Internet: A Series of Tubes

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Internet: A Series of Tubes https://unsplash.com/photos/ahi73ZN5P0Y

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TELL ME … DO YOU EVEN?

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RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers

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Semaphore Fire beacons Smoke signals

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Heliograph Receiver Transmitter

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Photophone

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Lossy medium Only straight line

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LASER = Amazing

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Monochromatic Coherent

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Fiber Optic

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Jacket: 400 µm Buffer: 250 µm Cladding: 125 µm Core: 8 µm

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Total Internal Reflection Cladding n = 1.44681 Core n = 1.45205 Attenuation (at 1550 nm) ~ 0.2 dB/km 1% remaining power after 62 miles

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_TAT-14.png by Alexrk2 CC-BY-SA-3.0 3.2 Tb/s 2 routes (north, south) 4 fiber pairs 40 channels of 10 Gb/s each

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3.2 Tb/s In One Second 8 Blueray discs

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Modulations Frequency-shift Keying (FSK) Amplitude-shift Keying (ASK) Phase-shift Keying (PSK)

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Wavelength-division Multiplexing MUX Single fiber DEMUX 100 GHz chanel spacing ~ 1550 nm 40 channels

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Optical Impairments Chromatic Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion Cross Phase Modulation Four-Wave Mixing Polarization Dependent Loss

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Even Higher Bitrate 10 Gb/s 100 Gb/s 200 Gb/s 31 Tb/s over 7,200 km 155 channels × 200 Gb/s TAT-14: 0.4 Tb/s over 9,600 km 40 channels × 10 Gb/s 7.2 Tb/s over 6,500 km 80 channels × 100 Gb/s New fiber type 255 Tb/s over 1 km 50 channels × 5.1 Tb/s

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“If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton