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"CPVUNF (JU)VC!TIJPJNN 5XJUUFS!DPF@ 8FCBQQMJDBUJPOEFWFMPQFSBU4.4$P -UE .FNCFSPG"TBLVTBSC'VLVPLBSC "NJOUFSFTUFEJOOFUXPSLJOHBOEQBSTJOH

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)BWFZPVFWFSXJTIFE 3VCZIBEJODSFNFOUEFDSFNFOUPQFSBUPST  i = 0 while i < 100 i++ puts "FizzBuzz" if i % 15 == 0 puts "Fizz" if i % 3 == 0 puts "Buzz" if i % 5 == 0 end 'PSFYBNQMF

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8IZEPFTOU3VCZIBWFBOJODSFNFOUPQFSBUPS  .PTUQFPQMFIBWFQSPCBCMZXPOEFSFEBCPVUUIJT BUMFBTUPODF

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.BU[TUBUFTUIFSFBTPOGPSUIJT :PVDBOUEF fi OFPCKFDUPSJFOUFETFNBOUJDT GPSJODSFNFOUEFDSFNFOUPQFSBUJPOT SFGIUUQTCVHTSVCZMBOHPSHJTTVFT

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4PXJUIUIFDVSSFOU.3*  JGXFUSZUPFYFDVUFBTDSJQUMJLFAJ A   # test.rb i = 0 i++

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ʜJUDBVTFTBTZOUBYFSSPSBUQBSTJOH # test.rb i = 0 i++ SVCZUFTUSC J J  UFTUSCTZOUBYFSSPS VOFYQFDUFEFOEPGJOQVU 4ZOUBY&SSPS

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8IZJTUIJTIBQQFOJOH  5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTUIFSFBTPO

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SVCZZFJJ  5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTXIZ 1BSTJOHMPHTDBOCFFBTJMZPCUBJOFECZSVOOJOH UIFTDSJQUXJUIAZAPQUJPOUPUIFASVCZADPNNBOE  TPMFUTHJWFJUBUSZXJUIBTDSJQUAJJ A 3VOUIFTDSJQU JJ  XJUIASVCZZADPNNBOE ˞5IJTJTSVOOJOHPO3VCZ

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SVCZZFJJ  BEE@EFMBZFE@UPLFO cc  4UBSUJOHQBSTF ʜ &OUFSJOHTUBUF 4UBDLOPX 3FEVDJOHTUBDLCZSVMF MJOF  OUFSNMIT /0%&@-"4(/  UPLFO   OUFSNMFY@DUYU   OUFSNBSH@SIT /0%&@-*5  OUFSNBSH /0%&@-"4(/  ʜ 5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTXIZ "DDPSEJOHUPJU JUXPSLT fi OFVQUPAJA AJATFFNTUPCFQBSTFEKVTU fi OF

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SVCZZFJJ  ʜ &OUFSJOHTUBUF 4UBDLOPX 3FBEJOHBUPLFO QBSTFS@EJTQBUDI@TDBO@FWFOU cc  MFY@TUBUF#&($.%"3(BUMJOF MFY@TUBUF$.%"3(&/%c-"#&-BUMJOF QBSTFS@EJTQBUDI@TDBO@FWFOU cc  /FYUUPLFOJTUPLFOMPDBMWBSJBCMFPSNFUIPE J  4IJGUJOHUPLFOMPDBMWBSJBCMFPSNFUIPE J  5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTXIZ *OUIFMBUFSQBSU UIFWBSJBCMFAJAJT fi STUSFBE 5IFWBSJBCMFAJAJTSFBE

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SVCZZFJJ  ʜ &OUFSJOHTUBUF 4UBDLOPX /FYUUPLFOJTUPLFO    4IJGUJOHUPLFO    &OUFSJOHTUBUF 4UBDLOPX 3FBEJOHBUPLFO MFY@TUBUF#&(#&(BUMJOF QBSTFS@EJTQBUDI@TDBO@FWFOU cc  /FYUUPLFOJTUPLFOVOBSZ    4IJGUJOHUPLFOVOBSZ    5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTXIZ 5XPA ATBSFUIFOSFBE5IJT TFDPOEA AJT EFUFSNJOFEBTUIFA APGBVOBSZPQFSBUPS 'JSTUA A 4FDPOEA A *UTEFUFSNJOFEUIBUBVOBSZPQFSBUPS

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SVCZZFJJ  ʜ &OUFSJOHTUBUF 4UBDLOPX 3FBEJOHBUPLFO QBSTFS@EJTQBUDI@TDBO@FWFOU cc  /PXBUFOEPGJOQVU FTZOUBYFSSPS VOFYQFDUFEFOEPGJOQVU JJ 5IFQBSTJOHMPHTIPXTXIZ .3*FYQFDUTTPNFOVNFSJDUPCFSFBEBGUFS BVOBSZPQFSBUPSJOUIJTDPOUFYU )PXFWFS JOSFBMJUZ UIFMJOFFOETBCSVQUMZIFSF 5IJTJTBOVOFYQFDUFEFOEPGJOQVU "TZOUBYFSSPSIBTPDDVSSFE 5IFMJOFFOEFEVOFYQFDUFEMZ

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5IJTJTXIZXFHFUBTZOUBYFSSPS XIFOXFUSZUPVTFA AJOUIFDVSSFOU.3*

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#VUUIFO JGXFSFBMMZ SFBMMZXBOU PQFSBUPS  IPXEPXFEPʜ

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5BLFPOUIFDIBMMFOHFPGBEEJOH OFXTZOUBYJO3VCZ

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4P JOUIJTUBML  *XPVMEMJLFUPTIBSFXJUIQSPHSBNNFSTMJLFNF  XIPJTOPUBQBSTFSFYQFSU  XIBUJUUBLFTUPBEEOFXTZOUBYUP.3* CBTFEPONZEPDVNFOUBSZ

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*OBEEJUJPO  .3*TQBSTFSIBTCFFOBDUJWFMZEFWFMPQFEBOE TFWFSBMUBMLTXJMMCFHJWFOBUUIJTZFBST3VCZ,BJHJ 5IJTUBMLXJMMCFCBTFEPOUIFTPVSDFDPEFPG .3*XBTSFMFBTFEUIJT.BSDI

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5PVSJOH.3*`TQBSTFS

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/PX -FUTUBLFBRVJDLMPPL BUIPX.3*QBSTFT3VCZTDSJQUT CFGPSFXFUSZUPBEEBOFXTZOUBYUP3VCZ

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"3VCZTDSJQUDPOTJTUTPGBTFRVFODFPGUPLFOT UIBUBSFWBMJEBT3VCZTZOUBY 5PLFOTDPOTUJUVUFB3VCZTDSJQU 5IJTTDSJQUDPOTJTUTPG QVUT )FMMP   puts "Hello"

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.3*SFBETUIFTFUPLFOTPOFCZPOF GSPNMFGUUPSJHIU  VTJOHBGVODUJPODBMMFETDBOOFS )PXTDBOOFSXPSLT SFBETUIFUPLFOJT puts "Hello" QVUT 4DBOOFS /PUF4DBOOFSJTBMTPDBMMFEMFYJDBMBOBMZ[FSPSMFYFS  CVUKVTUDBMMJUTDBOOFSJOUIJTTMJEF

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5IFTDBOOFSUIFOEFUFSNJOFTUIFLJOEPGUPLFOJUSFBET 5IFLJOEPGUPLFOJTDBMMFEBTZNCPM )PXTDBOOFSXPSLT EFUFSNJOFTUIFUPLFOQVUTJT U*%&/5*'*&3 puts "Hello" QVUT 5PLFO 4DBOOFS

