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Learning Topology Topological Methods for Unsupervised Learning

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A whirlwind tour of some topological data analysis techniques

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Sound theory Practical application

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A Topology Primer

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Simplices

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Theorem 1 (Nerve theorem). Let U = {Ui }i2I be a cover of a topological space X. If, for all ⇢ I T i2 Ui is either contractible or empty, then N(U) is homtopically equivalent to X. 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 AAADUHicdZJNb9NAEIbXCR8lfLSFAwcuIxKkIlVRnICaHpAqcSESqoqUtJHiKFpvxs6q67XxrlMiy/warvBjuPFPuME4MVWoYC8ez+zO+86z6ydKGtvp/HBq9Vu379zdude4/+Dho929/cfnJs5SgSMRqzgd+9ygkhpHVlqF4yRFHvkKL/zLt2X9YompkbEe2lWC04iHWgZScEup2b7z1PMxlDq3C4xTjIrJKaZLhOp32niPFlpexO1CcJWPCngDXj6aSa+Y5dKTGgZFC3wEDiImIYgDCm2ckHJIKgpMwgVCa9xqwyA4hCBOgStFPY0MIw6eyXxDGoMWpXwZCp5UjTcbCiCxFkgDKMlUSjLaplxYSSMCNcMosavD0rDeMnpaHGyZfrlusIgjMlaaUivAj5lccoXaktu1vYaHen7NYbbX7LTd7vErtwsU9Du94zLoub2j7mtw2531arJqnRFK8OaxyCJqKRQ3ZuJ2EjvNeWqlUFg0vMwgsbjkIU4o1DxCM83XV1jAC8rM13ACmg/W2e0TOY+MWUU+7SzHMjdrZfJftUlmg/40lzrJLGqxEQoyVQ5dvgeYyxSFJSBzyUUqySuIBS8B06u5qWIXEc2h8aqidE0rH1ZBw6PLJKqhXeSexU/2Ss7JWd4XVCOmf8DB/4Pzbtsl4h+6zZNhRXeHPWPP2QFz2RE7Ye/YGRsx4Xx2vjhfnW+177WftV91Z7O1Vn3ZE/bXqjd+A6KpECw= 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Functor Adjuction Limit Colimit

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Functor: A function between domains of discourse

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Adjunction: A near equivalence between domains of discourse

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Limit: A solution to a system of constraints

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Colimit: Gluing together a system of objects

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Dimension Reduction

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If the data is uniformly distributed on the manifold then the cover will be “good”

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When is data that nicely behaved?

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Assumption: Data is uniformly distributed on the manifold

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Define a Riemannian metric on the manifold to make this assumption true

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Assumption: The manifold is locally connected

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But our local metrics are all incompatible!

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Glue things together with colimits?

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Theorem 2 (UMAP Adjunction). The functors FinReal : sFuzz ! FinEPMet and FinSing : FinEPMet ! sFuzz form an adjunction FinReal a FinSing. 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Suppose we were given a low dimensional representation

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We can apply the same process to get a probabilistic graph!

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X a2A µ(a) log ✓ µ(a) ⌫(a) ◆ + (1 µ(a)) log ✓ 1 µ(a) 1 ⌫(a) ◆ 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X a2A µ(a) log ✓ µ(a) ⌫(a) ◆ + (1 µ(a)) log ✓ 1 µ(a) 1 ⌫(a) ◆ 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 AAADFXicfVHLjtMwFHXCY4byamHJxqJC6ghRJSloZnaDQIgNYoB2ZqS6qlz3JrHGcSLbYaisbPgJvoYdYsuaJX+Ck2YEHR5Xsnx0jo/u9T2LQnBtguC751+6fOXq1va1zvUbN2/d7vbuHOm8VAwmLBe5OllQDYJLmBhuBJwUCmi2EHC8OH1W68fvQWmey7FZFTDLaCJ5zBk1jpp3LZkSXWZzSwmX+GmFSVYO6A4ReUIExGZAYkWZXbOVJbK5ieJJanbwQzwI8aPW84fpl1St8YaZzObdfjAMo/3HYYQd2AtG+zUYhaPd6AkOh0FTfdTW4bznfSTLnJUZSMME1XoaBoWZWaoMZwKqDik1FJSd0gSmDkqagZ7ZZksVfuCYJY5z5Y40uGF/d1iaab3KFu5lRk2qL2o1+TdtWpp4b2a5LEoDkq0bxaXAJsf1yvGSK2BGrBygTHE3K2YpdRsyLpiLXUyauX9IODMp5Aoy296VHbegQzS4nGViUksMfDBnfOkms2HEavE5uNUoeOXGfF2AoiZXlrzg8i1Q4QJsxo/tOfEfwzsukw1DQ1QutfNo8L/BUTQMXaZvov7BuM1vG91D99EAhWgXHaCX6BBNEEM/vC2v6/X8T/5n/4v/df3U91rPXbRR/refSHP9Ew== Get the clumps right Get the gaps right

