今さら聞けない Linux コンテナの基礎 (2015-06-20)

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͍·͞Βฉ͚ͳ͍Linuxίϯςφͷجૅ Ճ౻ହจ 2015-06-20 Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 1 / 108

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ࣗݾ঺հ Ճ౻ହจ http://www.ten-forward.ws/ @ten forward http://gplus.to/tenforward https://github.com/tenforward http://d.hatena.ne.jp/deﬁant/ (ٕज़ϒϩά) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 2 / 108

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ࣗݾ঺հ ϑΝʔεταʔόɹج൫։ൃ෦ɹॴଐ ৽ϒϥϯυͷϗεςΟϯάαʔϏε͸͡Ί·ͨ͠ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 3 / 108

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ࣗݾ঺հ 2010 ೥ࠒʹ cgroup ͷௐࠪΛ࢝Ίͨͷ͕͖͔͚ͬͰίϯςφ पลΛ৭ʑ͓͔͚ͬͯͨͷ͕ߴͯ͜͡ͷษڧձΛ΍ͬͯ·͢ LXC ΁ͷίϛοτ ೔ຊޠ man pages / ࠷ۙ͸গ͠ίʔυ΋ linuxcontainers.org ຋༁ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 4 / 108

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ࣗݾ঺հ Plamo Linux ϝϯςφ LXC ͰֶͿίϯςφೖ໳ɹʔܰྔԾ૝Խ؀ڥΛ࣮ݱ͢Δٕज़ gihyo.jp Ͱ࿈ࡌ ʲվగ৽൛ʳLinux ΤϯδχΞཆ੒ಡຊ (ٕज़ධ࿦ࣾ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 5 / 108

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ࠓ೔ͷલ൒ͷ໨ඪ Linux Χʔωϧͷ࣋ͭίϯςφؔ࿈ػೳΛҰ௨Γ঺հ͢Δ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 6 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 7 / 108

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ίϯςφ֓ཁ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 8 / 108

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ίϯςφͱ͸ Χʔωϧ͔ΒݟΔͱී௨ʹϓϩηε͕ىಈ͢Δ͚ͩ ىಈ͢Δࡍʹִ཭Λࢦࣔ͢Δ ΧʔωϧͷػೳͰ (ෳ਺ͷ) ಠཱۭͨؒ͠Λ࡞Γग़͠ɼϦιʔ εΛ෼ׂɾ෼഑͢Δ ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϓԽͯ͠ଞͷάϧʔϓͱϦιʔεۭؒΛִ཭ άϧʔϓԽͨ͠ϓϩηεʹର͢ΔϦιʔε੍ݶ OS ϨϕϧͷԾ૝Խ Ծ૝Խͱ͍͏ΑΓ͸ִ཭Խ Ծ૝తͳ OS ؀ڥΛఏڙ͢Δ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 9 / 108

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ίϯςφͷϝϦοτ ߴີ౓Խ͕Մೳ ىಈ͍ͯ͠Δ OS (Χʔωϧ) ͸Ұͭ Φʔόʔϔου͕খ͍͞ ϋʔυ΢ΣΞͷԾ૝Խ͕ෆཁ ىಈ͕ૣ͍ Ծ૝ϚγϯͷىಈͰ͸ͳ͘ɼϗετ OS ͔ΒݟͨΒ୯ʹϓϩ ηε͕ىಈ͍ͯ͠Δ͚ͩͳͷͰɼී௨ͷϓϩάϥϜ͕ىಈ͢Δ ͷͱ΄ͱΜͲมΘΒͳ͍ ඞͣ͠΋γεςϜΛಈ͔͢ඞཁ͸ͳ͍ (ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯί ϯςφ) ྫ͑͹ίϯςφ಺Ͱ͸ httpd ͷΈ͕ಈ͍͍ͯΔ ίϯςφʹϝϞϦΛݻఆతʹׂΓ౰ͯΔඞཁ͕ͳ͍ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 10 / 108

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ίϯςφͷσϝϦοτ ҟͳΔ OS ͷγεςϜ / ϓϩάϥϜ͸ಈ͔ͤͳ͍ ୯ʹϗετ OS ্Ͱϓϩηε͕ىಈ͢Δ͚ͩͳͷͰ౰ͨΓલ ΧʔωϧʹؔΘΔૢ࡞͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ىಈ͍ͯ͠ΔΧʔωϧ͸มΘΒͳ͍ͷͰ ίϯςφຖʹϩʔυ͢ΔϞδϡʔϧΛม͑ΔͳͲ Χʔωϧͷ࣮૷͸ෳࡶʹͳΔ શͯΧʔωϧͷػೳͱ࣮ͯ͠૷͞Ε͍ͯΔͷͰ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 11 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 12 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓ ૊Έ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 13 / 108

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Linux ͰίϯςφΛ࣮ݱ͢ΔͨΊͷػೳ Linux Χʔωϧʹؚ·ΕΔ৭ʑͳػೳΛ૊Έ߹Θͤͯίϯςφ؀ ڥΛ࡞੒͢ΔɻͦΕͧΕͷػೳ͸ίϯςφઐ༻ͷػೳͱ͍͏Θ͚ Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϓԽͯ͠ଞͷάϧʔϓͱִ཭ OS Ϧιʔεͷִ཭ ˠ Namespace (໊લۭؒ) άϧʔϓԽͨ͠ϓϩηεʹର͢ΔϦιʔε੍ݶ ϗετͷ෺ཧϦιʔεʹର͢Δ੍ݶ ˠ Cgroup (control group) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 14 / 108

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LinuxͰίϯςφΛ࣮ݱ͢ΔͨΊͷػೳ ͦͷଞ ωοτϫʔΫ (veth, macvlan ͳͲ) έʔύϏϦςΟ chroot (pivot root) bind mount Checkpoint/Restore (CRIU) ͳͲͳͲ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 15 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 16 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 17 / 108

