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Marcel Schnelle
@marcelschnelle
A NEW
ERA OF
TESTING
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JUnit 5
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JUnit
• Successor to JUnit 4, the standard for testing on Android
• First public release: September 11, 2016
• Rebuilt from scratch and divided into three components
• Jupiter (for writing tests)
• Platform (for running tests)
• Vintage (for backwards compatibility)
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A simple JUnit 4 test case
import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
import org.junit.Test
class ExampleUnitTest {
@Test
fun test() {
assertEquals(4, 2 + 2)
}
}
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A simple JUnit 5 test case
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
class ExampleUnitTest {
@Test
fun test() {
assertEquals(4, 2 + 2)
}
}
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What is the current state of
testing with JUnit 5 for Android?
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How about Unit Tests?
It works!
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android-junit
• mannodermaus/android-junit5
• Developer tools for using JUnit 5 with Android
• Gradle plugin + libraries for instrumentation tests
• First public release: September 11, 2017
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Setting up Unit Tests
// libs.versions.toml
[versions]
androidJUnit5Plugin = “1.11.0.0”
junit5 = “5.11.0”
junit4 = “4.13.2”
[plugins]
android-junit5 = { id = "de.mannodermaus.android-junit5", version.ref = "androidJUnit5Plugin" }
[libraries]
junit-jupiter-api = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-engine = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-params = { module = “org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit4 = { module = “junit:junit", version.ref = "junit4" }
junit-vintage-engine = { module = “org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine”, version.ref = “junit5" }
1. Add dependencies to project
// libs.versions.toml
[versions]
androidJUnit5Plugin = “1.11.0.0”
junit5 = “5.11.0”
junit4 = “4.13.2”
[plugins]
android-junit5 = { id = "de.mannodermaus.android-junit5", version.ref = "androidJUnit5Plugin" }
[libraries]
junit-jupiter-api = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-engine = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-params = { module = “org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit4 = { module = “junit:junit", version.ref = "junit4" }
junit-vintage-engine = { module = “org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine”, version.ref = “junit5" }
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Setting up Unit Tests
// libs.versions.toml
[versions]
androidJUnit5Plugin = “1.11.0.0”
junit5 = “5.11.0”
junit4 = “4.13.2”
[plugins]
android-junit5 = { id = "de.mannodermaus.android-junit5", version.ref = "androidJUnit5Plugin" }
[libraries]
junit-jupiter-api = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-engine = { module = "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit-jupiter-params = { module = “org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params", version.ref = "junit5" }
junit4 = { module = “junit:junit", version.ref = "junit4" }
junit-vintage-engine = { module = “org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine”, version.ref = “junit5" }
1. Add dependencies to project
// libs.versions.toml
[versions]
junit4 = “4.13.2”
[libraries]
junit4 = { module = “junit:junit", version.ref = "junit4" }
junit-vintage-engine = { module = “org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine”, version.ref = “junit5" }
For
JUnit 4
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Setting up Unit Tests
// app/build.gradle.kts
plugins {
alias(libs.plugins.android.junit5)
}
dependencies {
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.api)
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.params)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.jupiter.engine)
testImplementation(libs.junit4)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.vintage.engine)
}
2. Prepare module build script file
// app/build.gradle.kts
plugins {
alias(libs.plugins.android.junit5)
}
dependencies {
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.api)
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.params)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.jupiter.engine)
testImplementation(libs.junit4)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.vintage.engine)
}
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Setting up Unit Tests
// app/build.gradle.kts
dependencies {
testImplementation(libs.junit4)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.vintage.engine)
}
2. Prepare module build script file
// app/build.gradle.kts
plugins {
alias(libs.plugins.android.junit5)
}
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.api)
testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.params)
testRuntimeOnly(libs.junit.jupiter.engine)
For
JUnit 4
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Setting up Unit Tests
import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
import org.junit.Test
class JUnit4Test {
@Test
fun `test running with junit4`() {
assertEquals(4, 2 + 2)
}
}
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepetitionInfo
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
class JUnit5Test {
@Test
fun `test running with junit5`() {
assertEquals(4, 2 + 2)
}
@RepeatedTest(2)
fun `repeated test`(info: RepetitionInfo) {
val i = info.currentRepetition
assertEquals(i * 2, i + i)
}
}
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Setting up Unit Tests
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How about instrumentation tests?