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5IFTDBOOFSTFUTUIFWBMVFPGUIFUPLFOUPBTZNCPM 5IJTWBMVFDBOCFBOJE BO3/PEF PSTPNFUIJOHFMTF )PXTDBOOFSXPSLT TFUTU*%&/5*'*&3UPBNFUIPEJE QVUT puts "Hello" U*%&/5*'*&3 QVUT 4ZNCPM 5PLFO /PUF4PNFUPLFOTIBWFOPWBMVF  /PUF7BMVFJTDBMMFETFNBOUJDWBMVF CVUKVTUDBMMJUWBMVFJOUIJTTMJEF 4DBOOFS

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'JOBMMZ UIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOTUIJTTZNCPMXJUIUIFWBMVF UPBGVODUJPODBMMFEBQBSTFS )PXTDBOOFSXPSLT puts "Hello" SFUVSOTUIFTZNCPMXJUIUIFWBMVFUPBQBSTFS U*%&/5*'*&3 QVUT QVUT 7BMVF 4ZNCPM 5PLFO 4DBOOFS

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT 5IFQBSTFSJTBGVODUJPOUIBUSFDFJWFTBTZNCPMGSPNUIF TDBOOFS DIFDLTTZOUBY DSFBUFT3/PEFT BOETPPO 5IFSFBSFNBOZHSBNNBSSVMFTEF fi OFEJOUIFQBSTFS QBSTFS U*%&/5*'*&3 QVUT 7BMVF 4ZNCPM 3/PEF 7$"-- QVUT SFDFJWF DSFBUF .BOZHSBNNBSSVMFT

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT 5IFTZOUBYSVMFTMPPLMJLFUIJT )FSFUIFSJHIUBOEMFGUIBOETJEFTBSFEF fi OFE // An example of a grammar rule operation : tIDENTIFIER | tCONSTANT | tFID ; 5IFMFGUIBOETJEF 5IFSJHIUIBOETJEF 5IFMFGUIBOETJEFEF fi OFTTZNCPMTUIBUNBLFTZNCPMTNPSFBCTUSBDU 5IFSJHIUIBOETJEFEF fi OFTUIFPSJHJOBMTZNCPMT

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT 4ZNCPMTBSFUVSOFEJOUPNPSFBCTUSBDUTZNCPM XIFOUIFZNBUDIUIFSJHIUIBOETJEFPGUIFTZOUBYSVMFT 5IJTDIBOHFJTDBMMFESFEVDUJPO // An example of a grammar rule operation : tIDENTIFIER | tCONSTANT | tFID ; .PSFBCTUSBDUTZNCPM 0SJHJOBMTZNCPMTBSFUVSOFEJOUP NPSFBCTUSBDUTZNCPM

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT 5IFWBMVFTFUGPSUIFTZNCPMCFGPSFSFEVDUJPOXJMMCF DBSSJFEPWFSUPUIFTZNCPMBGUFSSFEVDUJPO 6OMFTTBOBDUJPOUIBUXJMMCFEJTDVTTFEMBUFSJTEF fi OFE // An example of a grammar rule operation : tIDENTIFIER | tCONSTANT | tFID ; 5IFNFUIPEJEQVUT UIFWBMVFPGU*%&/5*'*&3 JT TFUUPPQFSBUJPOBGUFSSFEVDUJPO

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT "MUIPVHIPQUJPOBM XIBUUPCFQFSGPSNFEXIFOB SFEVDUJPOIBTPDDVSSFEDBOCFEF fi OFEJOBHSBNNBSSVMF 5IJTJTDBMMFEBTFNBOUJDBDUJPO /PUF4JNQMZDBMMJUBOBDUJPOJOUIJTTMJEF // An example of a grammar rule fcall : operation { $$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0, &@$); nd_set_line($$, p->tokline); } 5IJTBDUJPOJTFYFDVUFE XIFOPQFSBUJPOJTSFEVDFEUPGDBMM

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)PXBQBSTFSXPSLT 8JUIJOUIFBDUJPO  FBDIWBMVFPGTZNCPMTDBOCFBDDFTTFE "WBSJBCMF5IFOVNCFSPGUIFPSEFSPGUIFTZNCPMTCFGPSFSFEVDUJPO TUPSFTFBDIWBMVF "WBSJBCMFNFBOTUIFTZNCPMTWBMVFBGUFSSFEVDUJPO // An example of a grammar rule fcall : operation { // $1 // $$ } 5IFWBMVFPGPQFSBUJPO5IFNFUIPEJEQVUT 5IFWBMVFPGGDBMM

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT *ONBOZDBTFT UIFBDUJPOEF fi OFTBQSPDFTTUPDSFBUFBO 3/PEFGSPNUIFWBMVFTFUJOUIFTZNCPMCFGPSFSFEVDUJPO 5IF3/PEFDSFBUFEJOUIJTXBZJTTFUUPUIFTZNCPMBGUFS SFEVDUJPO // An example of a grammar rule fcall : operation { $$ = NEW_FCALL($1, 0, &@$); nd_set_line($$, p->tokline); } $SFBUFBO3/PEFGSPN BOETFUJUUP

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)PXQBSTFSXPSLT 4PNFUJNFTUXPPSNPSFTZNCPMTBSFSFEVDFEBUPODF *OTVDIDBTFT HSBNNBSSVMFTWFSJGZUIBUUIFTFRVFODFPG TZNCPMTJTDPSSFDU *GUIFTFRVFODFPGTZNCPMTJTJODPSSFDU UIFSFEVDUJPOXJMM OPUCFFYFDVUFE BOEBTZOUBYFSSPSXJMMPDDVS // An example of a grammar rule command : fcall command_args // ... 7FSJGZJOHGDBMMBOEDPNNBOE@BSHTBSF JOBSPXBOEPSEFSGSPNMFGUUPSJHIU

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"MMPGUIFTZNCPMT HSBNNBSSVMFT BOEUIFTDBOOFSBSF EF fi OFEJOUIF fi MFQBSTFZJOUIF.3*TPVSDF SVCZQBSTFZ

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/PX CBTFEPOUIJT  -FUT fi HVSFPVUIPXUPJNQMFNFOUA AJO.3*

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$BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A

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5IF fi STUJEFBJT3FQMBDFA AXJUI*OUFHFSTVDD  XIFOA AJTSFBEGSPNUIFTPVSDFDPEF i = 0 i++ # => Call Integer#succ and return 1 *OUFHFSTVDDSFUVSOTUIFWBMVFPGUIFSFTVMU XIJDIJTJODSFNFOUFECZUIFSFDFJWFS*OUFHFSPCKFDU i = 0 i.succ # => 1 $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A A ABDUTMJLFBOBMJBTGPS*OUFHFSTVDDJOUIJTJEFB

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "OFXTZNCPMGPS  4ZNCPM i++ $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A   5PLFO %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPMGPSUIFUPLFO  BOENBLFUIF TDBOOFSSFUVSOTUIFTZNCPMXIFOJUJTSFBE UPLFO

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "EEHSBNNBSSVMFTUPQBSTFBTDSJQUMJLFAJ A BOEDBMM*OUFHFSTVDDJOTJEFPGUIFBDUJPO -FUTHFUUPJU ⬇︎ i = 0 i++ # Call Integer#succ internally $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPMGPSUIFUPLFO  BOENBLFUIF TDBOOFSSFUVSOTUIFTZNCPMXIFOJUJTSFBE UPLFO

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// ruby/parse.y // ... %token tIDENTIFIER "local variable or method" %token tFID "method" %token tGVAR "global variable" %token tIVAR "instance variable" %token tCONSTANT "constant" %token tCVAR "class variable" %token tLABEL "label" %token tINTEGER "integer literal" %token tFLOAT "float literal" %token tRATIONAL "rational literal" // ... %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPM *OQBSTFZ TZNCPMTBSFEF fi OFEMJLFUIJT