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Namespace ͷछྨ (1) Mount Namespace: 2.4.19 ϓϩηε͔Βݟ͍͑ͯΔϚ΢ϯτͷू߹ɼૢ࡞Λ෼཭͢Δɽ Namespace ಺ͷ mount, umount ͸ଞͷ Namespace ʹ͸Ө ڹ͠ͳ͍ (ࢀߟ) Ϛ΢ϯτ໊લۭؒΛద༻͢Δ (IBM developerWorks) UTS Namespace: 2.6.19 ϗετ໊ͳͲɼuname(2) ͕ฦ͢஋ͷू߹Λ෼཭ɽ setdomainname(2), sethostname(2) Ͱ Namespace ಺ͷ஋ ͷΈมߋͰ͖Δ PID Namespace: 2.6.24 PID ۭؒͷ෼཭ɽ৽͍͠ PID Namespace Ͱ͸ PID 1 ͔Β࢝ ·Δ PID ׂ͕Γ౰ͯΒΕΔɽ਌͔Βࢠͷ PID Namespace ͸ ݟ͑Δ (਌ͷۭؒͷ PID Λ࣋ͭ) ͕ɼࢠ͔Β਌͸ݟ͑ͳ͍ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 18 / 108

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Namespace ͷछྨ (2) IPC Namespace: 2.6.19 SysV IPC ΦϒδΣΫτɼPOSIX ϝοηʔδΩϡʔͷִ཭ User Namespace: 2.6.23 ˜ 3.8 ಠཱͨ͠ UID/GID ۭؒͱ֎෦ۭؒͷϚοϐϯά (ྫ͑͹ɼִ ཭ۭؒͰ͸ uid/gid 0/0ɼ֎෦Ͱ͸ 1000/1000 ͱ͔Մೳʹ ͳΔ) Network Namespace: 2.6.26 ωοτϫʔΫϦιʔεͷִ཭ɽωοτϫʔΫσόΠεɼΞυϨ εɼϧʔςΟϯάςʔϒϧɼιέοτɼϑΟϧλϦϯά Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 19 / 108

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Namespace ͷૢ࡞ (γεςϜίʔϧ) clone(2) Ͱ৽͍͠ϓϩηε Λੜ੒ unshare(2) Ͱ৽͍͠ϓϩηεΛੜ੒ͤͣʹ࣮ߦίϯςΩετ Λ੍ޚ͢Δ setns(2) ͰϓϩηεΛطଘ ͷ Namespace ʹؔ࿈෇͚Δ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 20 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 21 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Cgroup Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 22 / 108

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Cgroupͱ͸ ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϓԽ͠ɼάϧʔϓʹରͯ͠Ϧιʔε੍ݶΛߦ͏ɽ ผʹίϯςφઐ༻ͷ࢓૊ΈͰ͸ͳ͍ɽ Cgroup ͷಛ௃ ػೳ͝ͱʹαϒγεςϜʹ෼͔ΕΔ cgroupfs ΛϚ΢ϯτͯ͠σΟϨΫτϦͰάϧʔϓΛද͢ ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϓ಺ͷ tasks ϑΝΠϧʹ௥Ճ͢Δͱؔ࿈͢Δ λεΫ͕εϨου୯ҐͰάϧʔϓʹ௥Ճ͞ΕΔ ෳ਺֊૚ߏ଄ɻվ଄ߏ଄͝ͱʹҟͳΔπϦʔΛ࡞੒Ͱ͖Δɻͨ ͩ͠ɺҰͭͷαϒγεςϜ͕ॴଐͰ͖ΔπϦʔ͸Ұͭ πϦʔͷͲͷϨϕϧͷάϧʔϓʹ΋λεΫ͕ॴଐͰ͖Δ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 23 / 108

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CgroupͷαϒγεςϜ cpu: 2.6.24 CFS(Completely Fair Scheduler) bandwidth controlɽ୯Ґ ࣌ؒ಺ͷάϧʔϓ಺ͷλεΫ͕࣮ߦͰ͖Δ߹ܭ࣌ؒΛ੍ݶ͢Δ (3.2 Ͱ࣮૷) ૬ର഑෼ɽάϧʔϓؒͷ CPU ࣌ؒͷׂ౰ͷׂ߹Λࢦఆ͢Δɽ ྫ͑͹ GroupA=100,GroupB=50 ͱ͢Δͱ A:B=2:1 cpuacct: 2.6.24 άϧʔϓ಺ͷ CPU ϦιʔεͷϨϙʔτ (CPU ࣌ؒ) cpuset: 2.6.24 ׂΓ౰ͯΔ CPU, ϝϞϦϊʔυͷׂ౰ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 24 / 108

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CgroupͷαϒγεςϜ device: 2.6.26 σόΠε΁ͷΞΫηεڐՄɼ੍ݶͷࢦఆ freezer: 2.6.28 άϧʔϓ಺ͷϓϩηεΛશͯҰ࣌ఀࢭ͢Δ memory: 2.6.29 ϝϞϦϦιʔεͷ੍ݶ (ϢʔβϝϞϦɼΧʔωϧϝϞϦ) blkio (Block IO): I/O weight controller(2.6.33 Ҏ߱) άϧʔϓͷ༏ઌ౓Λࢦఆ ͢Δ I/O throttling(2.6.37 Ҏ߱) άϧʔϓ಺ͷϓϩηεͷσόΠ εʹର͢Δૢ࡞਺ͷ߹ܭͷࢦఆ (ࢀߟ)Linux2.6.37 ͷ৽ػೳ “I/O throttling” Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 25 / 108

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CgroupͷαϒγεςϜ hugetlb: 3.6 cgroup ͔Βͷ hugetlb ͷ࢖༻ perf event: 2.6.39 άϧʔϓ୯ҐͰ perf πʔϧͰϞχλϦϯά (ύϑΥʔϚϯε ղੳ) net cls: 2.6.29 ύέοτʹࣝผࢠΛ͚ͭɼτϥϑΟοΫίϯτϩʔϧ (tc) ͱ netﬁlter(3.14 Ҏ߱) ͰίϯτϩʔϧՄೳʹ Linux 3.14 Ͱ net cls cgroup ʹ௥Ճ͞Εͨ netﬁlter ରԠ net prio: 3.3 άϧʔϓؒͰͷωοτϫʔΫͷ༏ઌ౓ΛΠϯλʔϑΣʔεຖʹ ࢦఆ͢Δ Linux 3.3 ͷ৽ػೳ Network priority cgroup Linux 3.3 ͷ৽ػೳ Network priority cgroup (2) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 26 / 108