It works!
(on API 26 and above)
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Android Studio
(New Project Wizard)
Android API Levels
(https://apilevels.com)
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Android Studio
(New Project Wizard)
Android API Levels
(https://apilevels.com)
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About the minSdk requirement
• JUnit 5 uses several Java 8 APIs
(SimpleFileVisitor, java.nio.file.*)
• Only available on API 26 (Android 8.0) and higher
• Desugaring does not include these features
• Result: Instrumentation tests are skipped on API < 26
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About the minSdk requirement
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Setting up Instrumentation Tests
// app/build.gradle.kts
dependencies {
androidTestImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.api)
androidTestImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter.params)
}
1. Add dependencies to module’s build script file
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Setting up Instrumentation Tests
2. There is no step 2
• Plugin automatically provides new APIs to you
• Let's write some JUnit 5 tests!
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Simple: Test with ActivityScenario
// ...
import de.mannodermaus.junit5.ActivityScenarioExtension
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.RegisterExtension
class JUnit5ActivityScenarioTest {
@RegisterExtension
val scenarioExtension = ActivityScenarioExtension.launch()
@Test
fun test() {
onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
onView(withId(R.id.button)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Updated")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
}
}
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Fancy: Test with ActivityScenario
class JUnit5ActivityScenarioTest {
@RegisterExtension
val scenarioExtension = ActivityScenarioExtension.launch()
@ValueSource(strings = ["Login", "Register"])
@ParameterizedTest
fun test(buttonLabel: String) {
onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
onView(withText(buttonLabel)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Updated")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
}
}
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Fancy: Test with ActivityScenario
class JUnit5ActivityScenarioTest {
@RegisterExtension
val scenarioExtension = ActivityScenarioExtension.launch()
@ValueSource(strings = ["Login", "Register"])
@ParameterizedTest
fun test(buttonLabel: String) {
onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
onView(withText(buttonLabel)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Updated")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
}
}
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Parameterized Argument Sources
@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
@EnumSource
@ValueSource
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
@EnumSource
@ValueSource
@ValueSource(ints = [1, 2, 3])
@ParameterizedTest
fun testInts(value: Int) {
// ...
}
@ValueSource(classes = [Foo::class, Bar::class, Baz::class])
@ParameterizedTest
fun testClasses(value: Class<*>) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
@EnumSource
@ValueSource
@ValueSource(ints = [1, 2, 3])
@ParameterizedTest
fun testInts(value: Int) {
// ...
}
@ValueSource(classes = [Foo::class, Bar::class, Baz::class])
@ParameterizedTest
fun testClasses(value: Class<*>) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
@EnumSource
enum class Direction { North, East, South, West }
@EnumSource(Direction::class)
@ParameterizedTest
fun testEnum(direction: Direction) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
@EnumSource
enum class Direction { North, East, South, West }
@EnumSource(Direction::class)
@ParameterizedTest
fun testEnum(direction: Direction) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
companion object {
@JvmStatic
fun arguments() = listOf(
Arguments.of("First", Foo()),
Arguments.of("Second", Bar()),
Arguments.of("Third", Baz()),
)
}
@MethodSource("arguments")
@ParameterizedTest
fun testMethod(label: String, model: Base) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
@MethodSource
companion object {
@JvmStatic
fun arguments() = listOf(
Arguments.of("First", Foo()),
Arguments.of("Second", Bar()),
Arguments.of("Third", Baz()),
)
}
@MethodSource("arguments")
@ParameterizedTest
fun testMethod(label: String, model: Base) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
companion object {
@JvmStatic
val argumentsField = listOf(1234, 777, 573)
}
@FieldSource("argumentsField")
@ParameterizedTest
fun testField(number: Int) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@FieldSource
companion object {
@JvmStatic
val argumentsField = listOf(1234, 777, 573)
}
@FieldSource("argumentsField")
@ParameterizedTest
fun testField(number: Int) {
// ...
