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Actually Understanding Asynchronous JavaScript

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I'm Steve. @stevekinney

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I'm Steve. @stevekinney

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http://turing.io

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http://bit.ly/electronjs

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PSA: Stop me ay any point to ask any and all questions.

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What does "asynchronous" even mean?

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To find out, let's torture some metaphors!

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Running Errands Synchronously

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Running Errands Asynchronously

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Functions Run to Completion

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What constitutes "completion?" • Hitting the end of a function • Reaching a return statement • Throwing an error (and not catching it)

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What Happens When the Browser Blocks?

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What Happens When the Browser Blocks?

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Asynchronous JavaScript is based on events.

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document.addEventListener('click', function () { alert('Congratulations, you clicked on the web page.'); });

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The Call Stack A data structure that keeps track of where we are in the execution of our programs.

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var possessions = []; var lifeSavings = 25; function goGroceryShopping() { buyVeganHam(); } function buyVeganHam() { if (lifeSavings < 10) { throw new Error('Not enough money.'); } lifeSavings = lifeSavings - 10; possessions.push('vegan ham'); } goGroceryShopping();

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Call Stack

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Top Level Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHam Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack

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Top Level Call Stack

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Call Stack

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var possessions = []; var lifeSavings = 25; function goGroceryShopping() { buyOrganicAlmondMilk(); buyVeganHam(); } function buyOrganicAlmondMilk() { lifeSavings = lifeSavings - 20; possessions.push('organic almond milk'); } function buyVeganHam() { // When this code eventually executes, we'll only have $5 left. if (lifeSavings < 10) { throw new Error('Not enough money.'); } lifeSavings = lifeSavings - 10; possessions.push('vegan ham'); } goGroceryShopping();

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You've seen the Call Stack before.

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Call Stack

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Top Level Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping buyOrganicAlmondMilk Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack buyVeganHam

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Top Level goGroceryShopping Call Stack

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Top Level Call Stack

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Call Stack

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The Event Queue A list of functions that are handled in a first-in, first-out order.

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The Event Loop A programming construct that waits for and dispatches functions in the Event Queue to the Call Stack.

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Queue

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Queue A very important click event Some mildly important AJAX response A frivolous click event

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Queue Some mildly important AJAX response A frivolous click event

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Queue A frivolous click event

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Queue

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Queue Call Stack

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Queue Call Stack Some mildly important AJAX response

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Queue Call Stack Some mildly important AJAX response

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Queue A very important click event Call Stack

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Queue A very important click event A frivolous click event Call Stack

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Queue A very important click event A frivolous click event Call Stack

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Queue A frivolous click event Call Stack

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Queue A frivolous click event Call Stack

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Queue Call Stack

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Turns out that JavaScript isn't asynchronous after all.

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It's the environment.

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setTimeout(function () { console.log('I will happen later.'); }, 5000); Timers setTimeout is available in all browsers and Node.js

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Timers will be added to the Event Queue after that number of milliseconds.

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Queue Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHams Call Stack

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Queue Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHams Call Stack setTimeout(…, 1000)

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Queue Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHams Call Stack setTimeout(…, 1000)

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Queue Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHams Call Stack thisWillBlockUpTheWorksAndNeverComplete setTimeout(…, 1000)

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Queue Top Level goGroceryShopping buyVeganHams Call Stack thisWillBlockUpTheWorksAndNeverComplete setTimeout(…, 1000)

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The Callback Pattern

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Callbacks aren't anything special.

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Functions can be passed as arguments to functions.

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function callbackSandwich(callbackFunction) { console.log('Top piece of bread.'); callbackFunction(); console.log('Bottom piece of bread.'); } callbackSandwich(function () {console.log('American cheese.')});

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Sometimes we'll guard against blowing things up if a callback function isn't provided.

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function callbackSandwich(callbackFunction) { console.log('Top piece of bread.'); if (typeof callbackFunction === 'function') callbackFunction(); console.log('Bottom piece of bread.'); } callbackSandwich(function () {console.log('American cheese.')}); callbackSandwich(); // Just two pieces of bread.

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From Events Listeners to Callbacks

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So now…

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Promises

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Callbacks have some problems.

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We can usually only do one thing with the data from the event.

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We can't store the result anywhere.

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"Inversion of Control"

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Libraries: Q, Bluebird, RSVP

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.then()

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Promise Chaining

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asyncMultiply(2, 3).then(c => c * 1000).then(c => console.log(c)); Promise Chaining The return value of the previous link is passed to the next then() method.

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asyncMultiply(2, 3).then(c => c * 1000) .then(c => { throw new Error('KABOOM!') }) .catch(e => console.error(e));

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asyncMultiply(2, 3).then(c => c * 1000) .then(c => { throw new Error('KABOOM!') })

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Refactoring Our Callback Pattern

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Promise.all() http://bit.ly/async- lab-promise-all

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Promise.race()

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http://turing.io http://bit.ly/electronjs