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Cgroupͷ࢖͍ํ Cgroup ͸ίϯςφͱؔ܎ͳ͘࢖༻Մೳ # mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory # mount -t cgroup -o memory cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup/memory (ϝϞϦαϒγεςϜͷ Ϛ΢ϯτ) # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01 ("test01" ͱ͍͏άϧʔϓͷ࡞੒) # echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01/tasks (ϓϩηεΛάϧʔϓʹొ࿥) # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01/tasks (άϧʔϓ಺ͷϓϩηεͷ֬ೝ) 2824 2837 # echo 30M > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01/memory.limit_in_bytes (άϧʔϓʹରͯ͠ϝϞϦ্ݶ 30M ͱ͍͏੍ݶΛઃఆ) # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01/memory.limit_in_bytes (੍ݶ஋ͷ֬ೝ) 31457280 # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/test01/memory.usage_in_bytes (ݱࡏͷ࢖༻ྔͷ֬ೝ) 565248 Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 27 / 108

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Cgroupͷ໰୊఺ ΧΦε αϒγεςϜ͝ͱʹҧ͏πϦʔΛ࡞ΕΔ ਌ࢠؔ܎ͷάϧʔϓͷ਌ʹ΋ࢠʹ΋ϓϩηεɾεϨουΛ௥Ճ Ͱ͖Δ ਌ɺࢠͷͦΕͧΕͷࢠϓϩηε΍εϨουͷଘࡏ αϒγεςϜ͝ͱʹҧ͏ಈ͖ ϝϞϦ͸ϓϩηε୯ҐͰ؅ཧɺCPU ͸εϨου୯Ґ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 28 / 108

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Cgroupͷ໰୊఺ αϒγεςϜؒͷڠௐಈ࡞͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ผʑͷπϦʔΛߏ੒Ͱ͖ΔͷͰڠௐΛલఏʹ࣮૷Ͱ͖ͳ͍ ϑΝΠϧೖग़ྗ͸ blkio ͱ memory ʹؔ܎͢Δ͕ڠௐͰ͖ ͳ͍ ෳ਺ͷπϦʔ͸ߏ੒Ͱ͖Δ͕ɺͻͱͭͷπϦʔʹ͔͠ॴଐͰ͖ ͳ͍ɻෳ਺ͷπϦʔΛߏ੒ͨ͠৔߹ɺଞͱڠௐಈ࡞ͨ͠ํ͕ྑ ͍αϒγεςϜͰ΋ͻͱͭͷπϦʔʹ͔͠ॴଐͰ͖ͳ͍ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 29 / 108

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Cgroup࠶ઃܭ Cgroup ͷ࠶ઃܭɾ࠶࣮૷͕ਐߦதɻ3.16 ͔ΒࢼͤΔɻ ୯Ұ֊૚ߏ଄ ϓϩηε୯ҐͰ؅ཧ ϓϩηε͕ॴଐ͠ͳ͍άϧʔϓ͚͕ͩࢠάϧʔϓΛ࣋ͯΔ (ϧʔτΛআ͘) ֊૚͝ͱʹ༗ޮʹͰ͖ΔαϒγεςϜΛࢦఆͰ͖Δɻͨͩ͠ɺ ਌άϧʔϓͰ༗ޮʹͳ͍ͬͯΔαϒγεςϜͷΈ࢖༻Մೳ άϧʔϓʹଐ͢Δϓϩηε͕ͳ͘ͳͬͨ௨஌Λ poll ͱ [id]notify Ͱड͚औΕΔ (release agent ഇࢭ) ৄ͘͠͸ Linux 3.16 ͔ΒࢼͤΔ cgroup ͷ୯Ұ֊૚ߏ଄ (1) Linux 3.16 ͔ΒࢼͤΔ cgroup ͷ୯Ұ֊૚ߏ଄ (2) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 30 / 108

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Cgroup࠶ઃܭ sane behavior Φϓγϣϯ (·ͱ΋ͳৼΔ෣͍!!) 3.16 ͔ΒࢼͤΔ (ͨͩ͋͘͠·Ͱ͓ࢼ͠) mount -t cgroup -o __DEVEL__sane_behavior \ cgroup /path/to/cgroup Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 31 / 108

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σϞ ʙ Cgroup CPU Throttling CPU Share blkio Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 32 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 33 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ ωοτϫʔΫػೳ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 34 / 108

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ίϯςφͰ࢖͏ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ʙ veth OpenVZ/Virtuozzo ༝དྷͷػೳ ରͱͳΔΠϯλʔϑΣʔεΛੜ੒͠ɼΠϯλʔϑΣʔεؒͰ ௨৴Λߦ͏ (Layer2 ͷτϯωϧ) ରͷยํΛϗετଆͷϒϦοδʹɼยํΛίϯςφʹ઀ଓ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 35 / 108

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ίϯςφͰ࢖͏ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ʙ macvlan ෺ཧΠϯλʔϑΣʔεʹผͷ MAC ΞυϨε͕෇͍ͨԾ૝త ͳ৽͍͠ΠϯλʔϑΣʔεΛ࡞੒ɽ͜ͷΠϯλʔϑΣʔεΛ ίϯςφʹׂ౰ Ϟʔυͷઃఆ͕ଘࡏ: private, vepa, bridge Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 36 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 37 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 38 / 108

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ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ ϗετͱผͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜΛ࢖༻͢ΔͨΊʹϗετͷ / ͱผ ͷ৔ॴʹίϯςφͷ / ΛҠಈͤ͞Δඞཁ͕͋Δ chroot γεςϜίʔϧ 1979 ೥ Version 7 Unix Ҏདྷ ؆қతͳִ཭؀ڥͱͯ͜͠ΕͰे෼ͳ͜ͱ΋ pivot root γεςϜίʔϧ chroot ͸ൈ͚ग़ͤΔ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 39 / 108