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@CsvSource(
"Alice, 34, f, true",
"Bob, 16, m, false",
"Charlie, 45, m, true",
)
@ParameterizedTest
fun testCsv(name: String, age: Int, gender: Char, expectedAdult: Boolean) {
val person = Person(name, age, gender)
assertEquals(expectedAdult, person.isAdult)
}
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@ArgumentsSource
@NullAndEmpty
Source
Parameterized Argument Sources
@NullSource
@EmptySource
@CsvFileSource
@CsvSource
@CsvSource(
"Alice, 34, f, true",
"Bob, 16, m, false",
"Charlie, 45, m, true",
)
@ParameterizedTest
fun testCsv(name: String, age: Int, gender: Char, expectedAdult: Boolean) {
val person = Person(name, age, gender)
assertEquals(expectedAdult, person.isAdult)
}
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Testing Compose UI works, too.
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Compose UI Test with JUnit 5
@RegisterExtension
val composeExtension = createComposeExtension()
@CsvSource(
// Dark mode | Font scale
" false, 1.0",
" false, 2.0",
" true, 1.0",
" true, 2.0",
)
@ParameterizedTest(name = "dark={0}, font={1}")
fun test(darkTheme: Boolean, fontScale: Float) = composeExtension.use {
setContent {
DK24ShowcaseTheme(
darkTheme = darkTheme,
fontScale = fontScale,
) {
Greeting("DroidKaigi", onNameUpdated = {})
}
}
onNodeWithText("Hello DroidKaigi").assertExists()
}
@RegisterExtension
val composeExtension = createComposeExtension()
@CsvSource(
// Dark mode | Font scale
" false, 1.0",
" false, 2.0",
" true, 1.0",
" true, 2.0",
)
@ParameterizedTest(name = "dark={0}, font={1}")
fun test(darkTheme: Boolean, fontScale: Float) = composeExtension.use {
setContent {
DK24ShowcaseTheme(
darkTheme = darkTheme,
fontScale = fontScale,
) {
Greeting("DroidKaigi", onNameUpdated = {})
}
}
onNodeWithText("Hello DroidKaigi").assertExists()
}
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@RegisterExtension
val composeExtension = createComposeExtension()
@CsvSource(
// Dark mode | Font scale
" false, 1.0",
" false, 2.0",
" true, 1.0",
" true, 2.0",
)
@ParameterizedTest(name = "dark={0}, font={1}")
fun test(darkTheme: Boolean, fontScale: Float) = composeExtension.use {
setContent {
DK24ShowcaseTheme(
darkTheme = darkTheme,
fontScale = fontScale,
) {
Greeting("DroidKaigi", onNameUpdated = {})
}
}
onNodeWithText("Hello DroidKaigi").assertExists()
}
Compose UI Test with JUnit 5
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Conditional Test Execution
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Conditional Test Execution
• Tests can be skipped when certain conditions apply, e.g.:
• Environment variables
• System properties
• Operating system
• android-junit5 adds more conditions, e.g.:
• Build manufacturer
• BuildConfig value
• API level
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Conditional Annotations
@Test
@DisabledIfEnvironmentVariable(named = "CI", matches = "true")
fun testOnlyOnLocal() {
// ...
}
@Test
@EnabledIfEnvironmentVariable(named = "CI", matches = "true")
fun testOnlyOnCI() {
// ...
}
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Conditional Annotations
@Test
@EnabledOnManufacturer(["samsung"])
fun testOnlyOnSamsungDevices() {
// ...
}
@Test
@DisabledOnManufacturer(["google"])
fun testNotOnGoogleDevices() {
// ...
}
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Conditional Annotations
@Test
@EnabledIfBuildConfigValue(named = "DEBUG", matches = "true")
fun testInDebugBuilds() {
// ...
}
@Test
@DisabledIfBuildConfigValue(named = "FLAVOR", matches = "prod")
fun testNotInProd() {
// ...
}
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Conditional Annotations
@Test
@EnabledOnSdkVersion(from = 26, until = 30)
fun testFromAndroid8UntilAndroid11() {
// ...
}
@Test
@DisabledOnSdkVersion(from = 33)
fun testOnlyBelowAndroid13() {
// ...