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UMAP on MNIST digits

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UMAP on Fashion MNIST

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UMAP on Kuzushiji-MNIST

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Derived from Adam Bielski’s Siamese/Triplet repository: https://github.com/adambielski/siamese-triplet Metric Learning

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Word Embeddings

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You shall know a word by the company it keeps — John Rupert Firth

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Represent a word as a multinomial distribution of words that co-occur with it

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A very large and very sparse matrix

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Find the manifold on which the words lie

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Assumptions: Uniform distribution Locally connected

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Use the correct metric for multinomial parameter space

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Example embedding of Yelp reviews

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Clustering

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What do we mean by a cluster?

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A cluster is …

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A connected component of a level set of the probability density function of the underlying (and unknown) distribution from which our data samples are drawn.

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How do we compute that without knowing the PDF?

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Assumption: Data is distributed on the manifold according to some PDF

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Choose a Riemannian metric that preserves the distribution

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But our local metrics may be incompatible…

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Solve the system of constraints using limits?

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Theorem 2 (UMAP Adjunction). The functors FinReal : sFuzz ! FinEPMet and FinSing : FinEPMet ! sFuzz form an adjunction FinReal a FinSing. 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 AAADhnicfVLbbtNAEF3XQIO5pfDIy4oEiafITihp+5QKqHiJCDRpK8VRtF6P46X22tpdt6SWH4Cv5CP4B9bOhYTbSJbGZ+bsXM54acSksu3vxo556/ad3dpd6979Bw8f1fcen8kkExRGNIkSceERCRHjMFJMRXCRCiCxF8G5d/m6jJ9fgZAs4UM1T2ESkxlnAaNEaWha/+FKUDTJuAKRqxASAXGRO4XlejBjfA2NR/3jAT72P2WclsyJhYch4KD8TYTETfeE8Y9AInyE3Zio0AtyeZLd3BTYVcka0klvB31QRRNbhPsL2injsw3aOmeLuXhM04JExJhwTNa9bBR3fSLDK7x6tdmyXOD+eoppvWG3nPbhS6eNtXNgdw5Lp+N0uu197LTsyhpoaYPpnvHF9ROaxcAVjYiUY8dO1SQnQjEagV5TJiEl9JLMYKxdTmKQk7zSpcDPNeJj3bD+uMIVusnISSzlPPZ0Zjml/D1Wgn+LjTMVHExyxtNMAaeLQkEWYb2vUmTsMwFURXPtECqY7hXTkAhCtcp/VFFhrOfgcL3c0q8zGC4dqzySCPhMhbmr4LO6Zr7uLH9Fy9gb0JsR0Nddvk9BEH0P+UqQIq/0k5WqFfAfQqnYFqECStFWyuB/O2ftlqMl/dBu9IZL+WroKXqGXiAHdVEPvUMDNELUODXmxlfjm1kzW+a+2V2k7hhLzhO0ZWbvJ8jSKCc= 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We have captured the topology of the PDF

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The connected components functor p0 produces a fuzzy set of connected components π0

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Exclude components below a threshold cluster size and sort points by component membership

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Conclusions

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Topology and category theory provide a different language to frame problems

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Topological techniques can provide powerful solutions

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Hopefully I have motivated you to learn more! [email protected] @leland_mcinnes