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ݩ૆؆қίϯςφ؀ڥ ʙ chroot ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦΛҠಈͤ͞Δ $ lsb_release -d Description: Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS $ sudo debootstrap --variant=minbase --arch=amd64 vivid \ > /root/vivid http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/ubuntu/ I: Retrieving Release I: Retrieving Release.gpg : (ུ) $ sudo chroot /root/vivid # grep DESCRIPTION /etc/lsb-release DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 15.04" Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 40 / 108

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ݩ૆؆қίϯςφ؀ڥ ʙ chroot jailing - chroot jail Λߏஙɾӡ༻͢ΔͨΊͷεΫϦϓτΛॻ ͍ͨ (Kazuho’s Weblog) /usr/bin౳ɺ OS༝དྷͷσΟϨΫτϦΛ chroot؀ڥʹ read- only ͰΤΫεϙʔτͭͭ͠ɺࢦఆ͞ΕͨίϚϯυΛɺͦͷ chroot ؀ڥͰಈ͔͢εΫϦϓτ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 41 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 42 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ bind mount Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 43 / 108

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bind mount σΟϨΫτϦπϦʔͷҰ෦Λผͷ৔ॴʹϚ΢ϯτ͢Δ $ ls /etc/httpd/ extra/ httpd.conf magic original/ php.ini.dist extra.dist/ httpd.conf.dist mime.types php.ini $ sudo mount --bind /etc/httpd /tmp/bind $ ls /tmp/bind extra/ httpd.conf magic original/ php.ini.dist extra.dist/ httpd.conf.dist mime.types php.ini Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 44 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 45 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ CRIU Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 46 / 108

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CRIU(1) http://criu.org/ OpenVZ ϓϩδΣΫτͷ Checkpoint/Restore ࣮૷ ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷ͋Δ࣌఺ͷঢ়ଶΛอଘ͠ɺ࠶։Ͱ͖Δ Χʔωϧ 3.11 Ҏ߱Ͱ࢖༻Մೳ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 47 / 108

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CRIU(2) ubuntu@criu1:~$ sudo lxc-start -n ct01 ubuntu@criu1:~$ sudo lxc-checkpoint -v -n ct01 -s -D /tmp/checkpoint (νΣο ΫϙΠϯτॲཧޙʹίϯςφఀࢭ) ubuntu@criu1:~$ sudo lxc-ls --fancy NAME STATE IPV4 IPV6 GROUPS AUTOSTART -------------------------------------------- ct01 STOPPED - - - NO ubuntu@criu1:~$ ls /tmp/criu/ cgroup.img fdinfo-17.img inventory.img pages-15.img core-170.img fdinfo-18.img ipcns-msg-9.img pages-16.img core-176.img fdinfo-2.img ipcns-sem-9.img pages-17.img core-1.img fdinfo-3.img ipcns-shm-9.img pages-1.img core-260.img fdinfo-4.img ipcns-var-9.img pages-2.img core-261.img fdinfo-5.img iptables-8.img pages-3.img : (snip) ubuntu@criu1:~$ sudo rsync -avz --devices --rsync-path="sudo rsync" \ /var/lib/lxc/ct01 ubuntu@192.168.122.26:/var/lib/lxc ubuntu@criu1:~$ sudo rsync -avz --rsync-path="sudo rsync" \ /tmp/criu ubuntu@192.168.122.26:/tmp Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 48 / 108

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CRIU(3) ubuntu@criu2:~$ ls /tmp/criu/ cgroup.img fdinfo-3.img ipcns-sem-9.img pages-3.img core-1.img fdinfo-4.img ipcns-shm-9.img pages-4.img core-255.img fdinfo-5.img ipcns-var-9.img pages-5.img core-260.img fdinfo-6.img iptables-8.img pages-6.img : (snip) ubuntu@criu2:~$ sudo lxc-checkpoint -n ct01 -r -D /tmp/checkpoint -v -d ubuntu@criu2:~$ sudo lxc-ls -f NAME STATE IPV4 IPV6 GROUPS AUTOSTART -------------------------------------------------- ct01 RUNNING 10.0.3.200 - - NO Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 49 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷલ൒ͷ಺༰ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ bind mount CRIU overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 50 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ overlayfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 51 / 108

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overlayfs Union Filesystem (aufs ͱҰॹ) ίϯςφͱ͸௚઀ؔ܎ͳ͍ 3.18 kernel ͰϚʔδ ίϯςφͷΫϩʔϯΛ࡞੒͢Δͱ͖ͷϑΝΠϧγεςϜͱ͠ ͯ LXC ͔Βར༻Ͱ͖Δ Ubuntu/Plamo ͩͱඇಛݖίϯςφͷΫϩʔϯʹ΋࢖͑Δ Docker Ͱ΋ར༻Ͱ͖Δ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 52 / 108

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overlayfs࣮ߦྫ # mkdir lower upper overlay work # ls -F lower/ overlay/ upper/ work/ # touch lower/lower # touch upper/upper # mount -n -t overlay \ > -o lowerdir=lower,upperdir=upper,workdir=work \ > overlay overlay # ls overlay/ lower upper # touch overlay/test # ls overlay/ lower test upper # ls upper/ test upper Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 53 / 108

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overlayfs஫ҙ ৭ʑͳόʔδϣϯͷ overlayfs ͕͋ΔͷͰ஫ҙ Ϟδϡʔϧ໊ workdir Φϓγϣϯ σΟετϦϏϡʔ γϣϯ kernel ΧʔωϧϚʔδલ (v21 Ҏલ) overlayfs ෆཁ Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 14.04 LTS, SuSE ํ໘ ʙ3.14 ΧʔωϧϚʔδલ (v22 Ҏ߱) overlayfs ඞཁ Plamo 3.15ʙ3.17 ΧʔωϧϚʔδޙ overlay ඞཁ 3.18, 3.19 ෳ਺ lowerdir ରԠ overlay ඞཁ 4.0ʙ ext4 ্Ͱ͔͠ಈ͔ͳ͍ (whiteout ػೳ) upperdir ͱ workdir ͕ ext4 ͷಉ͡ϑΝΠϧγεςϜ্ʹ͋Δ ඞཁ͕͋Δ lowerdir ͸ ext4 Ͱͳͯ͘΋ಈ͘ (͸ͣ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 54 / 108

