[TLVPHPUG] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

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H T T P/ 2 A N D A SY N C H R O N O U S A P I S

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D AV E Y S H A F I K • Author of Zend PHP 5 Certification Study Guide, Sitepoints PHP Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks & PHP Master: Write Cutting Edge Code • A contributor to Zend Framework 1 & 2, phpdoc, & PHP internals • Original creator of PHAR/ PHP_Archive • @dshafik

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h tt p : / /d e v e l o p e r. a ka m a i .co m

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Let’s&start&a&conversation&about& mental&health&in&tech mhprompt.org/support

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H T T P/ 2 A KA : H 2

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No content

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W H AT I S H T T P/ 2 ? CC-BY:

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R F C 7 5 4 0 H Y P E RT E XT T R A N S F E R P R OTO CO L V E RS I O N 2

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R F C 7 5 4 1 H PA C K - H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N FO R H T T P/ 2

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C R E AT E D BY I E T F H T T P W O R K I N G G R O U P C H A I R E D BY A K A M A I ' S M A R K N OT T I N G H A M

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–J O H N N Y A P P L E S E E D CC-BY: 1991 1996 1999 HTTP/0.9 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 2015 HTTP/2 2009 SPDY

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B R O W S E R S U P P O RT • Chrome + Chrome Mobile • Firefox • IE 11 on Windows 10 • MS Edge • Safari (El Capitan/iOS 9) • Opera

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B I N A R Y I N ST E A D O F T E XT CC-BY:

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F U L LY M U LT I P L E X E D CC-BY: I N S T E A D O F O R D E R E D A N D B L O C K I N G

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C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N   FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS CC-BY: Alosh Bennett

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US E S H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N CC-BY-SA: R E D U C E S O V E R H E A D

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S E R V E R P U S H I S S U P E R CO O L ( N O R E A L LY ) CC-BY-SA:

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S E R V E R P U S H • Allows the server to proactively push assets like stylesheets and images to the client without them needing to parse the HTML page and make subsequent requests • Done by pushing the assets into the client cache, avoiding the roundtrip necessary to pull them up once the client makes the request

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W H AT D O E S H T T P/ 2 M E A N F O R M Y A P P L I C AT I O N ?

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T R A N S PA R E N T CC-BY-SA: H A N D L E D B Y N G I N X / A PA C H E

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S O W H AT ’ S T H E P O I N T ?

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S CC-BY: Flóra Soós

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S • Minify + Concat JavaScript and CSS • Inlining small JavaScript and CSS • Using image sprites • Using data: URIs • Domain sharding

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T H E S E T H I N G S A R E A L L " C L E V E R " H AC K S CC-BY: Matt Biddulph

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R E M E M B E R T H I S ? CC-BY: C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N   FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS

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U P LO A D I N G M U LT I P L E I M A G E S CC-BY:

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ 

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ 

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ  

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S Ȑ   

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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CO N CU R R E N T Ȑ 

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A P I S

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F E TC H I N G A B LO G P O ST + CO M M E N TS CC-BY:

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Ȑ GET /post/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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{ "type": "post", "id": "1", "title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!", "tags": ["json", "api", "relationships"], "author": "http://example.com/posts/1/author", "comments": "http://example.com/posts/1/comments" }

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Ȑ GET /posts/1/comments

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Ȑ GET /posts/1/comments 200 OK application/json

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[ "http://example.org/post/1/comment/1", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/2", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/3", "http://example.org/post/1/comment/4" ]

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Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/1

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Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 3 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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2 3 4 Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/ 200 OK application/json 1

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{ "type": "comment", "id": "1", "title": "FIRST!", "author": "http://example.com/post/1/comment/1/author" }

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6 requests (possibly connections)

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14 requests (possibly connections)

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json

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M U LT I P L E X E D Ȑ GET /post/example/comments/3 GET /post/example/comments/1 GET /post/example/comments/2 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json 200 OK application/json

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CO D E

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$numRequests = 378;

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No content

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }

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4 7 . 6 7   s e co n d s CC-BY:

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H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H R O N O US $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, HTTP_VERSION_2_0); curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); }

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6 2 . 1 9   s e co n d s CC-BY-NC:

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$mh = curl_multi_init();  $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';  for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T ( CO N T. ) do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) { $ready = curl_multi_select($mh); if ($ready != -1) { do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);  } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); } }

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8 . 6 6   s e co n d s

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$url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';  for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $handles[] = $ch = curl_init(); $conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d'); curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch); } H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D $mh = curl_multi_init();

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D ( CO N T. ) do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) { $ready = curl_multi_select($mh); if ($ready != -1) { do { $exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);  } while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM); } }

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2 . 1 4   s e co n d s CC-BY:

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H T T P/ 2 N E G OT I AT I O N CC-BY-ND:

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P R OTO CO L I D E N T I F I E RS • h2 — HTTP/2 over TLS, negotiated via ALPN (Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation) • h2c — HTTP/2 over TCP (plain text), uses an HTTP/1.1 request with a 101 Switching Protocols status response if supported

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– W I K I P E D I A /A P P L I C AT I O N - L AY E R _ P R OTO CO L _ N E G OT I AT I O N Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension for application layer protocol negotiation. ALPN allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol should be performed over a secure connection in a manner which avoids additional round trips and which is independent of the application layer protocols. It is used by HTTP/2. […] On July 11, 2014, ALPN was published as RFC 7301

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N > GET / HTTP/1.1 > Host: server.example.com > Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings > Upgrade: h2c > HTTP2-Settings: < HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols < Connection: Upgrade < Upgrade: h2c < < [ HTTP/2 connection ...