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// ruby/parse.y // ... %token tINCOP "increment operator" %token tIDENTIFIER "local variable or method" %token tFID "method" %token tGVAR "global variable" %token tIVAR "instance variable" %token tCONSTANT "constant" %token tCVAR "class variable" %token tLABEL "label" %token tINTEGER "integer literal" %token tFLOAT "float literal" %token tRATIONAL "rational literal" // ... /PXMFU`TBEEBOFXTZNCPMU*/$01IFSF GPSUIFUPLFO  %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPM %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPM

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 5IFO NPEJGZUIFTDBOOFSUPSFUVSOU*/$01 XIFO JTSFBE *O.3* BGVODUJPOQBSTFS@ZZMFY EPFTNBOZPGXIBU BTDBOOFSEPFTGPSMFYJDBMBOBMZTJT

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 5IFSFJTBIVHFTXJUDITUBUFNFOUJOJU 5IJTJTUPSFBEUIFDIBSBDUFSTJOUIFTDSJQUPOFBUB UJNFBOEEPTPNFUIJOHEFQFOEJOH POUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBE %PTPNFUIJOHEFQFOEJOHPOUIFDIBSBDUFSTSFBE

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 *OUIJTTXJUDITUBUFNFOU JUJTBMSFBEZEF fi OFE XIBUUPEPJGUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBEJT  *GUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBEJT 

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': c = nextc(p); if (IS_AFTER_OPERATOR()) // ... if (c == '=') // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 *OJU BOBQQSPQSJBUFTZNCPMJTSFUVSOFEEFQFOEJOHPO UIFDIBSBDUFSCFGPSFBOEBGUFSUIF  3FBEUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSPGUIF  3FUVSOTPNFUPLFOJGUIFQSFWJPVTDIBSBDUFSJT 3FUVSOTPNFUPLFOJGUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJT "OEPUIFS

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': c = nextc(p); if (c == '+') .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 -FUTBEEBOFXDPOEJUJPOIFSF *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSBGUFS JT BHBJO  3FBEUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSPGUIF  *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJT BHBJO

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': c = nextc(p); if (c == '+') { return tINCOP; } // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 SFUVSOU*/$01 UIFOFXTZNCPMEF fi OFEFBSMJFS 5IFTDBOOFSNPEJ fi DBUJPOJTOPXDPNQMFUF 3FBEUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSPGUIF  *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJT BHBJO 3FUVSOU*/$01

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : fcall paren_args // ... | primary_value call_op operation2 opt_paren_args // ... | primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 paren_args // ... | primary_value tCOLON2 operation3 // ... | primary_value call_op paren_args // ... %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF /FYU MFU`TEF fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMFUPUIFQBSTFS GPSUIFTZOUBYMJLFAJ A QBSTFZEF fi OFTNBOZHSBNNBSSVMFTMJLFUIJTUP TVQQPSUWBSJPVTQBUUFSOTPGNFUIPEDBMMT

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : fcall paren_args // ... | primary_value call_op operation2 opt_paren_args // ... | primary_value tCOLON2 operation2 paren_args // ... | primary_value tCOLON2 operation3 // ... | primary_value call_op paren_args // ... | ???? %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF *UTFFNTBHPPEJEFBUPEF fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF IFSFGPSBNFUIPEDBMM %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF )FSFJTUIFHSBNNBSSVMFUPCFBEEFE 5IFOFXHSBNNBSSVMFDIFDLTUIBUUIFTZNCPMT  QSJNBSZ@WBMVFBOEU*/$01BSFJOBSPX %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP QSJNBSZ@WBMVFJTUIFTZNCPMGPSUIFSFDFJWFSPGUIJT FYQSFTTJPO BOEU*/$01JTGPSA A 5IJTNBLFTFYQSFTTJPOTMJLFAJ AWBMJEBTBTZOUBY   5IFTFTZNCPMTNFBOTʜ J # In a Ruby script i++ %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD /FYU EF fi OFBOBDUJPO XIJDIDBMMT*OUFHFSTVDD XIFOSFEVDUJPOIBTPDDVSSFEGPSUIJTHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 5IF fi STUXFOFFEUPEPJTUPUFMMUIFTDBOOFSUIBUUIJT FYQSFTTJPOFOETXIFO JTSFBE 5IJTJTOFFEFEUPQSFWFOUUIFTDBOOFSSFBETUIFOFYU UPLFOBGUFS BOEDBVTJOHBTZOUBYFSSPS5PEPTP  DBMMUIFNBDSP4&5@-&9@45"5&XJUI&913@&/% 5FSNJOBUFUIJTFYQSFTTJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ??? %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD /FYU MFUT fi OBMMZDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD )PXDBOXFEPUIBU /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y static NODE * new_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc) OFX@RDBMM .3*QSPWJEFTOFX@RDBMM UPDSFBUFBO3/PEF UPDBMMBNFUIPE -FUTVTFUIJTGVODUJPOUPEPXIBUJTUIFTBNF BTUIFNFUIPEDBMMJOUIFBDUJPO

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// ruby/parse.y static NODE * new_qcall(struct parser_params* p, ID atype, NODE *recv, ID mid, NODE *args, const YYLTYPE *op_loc, const YYLTYPE *loc) OFX@RDBMM 4PNFBSHVNFOUTBSFSFRVJSFEUPDBMMUIJTGVODUJPO "O3/PEFUIBUJTUIFSFDFJWFSPGUIFNFUIPE 5IFNFUIPEJE "O3/PEFUIBUJTUIFBSHVNFOUTPGUIFNFUIPE

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); new_qcall(p, $2, ???, ???, ???, &@2, &@$); $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 4PMFUTQSFQBSFUIFBSHVNFOUTUPDBMMOFX@RDBMM  OFX@RDBMM OFFETBSHVNFOUT /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); new_qcall(p, $2, ???, ???, ???, &@2, &@$); $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 'JSTU OFX@RDBMM OFFETBO3/PEFUIBUJTUIFSFDFJWFS BTUIFUIJSEBSHVNFOU "O3/PEFUIBUJTUIFSFDFJWFS /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD "TNFOUJPOFEFBSMJFS QSJNBSZ@WBMVFJTUIFTZNCPM UIBUJTUIFSFDFJWFSPGUIJTFYQSFTTJPO 5IJTTZNCPMIBTBO3/PEFPGUIFSFDFJWFSBTJUTWBMVF QSJNBSZ@WBMVF ʹUIFSFDFJWFS IBT BO3/PEFPGUIFSFDFJWFSPCKFDUBTJUTWBMVF /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... $1; $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 3FNFNCFS XFDBOHFUUIFTZNCPMTWBMVFXJUI BOVNCFSPGUIFPSEFSPGUIFTZNCPMT JOBOBDUJPO 5IFWBMVFPGQSJNBSZ@WBMVF JF UIF3/PEFUIBUJT UIFSFDFJWFSJTTUPSFEGPS 5IFWBMVFPGQSJNBSZ@WBMVF   /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); new_qcall(p, $2, $1, ???, ???, &@2, &@$); $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 4PDBOCFQBTTFEBTJTBTUIFUIJSEBSHVNFOUPG OFX@RDBMM  /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 5IFWBMVFPGQSJNBSZ@WBMVF 5IF3/PEFUIBUJTUIFSFDFJWFS

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$BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD // ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); new_qcall(p, $2, $1, ???, ???, &@2, &@$); /FYU UIFGPVSUIBSHVNFOUPGOFX@RDBMM JT BNFUIPEJEPGUIFDBMMJOHNFUIPE /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 5IFNFUIPEJE

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$BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD // ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID succ = rb_intern("succ"); new_qcall(p, $2, $1, succ, ???, &@2, &@$); (FUUIFNFUIPEJEPG*OUFHFSTVDDBOEQBTTJU UPOFX@RDBMM  (FUUIFNFUIPEJEPG*OUFHFSTVDD /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 1BTTUIFNFUIPEJE