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લ൒ͷ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 55 / 108

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લ൒ͷ·ͱΊ ίϯςφ֓ཁ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφͷ࢓૊Έ Namespace Cgroup ωοτϫʔΫػೳ veth, macvlan ϧʔτσΟϨΫτϦͷมߋ chroot, pivot root bind mount CRIU overlayfs ίϯςφ͸৭ʑͳΧʔωϧͷػೳΛ࢖ͬͯߏங͞ΕΔɻͦΕͧΕ ͷػೳ͸ίϯςφઐ༻ͱ͍͏Θ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 56 / 108

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ٳܜ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 57 / 108

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ࠓ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ໨ඪ ৭ʑͳίϯςφ࣮૷Λܰ͘঺հ͢Δ Namespace ͷσϞ LXCɺLXD ͷ঺հͱσϞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 58 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 59 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 60 / 108

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Linuxʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ ΧʔωϧʴΧʔωϧʹର͢Δύονʴૢ࡞ίϚϯυ OpenVZ / Parallels Virtuozzo Containers(঎༻) / libct Χʔωϧʴૢ࡞ίϚϯυ Docker / libcontainer LXC systemd rkt libvirt (lxc υϥΠό) vzctl for upstream kernel garden util-linux (unshare, nsenter, taskset, etc.), iproute2(netns) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 61 / 108

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util-linux ͝ଘ஌ɺLinux ͷ৭ʑͳϢʔςΟϦςΟϓϩάϥϜΛूΊͨ ΋ͷɻඞͣೖ͍ͬͯΔɻ Ұ൪͓खܰʹίϯςφͬΆ͍؀ڥΛ࡞ΕΔ ݫີʹ͸ Namespace Λ࡞ΕΔ Version 2.24 Ҏ্͕ྑ͍ (2.25 ͳΒ͞Βʹྑ͍) unshare ίϚϯυɾnsenter ίϚϯυ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 62 / 108

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util-linux util-linux ʹೖ͍ͬͯΔίϚϯυͰ؆୯ʹ Namespace ΛࢼͤΔɻ (util-linux 2.24 Ҏ߱ลΓ͕Φεεϝ) unshare ਌͔Βಠ໊ཱͨ͠લۭؒΛ࡞੒ͯ͠ίϚϯυΛ࣮ߦ nsenter طʹ࡞੒ࡁΈͷ໊લۭؒʹ઀ଓͯ͠ (໊લۭؒͷதʹೖͬͯ) ίϚϯυΛ࣮ߦ util-linux 2.23 Ҏ߱ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 63 / 108

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unshareίϚϯυ $ unshare -h ࢖͍ํ: unshare [options] [...] Run a program with some namespaces unshared from the parent. Φϓγϣϯ: -m, --mount Ϛ΢ϯτωʔϜεϖʔεͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -u, --uts UTS ωʔϜεϖʔε (ϗετ໊ͳͲ) ͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -i, --ipc System V IPC ωʔϜεϖʔεͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -n, --net ωοτϫʔΫωʔϜεϖʔεͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -p, --pid PID ωʔϜεϖʔεͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -U, --user ϢʔβωʔϜεϖʔεͷڞ༗Λղআ͠·͢ -f, --fork fork ͔ͯ͠Β <ϓϩάϥϜ> Λىಈ͠·͢ --mount-proc[=<σΟϨΫτϦ>] proc ϑΝΠϧγεςϜΛ࠷ॳʹϚ΢ϯτ͠·͢ (͜Εʹ͸ --mount ͷҙຯΛؚΈ·͢) -r, --map-root-user map current user to root (implies --user) -s, --setgroups allow|deny control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces :(ུ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 64 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 65 / 108

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NamespaceͷσϞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 66 / 108

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σϞ ʙ unshareίϚϯυͰUTS Namespace ମݧ 1 ϗετ্Ͱ hostname ֬ೝ 2 UTS Namespace ࡞੒ͯ͠ϗετ໊ม͑ͯϗετ໊֬ೝ 3 ϗετ্Ͱ hostname มΘ͍ͬͯͳ͍͜ͱΛ֬ೝ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 67 / 108

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σϞ ʙ unshareίϚϯυͰMount/PID Namespaceମݧ 1 Mount ͱ PID Namespace Λ࡞੒ $ sudo unshare --mount --pid --mount-proc --fork طʹ࣮ߦதͷϓϩηεͷ PID ͸ม͑ΒΕͳ͍ͷͰ fork ͢Δඞ ཁ͋Γ Namespace ಺Ͱ/proc ΛϚ΢ϯτ 2 Namespace ಺ͰϚ΢ϯτ (mount -o bind /usr /mnt) ͠ɺ Ϛ΢ϯτ͞Εͨ͜ͱΛ֬ೝ 3 ϗετͰϚ΢ϯτ͞Εͯͳ͍͜ͱΛ֬ೝ 4 /proc ҎԼΛ֬ೝ͠ɺݶΒΕͨ PID ͔͠ͳ͍͜ͱΛ֬ೝ (ϗ ετͱൺֱ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 68 / 108