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N ( CO N T. ) • May be an OPTIONS request if concurrency of multiple requests is important • May be any request type (e.g. PUT/POST/GET/HEAD/DELETE) but any body must be sent in it's entirety before HTTP/2 can start • A server must ignore an "h2" token in an Upgrade header field. Presence of a token with "h2" implies HTTP/2 over TLS, which is instead negotiated via TLS-ALPN • It must include a settings payload with the initial request

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A L L B R O W S E RS R E Q U I R E T LS FO R H T T P/ 2 CC-BY: Jason Baker

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D I R E CT CO N N E CT W I T H H T T P/ 2

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P R I O R K N O W L E D G E • It is possible to set up a connection with HTTP/1.1 or ALPN negotiation when prior knowledge of HTTP/2 is known • Performance enhancement • Client/Server must send the HTTP/2 connection prefix • Not supported in curl yet

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S E R V E R P US H CC-BY:

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Ȑ GET /post/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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GET /post/1/comments Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1 Ȑ GET /post/1 200 OK application/json

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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Ȑ GET /post/1/comment/2 GET /post/1/comment/3 GET /post/1/comment/4 GET /post/1/comment/1/author GET /post/1/comment/2/author GET /post/1/comment/3/author GET /post/1/comment/4/author GET /post/1/comment/1/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/2/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/3/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comment/4/author/avatar.png GET /post/1/comments GET /post/1/comment/1

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CSS /J S M I N I F I C AT I O N I S U N E C E SS A R Y CC-BY: G Z I P CO M P R E SS I O N + M U LT I P L E X I N G + S E R V E R P US H

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ST R E A M S CC-BY: Kylir Horton

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ST R E A M S • Each request/response is a stream • Streams are comprised of Frames • Streams may have a weight (1-256) • Streams may have a dependency

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ST R E A M W E I G H TS Stream A Weight: 1 Stream B Weight: 2 Stream C Weight: 3 2X Stream A 1.5X Stream B  3X Stream A

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ST R E A M D E P E N D E N C I E S Stream A Stream B Depends: A Stream C Depends: B Delivered after A Delivered after B

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F R A M E S CC-BY: Bart Everson

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F R A M E S • Messages are composed of multiple frames, e.g. headers, data, and settings • Each frame has a common header • 9 byte, length prefixed • Easy & efficient to parse • Frames can be interleaved — this is multiplexing

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F R A M E S POST /search HTTP/1.1 Host: example.org Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 58 {  "keywords":"example",  "location":"posts"  } HEADERS  frame Data  frame } }

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H E A D E RS : H PAC K CC-BY-SA:

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H E A D E RS : H PA C K • Uses a table of known values as an index • Can represent a header name and value (e.g. :status: 404), or just a header name (e.g. accept:) • Values are either statically encoded, or use a static Huffman code

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# Name Value 1 :authority 2 :method GET 3 :method POST 4 :path / 5 :path /index.html 6 :scheme http 7 :scheme https 8 :status 200 9 :status 204 10 :status 206 11 :status 304 12 :status 400 13 :status 404 14 :status 500 15 accept-charset

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A KA M A I { O P E N } E D G E G R I D F O R P H P

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W E US E G U ZZ L E

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G U ZZ L E S U P P O RT • Some support • Doesn’t handle lack of http2 support in libcurl • Doesn’t handle multiplexing • Untested (but should be OK, as libcurl itself is tested) • Details: http://daveyshafik.com/guzzle-http2

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CO D E CC-BY:

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N C H R O N O US use GuzzleHttp\Client;   $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';  $client = new Client(); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); }

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use GuzzleHttp\Client;   $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';  $client = new Client( for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->get(sprintf($url, $i)); } H T T P/ 2 . 0 : SY N C H R O N O US );

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D use GuzzleHttp\Client;   $url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';  $client = new Client(['version' => 2]); for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) { $client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i)); } $results = Promise\unwrap($promises);

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T U P LOA D S use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler; use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication; $stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create();   $handler = new AuthHandler();  $handler->setSigner( (new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName) ); $client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([ 'handler' => $stack ]);

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$url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s";  foreach ($_FILES as $file) { $fileName = Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4(); $promises = $client->putAsync(  sprintf($url, $filename),   [ 'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+') ] ); }  $results = Promise\unwrap($promises); H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( P O S S I B L E A P I ) use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler; use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication; $stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create();   $handler = new AuthHandler();  $handler->setSigner( (new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName) ); $client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([ 'handler' => $stack,   'version' => 2 ]);

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R FC : CU R L H T T P/ 2 P US H S U P P O RT https://daveyshafik.com/curl-http2-push

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I N S U M M A R Y

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N O M O R E H AC K S !

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H U G E P E R FO R M A N C E W I N S

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6 0 % + M A R K E T S H A R E

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H T T P / 2 I S A W E S O M E ! CC-BY-SA:

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F E E D B A C K & Q U E S T I O N S Twitter: Email: Slides: @dshafik dshafik@akamai.com http://daveyshafik.com/slides