizations to CLS helped increase News page views per session by 15% French Fashion house Chloè used Link Preload to preload their 1x and 2x Hero images, which were previously bottlenecked by a render-blocking script. Preloading 1x and 2x Hero images bottlenecked by render- blocking script improved LCP by 500ms (based on CrUX)

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Thank you! @addyosmani

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Archive Slides that won't make the cut this time. • We can still summarize or include as notes.

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Automating Image Optimization in frameworks Image Components • Modern image components that build on , like Next.js (for React) and Nuxt image (for Vue) try to bake in as many of these concepts as possible by default. • You can of course also do this manually just using the element directly. • If using 11ty for your static sites, try the 11ty high-performance blog template.

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Avoid the download and shrink pattern Better to use srcset, sizes, to serve images w/right dimensions

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Compression

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Speed

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Limitations

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Features

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Codec Comparison https://www.industrialempathy.com/posts/avif-webp-quality-settings/#visual-veri fi cation

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JPEG@80 213KB

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WEBP@90 206KB Size reduction 4% vs JPEG DSSIM 0.00103

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AVIF@75 88KB Size reduction 59% vs JPEG DSSIM 0.00140

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JXL@61 80KB Size reduction % vs JPEG DSSIM

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JPEG 80 vs WebP 85 (26% size reduction vs JPEG)

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JPEG 80 vs AVIF 70 (54% size reduction vs JPEG)

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Low Fidelity Comparison https://cloudinary.com/blog/time_for_next_gen_codecs_to_dethrone_jpeg

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LCP image in the loading filmstrip WebPageTest

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CLS

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Images & Developer tooling Largest Contentful Paint element

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Images & Developer tooling Image Intrinsic Size

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by width and density Responsive images

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Device Pixel Ratio (DPR) / Pixel Density Capping Responsive images

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Device Pixel Ratio (DPR) / Pixel Density Capping Responsive images

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Responsive Breakpoints from Cloudinary Responsive images

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Serving modern image formats Compression

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Images & Developer tooling Cloudinary's image analyst tooling

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Animation

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Basic element A delicious pink donut.

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Lazy-loading images A delicious pink donut.

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Lazy-loading responsive images

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Request your image early

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Request your image early

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Image decoding A delicious donut

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Responsive Breakpoint Generator

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Optimal image serving for Web Vitals • For a fast Largest Contentful Paint • Request your key hero image early • Use srcset + e ffi cient modern image formats • Avoid wasting pixels (compress, don't serve overly high DPR images) • Lazy-load o ff screen images (reduce network contention for key resources) • For a low Cumulative Layout Shift • Set dimensions (width, height) on your images • Use CSS aspect-ratio or aspect-ratio boxes to reserve space otherwise • For a low impact First Input Delay • Avoid images causing network contention with other critical resources like CSS and JS.