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Mount namespace஫ҙ Ϛ΢ϯτͰ͸Ϛ΢ϯτϓϩύήʔγϣϯΛઃఆ͠ɺ Namespace ؒͰϚ΢ϯτ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹѻΘΕΔ͔ΛઃఆͰ ͖Δɻ σϑΥϧτ͸ “private” Ͱɺ͋Δ Namespace ͰߦΘΕͨϚ΢ ϯτ͸ผͷ໊લۭؒʹ͸఻ΘΒͳ͍ ͋ΔϚ΢ϯτΛ “shared” ͰϚ΢ϯτ͢Δͱɺࢠʹ΋Ϛ΢ϯτ ͕఻ΘΔ systemd ͸’/’(ϧʔτ) Λ”shared” ͰϚ΢ϯτ͢Δ systemd ͕ init ͷ؀ڥͰ͸ɺmount --make-private /ͱ͠ ͔ͯΒͰͳ͍ͱઌͷσϞ௨Γʹ͸ͳΒͳ͍ Ϛ΢ϯτ໊લۭؒΛద༻͢Δ (IBM) mount-setup: change system mount propagation to shared by default Ϛ΢ϯτ໊લۭؒͰͪΐͬͱϋϚͬͨΊ΋ (П (ɾɾ*) ʎ ɹ Χʔωϧͱ͔࿔ͬͨΓͷϝϞ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 69 / 108

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σϞ ʙ ipίϚϯυͰNetwork Namespaceମ ݧ 1 Network Namespace ࡞੒ 2 ϗετͱΠϯλʔϑΣʔεɺϧʔςΟϯάςʔϒϧɺϑΟϧ λϦϯά͕ҧ͏͜ͱΛ֬ೝ 3 veth ϖΞΛ࡞੒ 4 ϖΞͷҰํΛ Namespace ʹॴଐͤ͞Δ 5 ϖΞʹΞυϨεΛ෇༩͠ɺ૬ޓͰ ping ࣮ߦ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 70 / 108

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σϞ ʙ unshareίϚϯυͰUser Namespace ମݧ 1 User + UTS Namespace ࡞੒͠ɺNamespace Ͱϗετ໊ ͕ม͑ΒΕͳ͍ͷΛ֬ೝ 2 uid/gid ͷ֬ೝͱ uid/gid ͷϚοϐϯάΛ֬ೝ 3 User + UTS Namespace ࡞੒͠ɺϚοϐϯάΛߦ͍ɺ Namespace Ͱϗετ໊͕ม͑ΒΕΔͷΛ֬ೝ 4 uid/gid ͷ֬ೝͱ uid/gid ͷϚοϐϯάΛ֬ೝ (஫ҙ) σϞͷΑ͏ʹ࣮ߦ͢Δʹ͸ util-linux 2.26 Ҏ͕߱ඞཁ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 71 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 72 / 108

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mincs @mhiramat ͞ΜʹΑΔγΣϧεΫϦϓτͰ؆୯ʹίϯςφ Λ࡞ΔεΫϦϓτ unshare ΍ ip netns ΍ taskset ΍ bind mount ͳͲΛۦ࢖ͯ͠ ͍Δ ίϯςφ؀ڥ͕ͲͷΑ͏ʹ࡞ΒΕΔ͔͕ྑ͘Θ͔Δ https://github.com/mhiramat/mincs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 73 / 108

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OpenVZ / Virtuozzo / libct Χʔωϧʹઐ༻ͷύονΛద༻ͨ͠Χʔωϧͱ֤छૢ࡞ίϚ ϯυ͔ΒͳΔ ঎༻൛ͷ Parallels Virtuozzo ContainersɺOSS ൛ͷ OpenVZ RHEL ͷ֤όʔδϣϯʹର͢Δύον/ઐ༻Χʔωϧͱͯ͠Ϧ Ϧʔε 2001 ೥ (!) ʹ Virtuozzo ϦϦʔε (2005 ೥ʹ͸ Windows ൛ ΋!!) ࢀߟࢿྉ OpenVZ - Linux Containersɿୈ 2 ճ ίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ ใަ׵ձˏ౦ژ by ւ࿝ᖒ͞Μ OpenVZ Update 2015/02/18 (೔ຊޠ) by ւ࿝ᖒ͞Μ (ୈ 6 ճษڧձ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 74 / 108

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Docker Έͳ͞Μ͝ଘ஌ :-) “Docker” ͸ʮίϯςφʯͰ͸͋Γ·ͤΜɻ Docker ಺ͷίϯςφ࣮૷͸ libcontainer ίϯςφٕज़Λ࢖ͬͯɺίϯςφͷಛ௕Λ׆͔͠ɺΞϓϦ έʔγϣϯΛσϓϩΠˍ࣮ߦ͢Δ ܰྔ ϙʔλϏϦςΟ Πϝʔδͷࠩ෼؅ཧ Πϝʔδͷ഑෍Πϯϑϥ (Docker Hub) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 75 / 108

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Docker ࢀߟࢿྉ Docker ΫΠοΫπΞʔ by தҪ͞Μ Vagrant ϢʔβͷͨΊͷ Docker ೖ໳ by shin1x1 ͞Μ (ୈ 3 ճษڧձ) ͍·͞Βฉ͚ͳ͍ Docker - ୈ̑ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ ׵ձˏେࡕ by ాத๜༟͞Μ άάΕ͹ͨ͘͞Μ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 76 / 108

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CoreOS Linux Distribution Docker ίϯςφΛ࢖ͬͨΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷىಈ ΫϥελϦϯά ෼ࢄγεςϜ ηΩϡϦςΟ ҆શͳ OS Ξοϓσʔτ ࠷খݶͷίΞ ࠷௿ݶͷػೳΛ࣋ͭΧʔωϧ ύοέʔδϚωʔδϟͳ͠ Read only ͳ rootfs Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 77 / 108

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systemd ͝ଘ஌ɺ͜Ε͔Βͷ Linux ʹ͓͚Δ init(ʹཹ·Βͳ͍૖େͳ γεςϜ) systemd-nspawn ͱ͍͏ίϚϯυ͕͋ΓɺίϯςφΛ࡞੒Մೳ Unit ϑΝΠϧͳͲɺsystemd ͷػೳΛ࢖ͬͯίϯςφΛ؅ཧ Մೳ ີ઀ʹ݁ͼ͍֤ͭͨछػೳʹΑΔαϙʔτ ࢀߟࢿྉ systemd in Containers by Lennart Poettering Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 78 / 108