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID succ = rb_intern("succ"); new_qcall(p, $2, $1, succ, ???, &@2, &@$); // ... } $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 5IF fi GUIBSHVNFOUJTBO3/PEFXIJDIJT UIFDBMMJOHNFUIPEBSHVNFOU /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 5IFBSHVNFOUTPGUIFDBMMJOHNFUIPE

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID succ = rb_intern("succ"); new_qcall(p, $2, $1, succ, Qnull, &@2, &@$); // ... } $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD )PXFWFS *OUFHFSTVDDOPBSHVNFOU -FUTQBTTOJMIFSF /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 1BTTOJM

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID succ = rb_intern("succ"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, succ, Qnull, &@2, &@$); $BMMOFX@RDBMM UPDBMM*OUFHFSTVDD 'JOBMMZ TFUUIF3/PEFPGUIFNFUIPEDBMM UIFSFUVSO WBMVFPGOFX@RDBMM UPUIFTZNCPMBGUFSSFEVDUJPO 5IJTDPNQMFUFTUIFWJUBMQBSUPGUIFJNQMFNFOUBUJPO "TTJHOUIFSFUVSOWBMVFUPUIFTZNCPMBGUFSSFEVDUJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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*TJUXPSLJOH NBLFSVO 3VOUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ 8JUIUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO XSJUFBTDSJQUDPOUBJOJOH A A UIFOSVOUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE

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*UMPPLTXPSLJOH NBLFSVO HFOFSBUJOHQBSTFD DPNQJMJOHQBSTFD MJOLJOHNJOJSVCZ NJOJSVCZ*SVCZMJC*a *FYUDPNNPOa SBSNEBSXJOGBLF SVCZUFTUSC  # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ *USFUVSOTBOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVFXJUIPVUBOZ TZOUBYFSSPS 5IFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPG JTTVDDFTTGVM *USFUVSOTJODSFNFOUFEWBMVF

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)PXFWFSʜ

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*GPVOEBQSPCMFNXJUIUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO i = 0 i++ # => It returns 1 i # => But i is still 0... *UJTUIBU*OUFHFSTVDDEPFTOPUBTTJHOJUTSFUVSOWBMVF UPUIFSFDFJWFSWBSJBCMF

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0, MFU`TUIJOLPGBOPUIFSXBZ

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$BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A SFWJTFE 

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*OUIFQSFWJPVTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO  UIFSFJTBQSPCMFNUIBU*OUFHFSTVDDEJEOPUBTTJHO UIFSFUVSOWBMVFUPUIFSFDFJWFS i = 0 i++ # => Call Integer#succ, then i is still 0 4P JOTUFBEPG*OUFHFSTVDD MFUTDBMMTPNFPUIFS UIBUDBOBTTJHOUIFJODSFNFOUFEWBMVFUPUIFSFDFJWFS i = 0 i++ # => Call some other method, then i becomes 1 $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A SFWJTFE NFUIPE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A SFWJTFE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "EEBOFXNFUIPE*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@UPBTTJHO BOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVFUPUIFSFDFJWFS i = 0 i.__plusplus__ p i # => 1 $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A SFWJTFE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "EEBOFXNFUIPE*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@UPBTTJHO BOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVFUPUIFSFDFJWFS  $BMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@JOTUFBEPG*OUFHFSTVDD JOUIFBDUJPO -FUTHFUUPJU ⬇︎ i = 0 i++ # Call i.__plusplus__ internally $BMMJOHBNFUIPEXJUIA A SFWJTFE

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# ruby/numeric.rb class Integer def __plusplus__(name, b) b.local_variable_set(name, self.succ) end # ... %F fi OF*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ ,FSOFMMPDBM@WBSJBCMF@TFUPSTPNFUIJOH  %FUFSNJOFUIFUZQFPGUIFWBSJBCMFGSPNUIFWBSJBCMFOBNF  1BTTUIFBSHVNFOUT ɾWBSJBCMFOBNF ɾB#JOEJOHPCKFDU 'JSTU MFU`TEF fi OF*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ *UJODSFNFOUTTFMGBOETFUTJUTWBMVFUPBWBSJBCMF JOJUTFOWJSPONFOUVTJOHUIFBSHVNFOUT

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# ruby/numeric.rb class Integer def __plusplus__(name, b) b.local_variable_set(name, self.succ) end # ... %F fi OF*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ *OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@DBOCFDBMMFEMJLFUIJT JOB3VCZTDSJQU *UBTTJHOTBOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVFUPUIFSFDFJWFS # In a Ruby script i = 0 i.__plusplus__("i", binding) i # => 1 1BTTUIFBSHVNFOUT ɾWBSJBCMFOBNF ɾ,FSOFMCJOEJOH

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID succ = rb_intern("succ"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, succ, Qnull, &@2, &@$); // ... } .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ /FYU MFU`TNPEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM *OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@JOTUFBEPG*OUFHFSTVDD *OUFHFSTVDDJTDBMMFEJOUIFQSFWJPVTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); // ... $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, ???, ???, &@3, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 'JSTU JOUIFTBNFXBZBTCFGPSF  DBMMUIF4&5@-&9@45"5&NBDSPBOEQBTT BTUIFUIJSEBSHVNFOUUPOFX@RDBMM  5FSNJOBUFUIJTFYQSFTTJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 1BTTUIFWBMVFPGUIFSFDFJWFS

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID plusplus = rb_intern("__plusplus__"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, plusplus, ???, &@3, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 1BTTUIFNFUIPEJEPG*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ BTUIFGPVSUIBSHVNFOU /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 1BTTUIFNFUIPEJE (FUUIFNFUIPEJEPG*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID plusplus = rb_intern("__plusplus__"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, plusplus, ???, &@3, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ /PX *OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@SFRVJSFTUXPBSHVNFOUT /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF # In a Ruby script i = 0 i.__plusplus__("i", binding)

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID plusplus = rb_intern("__plusplus__"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, plusplus, ???, &@3, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 5IF fi STUJTBTUSJOHMJUFSBMPGUIFWBSJBCMFOBNF  BOEUIFTFDPOEJTBNFUIPEDBMMPG,FSOFMCJOEJOH /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF # In a Ruby script i = 0 i.__plusplus__("i", binding) 1BTTUIFBSHVNFOUT ɾWBSJBCMFOBNF ɾ,FSOFMCJOEJOH

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ID plusplus = rb_intern("__plusplus__"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, plusplus, ???, &@3, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 5IFTFBSHVNFOUTNVTUCFQSFQBSFEBTBO3/PEF UIBUJTBOBSSBZBOEUIFOQBTTFEUPUIF fi GUIBSHVNFOU PGOFX@RDBMM  1BTTUIFBSHVNFOUTIFSF BTBO3/PEFUIBUJTBOBSSBZ /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // $1; // $1->u1.id; .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 4P MFUTDSFBUFUIFTUSJOHMJUFSBMPGUIFSFDFJWFS`T WBSJBCMFOBNF 8FDBOHFUUIF3/PEFPGUIFSFDFJWFSGSPN 5IFWBSJBCMFJEJTTUPSFEJOBNFNCFSPGUIJT3/PEF /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 5IFWBMVFPGQSJNBSZ@WBMVF 5IF3/PEFPGUIFSFDFJWFSPCKFDU 5IFWBSJBCMFJEPGUIFSFDFJWFS