}
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Parallel Test Execution
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Parallel Test Execution
• Can greatly reduce test execution time
• All unit tests can (theoretically) be parallelized
• For instrumentation tests
• UI tests (Espresso, Compose) are not supported
• Non-UI tests (e.g. Realm database) are supported
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Slow: Without Parallel Tests
class ParallelTest {
@RepeatedTest(5)
fun test(info: RepetitionInfo) {
val i = info.currentRepetition
Thread.sleep(i * 1_000L)
}
}
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Setting up Parallel Test Execution
// app/build.gradle.kts
junitPlatform {
configurationParameter(
"junit.jupiter.execution.parallel.enabled",
"true"
)
}
// app/build.gradle.kts
junitPlatform {
configurationParameter(
"junit.jupiter.execution.parallel.enabled",
"true"
)
}
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Fast(er): With Parallel Tests
@Execution(ExecutionMode.CONCURRENT)
class ParallelTest {
@RepeatedTest(5)
fun test(info: RepetitionInfo) {
val i = info.currentRepetition
Thread.sleep(i * 1_000L)
}
}
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How about Robolectric?
It works!
(but there is much to do)
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Robolectric: An overview
• Framework for running unit tests with Android APIs
• Physical device not necessary
• Simulation of hardware events for better tests
• Other libraries (Roborazzi, Robospec) are built on top
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Robolectric: An overview
For
JUnit 4
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
import org.junit.Test
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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Robolectric: An overview
For
JUnit 4
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
import org.junit.Test
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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Robolectric: An overview
For
JUnit 4
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
import org.junit.Test
import org.junit.runner.RunWith
import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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Robolectric: An overview
For
JUnit 4
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
import org.junit.Test
import org.junit.runner.RunWith
import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner
@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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How does Robolectric work?
• Robolectric injects a modified version of android.jar
into the runtime classpath
• When the ClassLoader loads an Android API, it uses
Robolectric's version instead of the default stub
• RobolectricTestRunner takes care of this injection
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Problem:
JUnit 5 did not support custom class loaders.
For a long time.
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uT
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junit. -robolectric-extension
• apter-tech/junit5-robolectric-extension
• Class loader replacement logic for Robolectric & JUnit 5
• Still highly experimental, but works for basic cases
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Robolectric with JUnit 5
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith
import tech.apter.junit.jupiter.robolectric.RobolectricExtension
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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Robolectric with JUnit 5
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith
import tech.apter.junit.jupiter.robolectric.RobolectricExtension
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class HogeTest {
@Test
fun checkIntent() {
val intent = Intent().setData(Uri.parse("app://main?campaign=1"))
assertNotNull(intent)
}
}
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How about the future?
We’re working on it!
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What doesn't work (1)
• junit5-robolectric-extension issue with Compose unit tests
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class RobolectricComposeJUnit5Test {
@RegisterExtension
val composeExtension = createComposeExtension()
@Test
fun `robolectric compose test running with junit5`() {
composeExtension.use {
setContent {
Text("Test")
}
onNodeWithText("Test").assertIsDisplayed()
}
}
}
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What doesn't work (1)
• junit5-robolectric-extension issue with Compose unit tests
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class RobolectricComposeJUnit5Test {
@RegisterExtension
val composeExtension = createComposeExtension()
@Test
fun `robolectric compose test running with junit5`() {
composeExtension.use {
setContent {
Text("Test")
}
onNodeWithText("Test").assertIsDisplayed()
}
}
}
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What doesn't work (2)
• Using Espresso in multiple unit tests causes a deadlock
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class RobolectricEspressoJUnit5Test {
@Test
fun `robolectric espresso test #1 running with junit5`() {
val scenario = ActivityScenario.launch(ViewActivity::class.java)
onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
onView(withId(R.id.button)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Updated")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
scenario.close()
}
@Test
fun `robolectric espresso test #2 running with junit5`() {
// ...
}
}
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What doesn't work (2)
• Using Espresso in multiple unit tests causes a deadlock
@ExtendWith(RobolectricExtension::class)
class RobolectricEspressoJUnit5Test {
@Test
fun `robolectric espresso test #1 running with junit5`() {
val scenario = ActivityScenario.launch(ViewActivity::class.java)
onView(withId(R.id.textView)).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
onView(withId(R.id.button)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Updated")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
scenario.close()
}
@Test
fun `robolectric espresso test #2 running with junit5`() {
// ...
}
}
will run forever...
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What doesn't work (3)
• Roborazzi & Robospec are not yet supported with JUnit 5
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My testing recommendation in 2024
Unit Tests Instrumentation Tests
Robolectric,
Espresso, Compose
Other Tests minSdk < 26 minSdk >= 26
(w/ Vintage Engine)
+
(slow adoption)
4
4
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Marcel Schnelle
@marcelschnelle
A NEW
ERA OF
TESTING