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rkt CoreOS ʹΑΔ৽͍͠ίϯςφ؀ڥ Docker ͷ࣋ͭ໰୊Λղܾ systemd Λ࢖༻ ࢀߟจݙ Docker ͷॾ໰୊ͱ Rocket ొ৔ͷܦҢ (SOTA) Appc ͱ CoreOS/Rocket (SOTA) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 79 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 80 / 108

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LXC Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 81 / 108

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LXC Linux ΧʔωϧͷػೳΛ࢖ͬͯίϯςφΛ࣮ݱ͢Δπʔϧ܈ ͱϥΠϒϥϦ ݩʑ͸Χʔωϧʹ࣮૷͞ΕͨػೳΛ։ൃऀ͕؆୯ʹࢼͤΔΑ ͏ʹͱ͍͏ͷΛߟ͑ͯ࡞ΒΕͯͨ໛༷ Ubuntu ։ൃऀΛத৺ʹ։ൃ͞Ε͍ͯΔͷͰ Ubuntu ͷίϯ ςφπʔϧΩοτͷཁૉ͕ڧ͍ ࢼ͢ͳΒ·ͣ͸ Ubuntu Ͱ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 82 / 108

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LXCͷಛ௃ ๛෋ͳίϯςφςϯϓϨʔτ (֤छσΟετϦϏϡʔγϣ ϯ༻) (ίϯςφςϯϓϨʔτΛ࢖Θͣʹ) ϏϧυࡁΠϝʔδΛμ΢ ϯϩʔυͯ͠࢖༻Մೳ API ͱ֤छݴޠόΠϯσΟϯάͷఏڙ Python(2,3) Lua Go Ruby Haskell Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 83 / 108

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LXCͷಛ௃ ֤छετϨʔδόοΫΤϯυͷαϙʔτ σΟϨΫτϦ btrfs zfs lvm loop aufs overlayfs nbd(1.1 ) Ϋϩʔϯͱεφοϓγϣοτ ηΩϡϦςΟ ҰൠϢʔβͰͷίϯςφىಈ ωετͨ͠ίϯςφ (ίϯςφ಺Ͱͷίϯςφͷىಈ) ೔ຊޠ man pages Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 84 / 108

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LXCͷόʔδϣϯ ݱ࣌఺ͷ stable ͸ 1.0ɻݱࡏ 1.0.7ɻUbuntu 14.04 LTS ʹ߹ Θͤͯ 5 ೥ؒαϙʔτɻ ϓϩμΫγϣϯ؀ڥͰ࢖͏ͳΒͪ͜Βɻ ࠷৽͸ 1.1 ܥྻͰɺݱࡏ 1.1.2ɻ(2016 ೥ 1 ݄ or 1.2 ͕ϦϦʔ ε͞ΕΔ·Ͱαϙʔτ) ৽͍͠ػೳΛ࢖͏৔߹ɺsystemd ͱ࢖͏৔߹͸ͪ͜Βɻ ͱΓ͋͑ͣࢼ͢ͳΒ... Ubuntu 14.04 LTS / LXC 1.0.7 Ubuntu 15.04 / LXC 1.1.2 Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 85 / 108

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cgmanager Ubuntu ؀ڥͰ LXC ͱಉ࣌ʹΠϯετʔϧ͞ΕΔ cgroup ؅ ཧσʔϞϯ systemd ͱͷڞଘ ඇಛݖίϯςφ͔Β cgroup Λૢ࡞Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ ωετͨ͠ίϯςφ͔Β cgroup Λૢ࡞Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ ϗετͱผͷ mount namespace Ͱ cgroupfs ΛϚ΢ϯτͯ͠ ىಈ (ϗετ͔Βݟ͑ͳ͍) DBus ܦ༝ͰϦΫΤετΛૹड৴ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 86 / 108

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lxcfs ඇಛݖίϯςφ༻ʹ cgroupfs πϦʔΛఏڙ (/sys/fs/cgroup) cgroup ͰͷϦιʔε੍ݶʹԠͨ͡/proc ҎԼͷϦιʔεؔ࿈ ஋ͷఏڙ cpuinfo meminfo stat uptime ... Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 87 / 108

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lxcfs ࢖͍ํ $ sudo lxcfs -s -f -o allow_other /var/lib/lxcfs lxcfs $ ls /var/lib/lxcfs/ cgroup proc $ ls /var/lib/lxcfs/proc/ cpuinfo meminfo stat uptime $ ls /var/lib/lxcfs/cgroup/ blkio cpuacct devices hugetlb name=systemd cpu cpuset freezer memory perf_event Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 88 / 108

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lxcfs lxcfs ͷ proc ҎԼͷϑΝΠϧ͸ͦΕͧΕίϯςφ಺ͷ /proc ҎԼʹόΠϯυϚ΢ϯτ͞ΕΔ ϗετͷ cgroupfs ͷίϯςφʹରԠ͢Δ cgroup ͔Βಘͨ৘ ใΛݩʹίϯςφ಺ͷ֤ϑΝΠϧΛੜ੒ lxcfs ͷ cgroup ҎԼͷσΟϨΫτϦ͸ίϯςφ಺ͷ /sys/fs/cgroup ҎԼʹόΠϯυϚ΢ϯτ͞ΕΔ systemd ͕ίϯςφ಺Ͱಈ͘৔߹ʹඞཁ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 89 / 108

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lxcfs ͜Ε·Ͱ $ sudo grep cgroup /var/lib/lxc/ct01/config lxc.cgroup.memory.limit_in_bytes = 256M (ϝϞϦ্ݶ 256MB ʹઃఆ) $ sudo lxc-start -n ct01 -d (ίϯςφىಈ) $ grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo (ϗετͷϝϞϦྔ) MemTotal: 1017908 kB $ sudo lxc-attach -n ct01 -- grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1017908 kB (ϗετͷϝϞϦྔͦͷ··) lxcfs Λ࢖ͬͨ৔߹ $ sudo grep cgroup /var/lib/lxc/ct01/config lxc.cgroup.memory.limit_in_bytes = 256M (ϝϞϦ্ݶ 256MB ʹઃఆ) $ sudo lxc-start -n ct01 (ίϯςφىಈ) $ grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo (ϗετͷϝϞϦྔ) MemTotal: 1017792 kB $ sudo lxc-attach -n ct01 -- grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 262144 kB (cgroup Ͱઃఆ੍ͨ͠ݶͷ஋ʹͳ͍ͬͯΔ) Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 90 / 108