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); NODE *receiver = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ $SFBUFB7"-6&PG4USJOHGSPNUIFWBSJBCMFJE  BOEDSFBUFBO3/PEFPGBMJUFSBMGSPNUIJTWBMVF *UDBOCFUIF fi STUBSHVNFOUPG*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ "O3/PEFUIBUJTBTUSJOHMJUFSBMGSPNUIF7"-6& 7"-6&PGUIFTUSJOHGSPNUIFWBSJBCMFJE /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); NODE *receiver = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); NODE *binding = NEW_VCALL(rb_intern("binding"), &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ /FYU DSFBUFBO3/PEFUIBUDBMMT,FSOFCJOEJOH  BTUIFTFDPOEBSHVNFOUPG*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ "O3/PEFUIBUDBMMT,FSOFMCJOEJOH /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); NODE *receiver = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); NODE *binding = NEW_VCALL(rb_intern("binding"), &@$); NODE *args = NEW_LIST(receiver, &NULL_LOC); args = list_append(p, args, binding); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ $SFBUFBO3/PEFUIBUJTBOBSSBZGSPNBO3/PEF PGUIFMJUFSBMBOEBO3/PEFPGUIFNFUIPEDBMM "O3/PEFUIBUJTBOBSSBZPGUIFBSHVNFOUT /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); NODE *receiver = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); NODE *binding = NEW_VCALL(rb_intern("binding"), &@$); NODE *args = NEW_LIST(receiver, &NULL_LOC); args = list_append(p, args, binding); ID plusplus = rb_intern("__plusplus__"); $$ = new_qcall(p, $2, $1, plusplus, args, &@2, &@$); .PEJGZUIFBDUJPOUPDBMM*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ 5IFOQBTTJUUPOFX@RDBMM BTJUT fi GUIBSHVNFOU 5IJTDPNQMFUFTUIFWJUBMQBSUPGUIFJNQMFNFOUBUJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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*TJUXPSLJOH 8JUIUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO XSJUFBTDSJQUDPOUBJOJOH A ABOEDIFDLJOHUIFWBMVFPGUIFSFDFJWFS  UIFOFYFDVUFTUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE NBLFSVO 3VOUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ p i

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*UMPPLTXPSLJOH NBLFSVO HFOFSBUJOHQBSTFD DPNQJMJOHQBSTFD MJOLJOHNJOJSVCZ NJOJSVCZ*SVCZMJC*a *FYUDPNNPOa SBSNEBSXJOGBLF SVCZUFTUSC  # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ p i JJTOPXJODSFNFOUFE 5IFOUIFDPNQJMBUJPOTVDDFFEFE BOEUIFWBSJBCMFXBT BTTJHOFEBOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVF 5IFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPG JTTVDDFTTGVM

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)PXFWFSʜ

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*GPVOEBQSPCMFNJOUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOBHBJO 1++ # => ??? *OUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO  A ABDUTMJLFBOBMJBTGPS*OUFHFS@@QMVTQMVT@@ *UNBLFTVTXBOUUPDBMMA AFWFOJGUIFSFDFJWFSJTOPU BWBSJBCMFCVUBO*OUFHFSMJUFSBM )PXFWFS EPJOHTPXPVME

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DBVTFBTFHNFOUBUJPOGBVMU

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5IFSFDFJWFSJTOPUBMXBZTBWBSJBCMF // ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); 5IFSFBTPOJTUIBUUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOOFFET UIFWBSJBCMFJEPGUIFSFDFJWFS 8FUSZUPHFUUIFWBSJBCMFJEVOEFSUIFBTTVNQUJPO UIBUUIF3/PEFPGUIFSFDFJWFSPCKFDUIBTJU &YQFDUJOHJTBO3/PEF UIBUIBTUIFWBSJBCMFJE /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF

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// ruby/parse.y method_call : // ... | primary_value tINCOP { // ... SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); VALUE v = QUOTE_ID($1->u1.id); )PXFWFS JGUIFSFDFJWFSJTBMJUFSBM UIJT3/PEFEPFTOU IBWFUIFWBSJBCMFJE *OUIBUDBTF BOVOJOUFOEFENFNPSZBSFBJTBDDFTTFE BOEBTFHNFOUBUJPOGBVMUPDDVST 6OMFTTUIFSFDFJWFSJTBWBSJBCMF  XFDBO`UBDDFTTWBSJBCMFJE /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 5IFSFDFJWFSJTOPUBMXBZTBWBSJBCMF

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3VCZIBTOPWBSJBCMFPCKFDU *UNFBOTUIBUXFJNQMJDJUMZFYQFDUUIFSFDFJWFSUPCFBWBSJBCMF XIFOXFXPVMEMJLFUPVTFA A "OEUIJTTFFNTUPCFXIBU.BU[TBZTUIBUDBO`UEFGJOFPCKFDU PSJFOUFETFNBOUJDTGPSJODSFNFOUEFDSFNFOUPQFSBUPST 8IJMFA AJTGPSNBOJQVMBUJOHWBSJBCMFT UIFSFBSFOPWBSJBCMF PCKFDUTJO3VCZUIBUDBOCFNBOJQVMBUFECZNFUIPET

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4P MFUTTUPQDBMMJOHTPNFNFUIPEXJUIA A  BOEUIJOLPGBOPUIFSXBZ

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5VSOA AJOUPA A

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4PGBS XFIBWFUSJFEUPDPOTJEFSA ABTBOBMJBTPG NFUIPEDBMM i++ )PXFWFS JOUIBUXBZ XFIBWFUPDPOTJEFSXIFUIFSUIF SFDFJWFSJTBWBSJBCMFPSBMJUFSBM BOEJUJTEJ ff i DVMUUPCF DPOTJTUFOUXJUIJO3VCZTTFNBOUJDT 5VSOA AJOUPA A  "NFUIPEDBMM

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-FU`TGPSHFUBCPVUQSFWJPVTJEFBTBOE UIJOLNPSFTJNQMZ 8IBUXFXBOUUPEPJTA A 5VSOA AJOUPA A

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4P XIZOPUKVTUDSFBUFUIFTBNF"45XJUIA A $ ruby -e "pp RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse('i+= 1')" (SCOPE@1:0-1:5 tbl: [:i] args: nil body: (LASGN@1:0-1:5 :i (CALL@1:0-1:5 (LVAR@1:0-1:1 :i) :+ (LIST@1:4-1:5 (LIT@1:4-1:5 1) nil)))) 5VSOA AJOUPA A 5IF"45PGAJ A

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*OQBSTFZ BHSBNNBSSVMFJTEF fi OFEUPQBSTFTDSJQUT TVDIBTAJ A i++ i += 1 4PJGXFDBOEPFYBDUMZUIFTBNFUIJOHBTAJ A XIFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBEBTDSJQUMJLFAJ A  XF`MMCFBCMFUPQBSTFJUBTAJ A MJLFBTZOUBYTVHBS  5VSOA AJOUPA A ⬇︎

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8IFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBETA A JUSFUVSOTUIFTZNCPM U01@"4(/GPSA ABOEU*/5&(&3GPSAA i += 1 i++ 3FUVSOUIFTBNFTZNCPMTBTA A U01@"4(/  U01@"4(/  U*/5&(&3 3/PEF   4ZNCPM 7BMVF U*/5&(&3 3/PEF   4PJUXPVMECFOJDFJGUIFTDBOOFSDPVMESFUVSOCPUIU01@"4(/ BOEU*/5&(&3BUPODFXIFOJUSFBETA A  CVUVOGPSUVOBUFMZ UIFTDBOOFSPOMZSFUVSOTPOFTZNCPMQFSSFBE

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4PIPXBCPVUNPEJGZJOHUIFTDBOOFSMJLFUIJT i += 1 i++ 3FUVSOUIFTBNFTZNCPMTBTA A U01@"4(/  U01@"4(/  U*/5&(&3 3/PEF   4ZNCPM 7BMVF U*/5&(&3 3/PEF   'PSUIF fi STUA A SFUVSOUIFTZNCPMBOEWBMVFPGA A 'PSUIFTFDPOEA A SFUVSOUIFTZNCPMBOEWBMVFPGJOUFHFS

