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Building a Cloud-Native Bank Matt Heath, Monzo

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! ⛅ #

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Hi, I’m Matt

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@mattheath

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Nov 2015 Oct 2018 CUSTOMER
 GROWTH

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$ 1,031,133

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£4 billion spent %

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#

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LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS 50K MAX DEPOSIT WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC E APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE AUG
 2017 JAN
 2016 Feb
 2015 APR
 2017 A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE

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Henrik Kniberg

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?

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☁

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⛈

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⛅

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Henrik Kniberg

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James Leah Matt

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James Leah Matt *

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James Leah Matt +

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,

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- - -

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% - %

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- ☕☕

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☕☕ - %

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☁

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EXTENSIBLE SCALABLE RELIABLE SECURE
 CHEAP

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?

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Application

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Application

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APPLICATION Application

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LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS 50K MAX DEPOSIT WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC E APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE AUG
 2017 JAN
 2016 Feb
 2015 APR
 2017 A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE

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A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS 50K MAX DEPOSIT WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC E APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE AUG
 2017 JAN
 2016 Feb
 2015 APR
 2017 PREPAID
 CARD
 LAUNCH LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE A UK banking licence is authorised by the PRA and regulated by the PRA and FCA1, allowing deposit- taking and balance sheet lending. Once granted, it allows firms to passport across Europe, accessing This is followed by a “mobilisation” phase during which final capital is raised and IT systems are completed, before launching to the public. We received a UK banking licence in August 2016! FEB 2015 JAN 2016 JAN 2017 MAR FEB FEB APR MAR MAR APR MAY APR JUN MAY JUL JUN AUG JUL SEP AUG NOV SEP DEC NOV DEC PRE APPLICATION APPLICATION MOBILISATION LICENCE WITH RESTRICTIONS WE ARE HERE

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EC2
 Instance

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instance instance

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instance instance instance instance instance instance

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instance instance instance instance instance instance { { { eu-west-1a eu-west-1b eu-west-1c

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instance instance instance instance instance instance Kubernetes

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instance instance instance instance instance kubelet

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kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet

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kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet Kubernetes Master

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kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet Kubernetes Master etcd

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kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet kubelet Kubernetes Master etcd

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etcd

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etcd etcd etcd

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd quorum = 5 or more nodes alive (n/2+1)

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd quorum maintained

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd quorum maintained '

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd unhealthy machines terminated 0

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd new machines automatically reattach EBS, cluster recovers 1

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etcd ASG 4 etcd ASG 7 etcd ASG 1 etcd ASG 5 etcd ASG 8 etcd ASG 2 etcd ASG 3 etcd ASG 6 etcd ASG 0 each etcd node is an autoscaling group of 1, with a fixed identity

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd quorum lost 2

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etcd etcd etcd etcd unhealthy machines terminated 0

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd ASG 7 etcd ASG 1 etcd ASG 8 etcd ASG 2 etcd ASG 6 autoscaling groups start new instances

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etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd etcd unhealthy machines replaced automatically, EBS reattached, cluster recovers 3

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Blog

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kubernetes

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kubernetes pod pod pod pod pod pod pod pod pod pod

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pod container service

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pod scratch container go service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service service service service service service service service service service

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kubernetes service Prometheus service service Kafka linkerd Kafka service service Elasticsearch calico API service

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4

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1

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Request Limit

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CPU Throttling

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API

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API

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API Gateway API Service API Service API Service API Service API Service API Service API Service API Service

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API Gateway Accounts Cards Pots Feed Payments …

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API Gateway Accounts Cards Pots Feed Payments … New
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 API!! 5

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Cards Pots Payments … API Gateway Accounts New
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Cards Pots Payments … API Gateway Accounts New
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API Gateway Accounts Cards Pots Payments … New
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 API!! 5 6 Feed

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Service Service

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Service Service Service Service

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Service Service Service Service Kubernetes
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Service Discovery Load Balancing Timeouts and Expirations Retries Rate Limiting Connection Pooling Circuit Breaking Failure Detection Metrics and Tracing Interrupts Context Propagation

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Service Discovery Load Balancing Timeouts and Expirations Retries Rate Limiting Connection Pooling Circuit Breaking Failure Detection Metrics and Tracing Interrupts Context Propagation

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Service Service Service Service ?

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Service Service Service Service linkerd

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Service linkerd

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Service linkerd service
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Service Service Service Service linkerd service
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Service Service Service Service linkerd

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Service Service Service Service linkerd

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Service Service Service Service linkerd

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Service Service Service Service linkerd

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kind: DaemonSet metadata: name: linkerd spec: template: spec: containers: - name: linkerd image: ecr:linkerd_vXXX - "/etc/linkerd/linkerd.yaml" volumeMounts: - name: linkerd-config mountPath: /etc/linkerd readOnly: true ports: - name: http containerPort: 443 hostPort: 4140 env: - name: POD_IP valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: status.podIP resources: limits: cpu: 4 memory: 2Gi monzo.com/cpu-period: 2500 requests: cpu: 1 memory: 1Gi services send requests to local
 linkerd daemonset linkerd daemonset pods & services
 on other machines

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Event Driven
 Architecture

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Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway API Service

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service D Service E

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E 6

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E 6 7

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E 6 7 7 7 7

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E 6 7 7 7 7 Service D

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API Service Service A Service B Load Balancer Edge Gateway Service C Service D Service E 6 Service D

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8

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API Service API Service Load Balancer Monzo API Gateway API Service

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API Service API Service Load Balancer Monzo API Gateway API Service

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF AWS API

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF AWS API

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF AWS API

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF AWS API Reject traffic at ALB Update rules
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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF AWS API Reject traffic at ALB Update rules
 via API

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service AWS Shield AWS WAF 8

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service 8

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service 8 service

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service 8 service &

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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service 8 service VPC Segregation
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API Service API Service Application Load Balancer (ALB) Monzo API Gateway API Service 8 service 8

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instance instance instance instance instance instance instance instance instance 9

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instance instance instance instance instance instance instance instance instance 9 IAM Auditing CloudTrail 8

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:

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Ship it and iterate
 Make changes small
 Make changes often Technical debt as a tool

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API Gateway Accounts Cards Pots Feed Payments … New
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Production load tests & Shadow Traffic

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EXTENSIBLE SCALABLE RELIABLE SECURE
 CHEAP

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Empower teams

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monzo.com/careers