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UbuntuͰͷLXCͷΠϯετʔϧ lxc ύοέʔδΛΠϯετʔϧ͢Δ͚ͩ $ sudo apt-get install lxc Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 91 / 108

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UbuntuͰͷίϯςφ؀ڥ ίϯςφ༻ͷωοτϫʔΫ͕࡞੒͞ΕΔ (10.0.3.0/24) ϒϦοδ͕࡞੒͞Εɺ෺ཧΠϯλʔϑΣʔεͱͷؒͰ NAT ͕ ઃఆ͞ΕΔ dnsmasq ͰίϯςφʹΞυϨεΛׂΓ౰ͯɺίϯςφ໊͕લ ղܾͰ͖ΔΑ͏ʹ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 92 / 108

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ίϯςφͷ࡞੒ ςϯϓϨʔτΛࢦఆͯ͠ lxc-create ίϚϯυΛ࣮ߦ͢Δɻ $ ls /usr/share/lxc/templates/ lxc-alpine* lxc-centos* lxc-gentoo* lxc-sshd* lxc-altlinux* lxc-cirros* lxc-openmandriva* lxc-ubuntu* lxc-archlinux* lxc-debian* lxc-opensuse* lxc-ubuntu-cloud* lxc-bind* lxc-download* lxc-oracle* lxc-busybox* lxc-fedora* lxc-plamo* σΟετϦϏϡʔγϣϯςϯϓϨʔτͷ࢖༻ $ sudo lxc-create -n ct01 -t ubuntu μ΢ϯϩʔυςϯϓϨʔτͷ࢖༻ $ sudo lxc-create -n ct01 -t download -- \ > -d ubuntu -r trusty -a amd64 Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 93 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 94 / 108

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LXCσϞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 95 / 108

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σϞ ʙ LXCίϯςφͷىಈ 1 γεςϜίϯςφͷىಈ $ sudo lxc-start -n ct01 -d 2 ΞϓϦέʔγϣϯίϯςφͷىಈ $ sudo lxc-start -d -n ct01 -- \ > /usr/sbin/apache2ctl -D FOREGROUND 3 ίϯςφՔಇͷ֬ೝ $ sudo lxc-ls --fancy 4 Քಇதͷίϯςφ಺ʹೖΔ (ೖΓίϚϯυΛ࣮ߦ) (ssh ࢖Θͳ ͍!!) $ sudo lxc-attach -n ct01 Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 96 / 108

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σϞ ʙίϯςφͷΫϩʔϯ 1 ී௨ʹΫϩʔϯ $ sudo lxc-clone -o ct01 -n ct02 Created container ct02 as copy of ct01 $ sudo lxc-ls -f NAME STATE IPV4 IPV6 GROUPS AUTOSTART -------------------------------------------- ct01 STOPPED - - - NO ct02 STOPPED - - - NO 2 overlayfs ͰΫϩʔϯ $ sudo lxc-clone -o ct01 -n ct02 -B overlayfs -s Created container ct02 as snapshot of ct01 ίϯςφσΟϨΫτϦͷ֬ೝ Ϋϩʔϯݩ͸ফͤͳ͍ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 97 / 108

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σϞ ʙLXCͰඇಛݖίϯςφ 1 ઃఆϑΝΠϧͷ֬ೝ /etc/subuid, /etc/subgid, $HOME/.config/lxc/default.conf, /etc/lxc/lxc-usernet 2 ίϯςφ࡞੒ (download ςϯϓϨʔτΛ࢖༻͢Δඞཁ͕ ͋Δ) $ lxc-create -t download -n ct01 -- -d ubuntu -r trusty -a amd64 3 ίϯςφىಈ 4 Ϛοϐϯάͷ֬ೝɺίϯςφ಺֎Ͱͷࠩ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 98 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 99 / 108

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LXD Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 100 / 108

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LXD REST API Λఏڙ͢ΔσʔϞϯ (lxd ίϚϯυ) ίϚϯυϥΠϯΫϥΠΞϯτ (lxc ίϚϯυ) OpenStack Nova ϓϥάΠϯ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 101 / 108

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LXD APIɺίϚϯυϥΠϯπʔϧΛ࢖ͬͯωοτϫʔΫ্ͷίϯ ςφͷ؅ཧ͕Մೳ Πϝʔδϕʔε ϥΠϒϚΠάϨʔγϣϯ LXD ϗετΛ OpenStack ίϯϐϡʔτϊʔυʹ σϑΥϧτ͸ඇಛݖίϯςφ LXC ͷ Go όΠϯσΟϯάΛ࢖ͬͯ liblxc ܦ༝ͰίϯςφΛૢ࡞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 102 / 108

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ຊ೔ͷޙ൒ͷ಺༰ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 103 / 108

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LXDσϞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 104 / 108

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σϞ ʙLXD 1 ίϯςφͷىಈ (ϩʔΧϧɺϦϞʔτ) 2 ίϯςφ্ͷίϚϯυͷ࣮ߦ 3 ϚΠάϨʔγϣϯ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 105 / 108

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ޙ൒ͷ·ͱΊ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 106 / 108

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ޙ൒ͷ·ͱΊ Linux ʹ͓͚Δίϯςφ࣮૷ Namespace ͷσϞ LXC LXC σϞ LXD LXD σϞ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 107 / 108

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͝ਗ਼ௌ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠ Ճ౻ହจ ୈ 7 ճίϯςφܕԾ૝Խͷ৘ใަ׵ձ 2015-06-20 108 / 108