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5IBOLGVMMZ .3*TDBOOFSIBTMPDBUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPOJOUIF SFBEJOHMJOF5IFZDPVMECFIFMQGVMJOUIJTUJNF // ruby/parse.y /* Structure of Lexer Buffer: lex.pbeg lex.ptok lex.pcur lex.pend | | | | |------------+------------+------------| |<---------->| token */ 5PQQPTJUJPOPGUIFMJOFSFBE &OEQPTJUJPOPGUIFMJOFSFBE $VSSFOUQPTJUJPOPGDVSTPS 5IFTDBOOFSIBTMPDBUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPO

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)FSFJTIPXUIFTDBOOFSTIPVMEXPSLXJUIUIJTJEFB i++ 8IFOUIFSFJTBTDSJQUMJLFAJ A  UIFTDBOOFS fi STUSFBETJBTBWBSJBCMFAJABOE SFUVSOTUIFTZNCPMPGJU 5IFDVSTPSPGUIFTDBOOFSJTIFSF 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT 3FBEBOESFUVSOUIFTZNCPMPGUIFWBSJBCMFJ

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i++ 5IFOUIFDVSTPSNPWFTPOFDIBSBDUFSBOEUIFTDBOOFS UIFOSFBETUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFS 4PGBS UIJTJTUIFDPOWFOUJPOBMCFIBWJPS 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ 5IFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJTUIF fi STU  8IFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBET  EPOPUSFUVSOUIFTZNCPM JNNFEJBUFMZ CVUQFFLOFYUDIBSBDUFS LFFQJOHUIFDVSTPS QPTJUJPO  8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 5IJTJT 

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i++ *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJTBMTP   UIFTDBOOFSDBOTFFUIBUUIJTJTQBSUPGA A 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 5IJTJTBMTP  5IJTJT  8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ 5IFTDBOOFSTIPVMEOPXSFUVSOU01@"4(/  UIFTZNCPMGPSUIFUPLFOA A 3FUVSOTU01@"4(/ 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ 5IFDVSTPSNPWFTPOFDIBSBDUFS UIFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBET UIFMBTUDIBSBDUFS 5IFMBTUDIBSBDUFSJTUIFTFDPOE  5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 5IJTJT BHBJO 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ 8IFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBETUIFTFDPOE   QFFLBUUIFDIBSBDUFSJOUIFPOFQPTJUJPOCFGPSFJU LFFQJOHUIFDVSTPSQPTJUJPO 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF  5IJTJT BHBJO 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ *GUIFQSFWJPVTDIBSBDUFSJTBMTP   UIFTDBOOFSDBOTFFUIBUUIJTJTQBSUPGA ABHBJO 5IJTJT BHBJO 5IFDVSTPSJTIFSF 5IJTJTBMTP  8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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i++ 5IFOUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOTU*/5&(&3  UIFTZNCPMPGBOJOUFHFS XJUIUIFWBMVFJOUFHFSTFU )PXDBOXFEP 3FUVSOUIFJOUFHFS 8IBUUIFNPEJ fi FETDBOOFSEPFT

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// ruby/parse.y static eunm yytokentype set_integer_literal(struct parser_params *p, VALUE v, int suffix) TFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM .3*QSPWJEFTTFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM  *UDSFBUFTBO3/PEFUIBUJTBOJOUFHFSMJUFSBMBOE SFUVSOTUIFTZNCPMU*/5&(&3TFUXJUIJU

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i++ $BMMJOHUIJTGVODUJPOXIFOUIFTFDPOE JTSFBEXJMM SFUVSOBTZNCPMXJUIBWBMVFPGJOUFHFS 5IJTXJMMDBVTFUIFTDBOOFSUPCFIBWFUIFTBNF BTXIFOJUSFBETA A-FUTHFUUPJU $BMMTFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM $BMMTFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM UPSFUVSOU*/5&(&3

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU01@"4(/GPSUIF fi STU  "TXFTBXFBSMJFS QBSTFS@ZZMFY UIBUFYFDVUFTMFYJDBM BOBMZTJTIBTBTXJUDITUBUFNFOUUPCFEF fi OFEBT XIBUUPEPJGUIFSFBEDIBSBDUFSJT  -FUTNPEJGZJU *GUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBEJT  i++

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': peekc(p); .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU01@"4(/GPSUIF fi STU  'JSTU XIFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBET  LFFQUIFDVSTPS QPTJUJPOBOEQFFLUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSBGUFSJU 5IFSFJTBGVODUJPOQFFLD GPSJUJO.3* 1FFLUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSPG  i++

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { set_yylval_id('+'); SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG); return tOP_ASGN; } .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU01@"4(/GPSUIF fi STU  *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJT  SFUVSOUIFTZNCPM U01@"4(/XIJDINFBOTA A 3FUVSOU01@"4(/ *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJT  i++ U01@"4(/

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { set_yylval_id('+'); SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG); return tOP_ASGN; } .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU01@"4(/GPSUIF fi STU  5IFOUIFDVSTPSNPWFTBIFBEUPPOFDIBSBDUFSBOE QBSTFS@ZZMFY BUUFNQUTUPSFBEUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFS 5IFDVSTPSNPWFTBIFBE i++

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { // ... } peekc_n(p, -2) .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/5&(&3GPSUIFTFDPOE  /FYU XIFOUIFTDBOOFSSFBETUIFTFDPOE  LFFQUIF DVSTPSQPTJUJPOBOEDIFDLUIFDIBSBDUFSPOFCFGPSFJU QFFLD@O QSPWJEFECZ.3*DBOCFVTFEGPSUIJT 1FFLUIFQSFWJPVTDIBSBDUFSPG  *GUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBEJT  i++

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { // ... } if (peekc_n(p, -2) == '+') { VALUE i = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/5&(&3GPSUIFTFDPOE  *GUIFQSFWJPVTDIBSBDUFSXBTBMTPB   UIFODSFBUFB7"-6&UIBUJTBOJOUFHFS $SFBUFB7"-6&UIBUJTBJOUFHFS *GUIFQSFWJPVTDIBSBDUFSJT 

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { set_yylval_id('+'); SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG); return tOP_ASGN; } if (peekc_n(p, -2) == '+') { VALUE i = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); return set_integer_literal(p, i, 0); } // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/5&(&3GPSUIFTFDPOE  3FUVSOUIFSFTVMUPGTFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM i++ U*/5&(&3 1BTTJUBTBOBSHVNFOUUPDBMMTFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM  BOESFUVSOUIFSFTVMUGSPNUIFTDBOOFS

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': if (peekc(p) == '+') { set_yylval_id('+'); SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG); return tOP_ASGN; } if (peekc_n(p, -2) == '+') { VALUE i = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); return set_integer_literal(p, i, 0); } // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/5&(&3GPSUIFTFDPOE  5IJTTIPVMESFUVSOUIFTBNFSFTVMUBTJGA A IBECFFOSFBE"OEUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOJTDPNQMFUF U01@"4(/ U*/5&(&3 i++

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*TJUXPSLJOH NBLFSVO # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ p i 3VOUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE 8JUIUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO XSJUFBTDSJQUDPOUBJOJOH A ABOEDIFDLJOHUIFWBMVFPGUIFSFDFJWFS  UIFOFYFDVUFTUIFDPNQJMFDPNNBOE

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*UMPPLTXPSLJOH NBLFSVO HFOFSBUJOHQBSTFD DPNQJMJOHQBSTFD MJOLJOHNJOJSVCZ NJOJSVCZ*SVCZMJC*a *FYUDPNNPOa SBSNEBSXJOGBLF SVCZUFTUSC  # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i++ p i JJTOPXJODSFNFOUFE 5IFOUIFDPNQJMBUJPOTVDDFFEFE BOEUIFWBSJBCMFXBT BTTJHOFEBOJODSFNFOUFEWBMVF

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NBLFSVO NJOJSVCZ*SVCZMJC*a *FYUDPNNPOa SBSNEBSXJOGBLF SVCZUFTUSCSVCZUFTUSC TZOUBYFSSPS  VOFYQFDUFEPQFSBUPSBTTJHONFOU  FYQFDUJOHFOEPGJOQVU 4ZOUBY&SSPS  NBLF &SSPS *UMPPLTXPSLJOH # ruby/test.rb 1++ "OTZOUBYFSSPSIBTPDDVSSFE $BMMJOHA AXJUIBOJOUFHFSMJUFSBMEPFTOPUDBVTF BTFHNFOUBUJPOGBVMU CVUBTZOUBYFSSPSBTTBNFBT A A5IJTJTUIFJOUFOEFECFIBWJPS 5IFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPG JTTVDDFTTGVM

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)PXFWFSʜ

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*GPVOEBQSPCMFNJOUIJTJNQMFNFOUBUJPOBHBJO i = 0 i++ * 2 # => 2 p i # => ? 8IFOFYFDVUJOHBTDSJQUMJLFUIJT  XIBUXPVMECFBOBQQSPQSJBUFWBMVFGPSUIFWBSJBCMFAJA

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5IJTJTBLJOEPGMBOHVBHFEFTJHONBUUFS BOEUIFSFBSF NBOZXBZTUPUIJOLBCPVUJU1FSTPOBMMZ *UIJOLJUJT BQQSPQSJBUFGPSUIFWBSJBCMFAJAUPCFBTTJHOFE i = 0 i++ * 2 # => Expect: (i += 1) * 2 p i # => Expect: 1 *FYQFDUUIFWBSJBCMFAJAUPCFBTTJHOFE fi STUBOE NVMUJQMJFECZOFYU

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)PXFWFS UIJTA AJTFRVJWBMFOUUPA A5IFSFGPSF  UIFSFTVMUJTBTTJHOFEUPUIFWBSJBCMFAJABGUFSUIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPOPG JTDPNQVUFE fi STUCZQSFDFEFODF i = 0 i++ * 2 # => Actual: i += (1 * 2) p i # => Actual: 2 5IFOUIFWBSJBCMFAJAJTBTTJHOFE *GFFMUIJTJTBOBUVSBMCFIBWJPSGPSA A CVUBCJU TUSBOHFGPSA A

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4JODFUIFQSFDFEFODFPGPQFSBUPSTJTEF fi OFEJOQBSTFZ  JUJTQPTTJCMFUPBWPJEUIJTQSPCMFNCZNBLJOHUIF QSFDFEFODFPGA AIJHIFSUIBOA A // ruby/parse.y // ... %right '=' tOP_ASGN %left modifier_rescue %right '?' ':' // ... %left '&' %left tLSHFT tRSHFT %left '+' '-' %left '*' '/' ‘%' // ... 5IFQSFDFEFODF )JHIFS -PXFS

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)PXFWFS UIFQSPCMFNUIJTUJNFJTPOMZGPSUIFDBTFPG SFBEJOHA A*EPOUXBOUUPDIBOHFUIFQSFDFEFODFGPS UIFDBTFPGSFBEJOHA AVTVBMMZ x = 0 x += 1 ** 2 p x # => Intend: 2 (Keeping current behavior) y = 0 y++ ** 2 p y # => Intend: 1 (Changing current behavior)

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"MUFSOBUJWFMZ JUNJHIUCFQPTTJCMFUPDSFBUFBTZOUBYUSFF UIBUXSBQTUIFMFGUIBOETJEFBOEA AJOA  AUPDPOUSPM UIFQSFDFEFODFPGFYQSFTTJPOT i = 0 i++ * 2 # => i += (1 * 2) )PXFWFS UIJTXPVMENBLFUIFCFIBWJPSPGUIFTDBOOFS UPPDPNQMJDBUFE

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0, MFU`TUIJOLPGBOPUIFSXBZ

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5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE  

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*OUIFQSFWJPVTJNQMFNFOUBUJPO XFUSJFEUPNBLFUIF TBNF"45XJUIA ACZUIFTDBOOFS i = 0 i++ * 2 # => i += (1 * 2) p i # => 2 #VUXFGPVOEUIBUJGA AJTGPMMPXFECZBOFYQSFTTJPO  XFDBOOPUIBOEMFJU 5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE

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5PBWPJEUIJT IPXBCPVUDPOTJEFSJOHUIFTFRVFODFPG UIFMFGUIBOETJEFPGUIFFYQSFTTJPOBOE BTBTJOHMF TZOUBYBOEEPJOHUIFTBNFUIJOHUPA ACZUIFQBSTFS  i++ 1BSTFBOENBLFBTBNF"45BT  5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT 5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "EETZNCPMTBOEHSBNNBSSVMFTUPBMMPX TZOUBYMJLFAJ A 5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE

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5IFSFBSFUXPOFDFTTBSZUIJOHTUPJNQMFNFOUUIJT "EETZNCPMTBOEHSBNNBSSVMFTUPBMMPX TZOUBYMJLFAJ A %F fi OFBOBDUJPOUIBUEPFTUIFTBNFUIJOH XIFOBTZOUBYMJLFAJ AJTQBSTFE BTXIFOBTZOUBYMJLFAJ AJTEPOF 5VSOA AJOUPA A 3FWJTFE -FUTHFUUPJU i = 0 i++ # Do the same thing as `i+=1` internally

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// ruby/parse.y %token tCOLON2 RUBY_TOKEN(COLON2) "::" %token tCOLON3 ":: at EXPR_BEG" %token tOP_ASGN "operator-assignment" /* +=, -= etc. */ %token tINCOP "increment-operator" %token tASSOC "=>" %token tLPAREN "(" %token tLPAREN_ARG "( arg" %token tRPAREN ")" %token tLBRACK "[" %token tLBRACE “{" %token tSTAR "*" %token tDSTAR "**arg" %token tAMPER "&" // ... %F fi OFTZNCPMU*/$01 'JSTU EF fi OFU*/$01BTUIFTZNCPM GPSUIFUPLFO  %F fi OFBOFXTZNCPMGPS 

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': c = nextc(p); // ... if (c == '+') .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 5IFONPEJGZQBSTFS@ZZMFY  *G JTSFBEUXJDFJOBSPX *GUIFOFYUDIBSBDUFSJTBMTP  3FBEOFYUDIBSBDUFSPGUIF  8IFOUIFDIBSBDUFSSFBEJT 

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// ruby/parse.y static enum yytokentype parser_yylex(struct parser_params *p) { // ... switch (c = nextc(p)) { // ... case '+': c = nextc(p); // ... if (c == '+') { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_BEG); return tINCOP; } // ... .BLFUIFTDBOOFSSFUVSOU*/$01 SFUVSOU*/$01 5IFTDBOOFSNPEJ fi DBUJPOJTOPXDPNQMFUF 3FUVSOU*/$01

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// ruby/parse.y arg : lhs '=' lex_ctxt arg_rhs // ... | var_lhs tOP_ASGN lex_ctxt arg_rhs // ... | ???? %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF /FYU EF fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMFGPSA A 4JODFBHSBNNBSSVMFGPSBTDSJQUTVDIBTAJ AJT EF fi OFEJOQBSTFZ MFUTEF fi OFUIFOFXPOFOFBSIFSF %F fi OFUIFOFXHSBNNBSSVMF "HSBNNBSSVMFGPS 3VCZTDSJQUTMJLFAJ A

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF )FSFJTUIFHSBNNBSSVMFUPCFBEEFE 5IFOFXHSBNNBSSVMFDIFDLTUIBUUIFTZNCPMT  WBS@MIT MFY@DUYU BOEU*/$01BSFJOBSPX %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP 5IFNJEEMFPOF MFY@DUYU JTOPUTPSFMFWBOUUIJTUJNF TPTLJQJU WBS@MITJTUIFMFGUTJEFPGA A BOEU*/$01JTA A  MFY@DUYUJTOPUTPSFMFWBOU TPXFTLJQJU  5IJTNBLFTFYQSFTTJPOTMJLFAJ AWBMJEBTBTZOUBY   5IFTFTZNCPMTNFBOTʜ J # In a Ruby script i++ OPOF  %F fi OFBOFXHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { // ... %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPEPUIFTBNFUIJOHA AEPFT -FUTOPXEF fi OFUIFBDUJPOUPCFFYFDVUFEVQPO SFEVDJOHUIJTHSBNNBSSVMF

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); 'JSTU DBMM4&5@-&9@45"5&XJUI&913@&/%UPUFMM UIFTDBOOFSUPFOEUIJTFYQSFTTJPO /PUF5IFEF fi OJUJPOTPGBDUJPOTGPS3JQQFSBSFTLJQQFEJOUIJTTMJEF 5FSNJOBUFUIJTFYQSFTTJPO %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPEPUIFTBNFUIJOHA AEPFT

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); ??? /FYU MFUTEPUIFTBNFUIJOHBTA A )PXDBOXFEPUIBU /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF %F fi OFBOFXBDUJPOUPEPUIFTBNFUIJOHA AEPFT

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// ruby/parse.y static NODE * new_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context ctxt, const YYLTYPE *loc); OFX@PQ@BTTJHO .3*QSPWJEFTOFX@PQ@BTTJHO UPDSFBUFBO3/PEF UIBUJTBOFYQSFTTJPOXJUIA APSAA -FUTVTFUIJTGVODUJPOUPEPXIBUJTUIFTBNF BTA A

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// ruby/parse.y static NODE * new_op_assign(struct parser_params *p, NODE *lhs, ID op, NODE *rhs, struct lex_context ctxt, const YYLTYPE *loc); OFX@PQ@BTTJHO 4PNFBSHVNFOUTBSFSFRVJSFEUPDBMMUIJTGVODUJPO "O3/PEFUIBUJTUIFWBMVFPOUIFMFGUTJEFPGUIFFYQSFTTJPO "OPQFSBUPS A APSAA "O3/PEFUIBUJTUIFWBMVFPOUIFSJHIUTJEFPGUIFFYQSFTTJPO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); // ... new_op_assign(p, ???, ???, ???, $2, &@$); } $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF 4PMFUTQSFQBSFUIFBSHVNFOUT UPDBMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO  OFX@PQ@BTTJHO SFRVJSFTBSHVNFOUT

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); // ... new_op_assign(p, $1, '+', ???, $2, &@$); } 1BTTUIFMFGUIBOETJEFPGA ABTUIFTFDPOE BSHVNFOUBOEA ABTUIFUIJSEBSHVNFOU -FGUIBOETJEF   /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); // ... new_op_assign(p, $1, '+', ???, $2, &@$); } 5IFGPVSUIBSHVNFOUJTUIFWBMVFPGUIFSJHIUTJEFPG A A*OUIFDBTFPGA A UIFSJHIUTJEFJTBMXBZTBO JOUFHFS TPXFOFFEUPDSFBUFBWBMVFPGUIJT 3FRVJSFTBOJOUFHFSWBMVFAA /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); // ... new_op_assign(p, $1, '+', ???, $2, &@$); } TFU@JOUFHFS@MJUFSBM VTFEJOPOFQSFWJPVT JNQMFNFOUBUJPODBOOPUCFVTFEIFSF  BTJUJTBGVODUJPOUPTFUBWBMVFUPBTZNCPM 8FOFFEUPDSFBUFBO3/PEFUIBUJTBOJOUFHFS /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); VALUE v = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); NODE *one = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); 5PEPUIJT DSFBUFB7"-6&PGJOUFHFS BOEUIFO DSFBUFBO3/PEFUIBUJTMJUFSBMGSPNUIJT7"-6& "7"-6&PGBOJOUFHFS "O3/PFPGBMJUFSBM /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); VALUE v = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); NODE *one = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, x); new_op_assign(p, $1, '+', one, $2, &@$); } 5IFOQBTTJUUPUIFGPVSUIBSHVNFOUPG OFX@PQ@BTTJHO  1BTTUIF3/PEFUIBUJTBJOUFHFSMJUFSBM /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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// ruby/parse.y arg : // ... | var_lhs lex_ctxt tINCOP { SET_LEX_STATE(EXPR_END); VALUE v = rb_cstr_to_inum("1", 16, FALSE); NODE *one = NEW_LIT(v, &NULL_LOC); RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(p->ast, Qnil, x); $$ = new_op_assign(p, $1, '+', one, $2, &@$); } 'JOBMMZ TFUUIF3/PEF UIFSFUVSOWBMVFPG OFX@PQ@BTTJHO UPUIFTZNCPMBGUFSSFEVDUJPO /PUFUIFEF fi OJUJPOPGBDUJPOTJTTMJHIUMZTJNQMJ fi FEJOUIJTTMJEF "TTJHOUIFSFUVSOWBMVFUPUIFTZNCPMBGUFSSFEVDUJPO $BMMOFX@PQ@BTTJHO

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5IFJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGA AJT OPXDPNQMFUF

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%FNP

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3VOUIFEFNP

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"MMTXFMMUIBUFOETXFMMʜ

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6OGPSUVOBUFMZ UIFBOTXFSJTOP 5IFBEEJUJPOPGUIFA APQFSBUPSJTCSFBLJOH POFFYJTUJOHTZOUBY

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*OPSEJOBSZ3VCZ XFDBOVTFBOZOVNCFSPG JO TVDDFTTJPOXJUIPVUDBVTJOHTZOUBYFSSPST # Normal Ruby i = 0 i + 1 # => 1 i ++ 1 # => 1 i +++ 1 # => 1 i ++++ 1 # => 1 i +++++ 1 # => 1 5IJTJTCFDBVTFJGUIFSFBSFUXPPSNPSF T  UIFTFDPOEBOETVCTFRVFOU TBSFDPOTJEFSFE VOBSZ PQFSBUPST "MM`T/05XFMMUIBUFOETXFMM "MMTZOUBY0,

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#VUJO3VCZXJUI PQFSBUPS  XFHFUBTZOUBYFSSPSXJUIVOFYQFDUFEJOUFHFSMJUFSBM JGXFUSZUPQVUBOJOUFHFSBGUFSA A # Ruby with "++" operator # ruby/test.rb i = 0 i + 1 # => 1 i ++ 1 # => SyntaxError i = 0 i + (+1) # => 1 i ++ +1 # => 3 "MM`T/05XFMMUIBUFOETXFMM SVCZSVCZUFTUSC SVCZUFTUSCSVCZUFTUSC TZOUBYFSSPS VOFYQFDUFEJOUFHFSMJUFSBM  FYQFDUJOHFOEPGJOQVU 4ZOUBY&SSPS  J  J ? 5IFZBSFTZOUBY0, ɾ5PVTFBVOBSZPQFSBUPSXJUIQBSFOUIFTFT ɾ5PVTFA ABOEBVOBSZPQFSBUPSBUUIFTBNFUJNF

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*TUIJTBWBMJETQFDJ fi DBUJPO  )PXTIPVMEUIF PQFSBUPSBOEVOBSZPQFSBUPST DPPQFSBUFXJUIFBDIPUIFS  5IFTFBSFRVFTUJPOTUIBUTIPVMECFDPOTJEFSFEJO3VCZ UIBUBEEFEUIFOFXTZOUBYXJUIUIF PQFSBUPS 5IJTJTBOJTTVFPGMBOHVBHFEFTJHO 'PSUIFNPNFOU UIJTJTUIFTQFDJ fi DBUJPOPGUIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPOTPGBS 5IFMBOHVBHFEFTJHOBGUFSBEEJOHBOFXTZOUBY

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8FDBOOPMPOHFSDBMMUIJT3VCZ CFDBVTF*IBWFDIBOHFEUIFFYJTUJOHTZOUBY 5IJTOFXMBOHVBHFOFFETBOFXOBNF  TPNFUIJOHBQQSPQSJBUFGPSJU

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