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PLUTUS Plutus and Extended UTxO Manuel M T Chakravarty, Language Architect @ IOHK

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PLUTUS What is Plutus?

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PLUTUS What is Plutus? Innovative development and execution platform for distributed contract applications on Cardano SL & CL.

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PLUTUS The Three Pillars of Plutus

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PLUTUS Safety & Security

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS

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functional programming PLUTUS λ

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functional programming with modern type systems PLUTUS λτ

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functional programming modern type systems PLUTUS

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functional programming modern type systems PLUTUS input output

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functional programming modern type systems PLUTUS input output pure function side effects

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functional programming modern type systems PLUTUS input output typed function safe usage :: ⍺ :: β

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PLUTUS input output typed function safe usage :: ⍺ :: β local reasoning

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PLUTUS input output typed function safe usage :: ⍺ :: β local reasoning type-directed design

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PLUTUS input output typed function safe usage :: ⍺ :: β local reasoning type-directed design advanced testing & verification

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PLUTUS local reasoning type-directed design advanced testing & verification }

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PLUTUS local reasoning type-directed design advanced testing & verification } understand code behaviour

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PLUTUS local reasoning type-directed design advanced testing & verification } understand code behaviour find exploits

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core not a bytecode typed FP calculus

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core not a bytecode not a classic virtual machine typed FP calculus abstract machine interpreter

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core small, powerful & based on peer-reviewed science not a bytecode not a classic virtual machine typed FP calculus abstract machine interpreter

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core

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PLUTUS core Plutus Core Where is it used?

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS Account-based Ledger UTxO-based Ledger

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PLUTUS Account-based Ledger UTxO-based Ledger functional imperative

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PLUTUS Account-based Ledger UTxO-based Ledger functional imperative mutable shared state dataflow

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PLUTUS Account-based Ledger UTxO-based Ledger functional imperative mutable shared state dataflow compositional entangled

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PLUTUS What about the expressiveness of smart contracts?

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PLUTUS What about the expressiveness of smart contracts? Bitcoin

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PLUTUS What about the expressiveness of smart contracts? Bitcoin Ethereum

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PLUTUS What about the expressiveness of smart contracts? Bitcoin Ethereum minimal

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PLUTUS What about the expressiveness of smart contracts? Bitcoin Ethereum minimal enough rope

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PLUTUS

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PLUTUS

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PLUTUS Input Output

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PLUTUS Input Output

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer core core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ) ≟ True core core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ) ≟ True ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer core core core core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ) ≟ True ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer δ: Data core core core core core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ) ≟ True ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer δ: Data σ: State core core core core core

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PLUTUS Input Output ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ) ≟ True ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ, δ, σ, x) ≟ True δ: Data σ: State core core core core core

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PLUTUS ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ, δ, σ, x) ≟ True δ: Data σ: State Extended UTxO core core core

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PLUTUS ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ, δ, σ, x) ≟ True δ: Data σ: State Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers core core core

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PLUTUS ν: Validator x: Value ρ: Redeemer ν(ρ, δ, σ, x) ≟ True δ: Data σ: State Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers Greatly increases the expressive power of scripts core core core

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PLUTUS Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers Greatly increases the expressive power of scripts

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PLUTUS Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers Greatly increases the expressive power of scripts data flows with value

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PLUTUS Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers Greatly increases the expressive power of scripts data flows with value scripts have an identity

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PLUTUS Extended UTxO Preserves the superior structure of UTxO ledgers Greatly increases the expressive power of scripts data flows with value scripts have an identity invariants across transaction chains

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS

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PLUTUS What does it take to write a smart contract application?

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PLUTUS Simple crowdfunding

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PLUTUS Simple crowdfunding 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline

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PLUTUS Simple crowdfunding 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline 2. If funding goal reached, campaign owner can collect funds

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PLUTUS Simple crowdfunding 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline 2. If funding goal reached, campaign owner can collect funds 3. If funding goal not reached, refunds can be obtained by contributors

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PLUTUS Simple crowdfunding 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline 2. If funding goal reached, campaign owner can collect funds 3. If funding goal not reached, refunds can be obtained by contributors 4. If campaign owner does not collect by collection deadline, contributors can also obtain refunds

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PLUTUS 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline 2. If funding goal reached, campaign owner can collect funds 3. If funding goal not reached, refunds can be obtained by contributors 4. If campaign owner does not collect by collection deadline, contributors can also obtain refunds

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PLUTUS 1. Payment into campaign until a payment deadline 2. If funding goal reached, campaign owner can collect funds 3. If funding goal not reached, refunds can be obtained by contributors 4. If campaign owner does not collect by collection deadline, contributors can also obtain refunds pragma solidity ^0.4.6; contract WinnerTakesAll { uint minimumEntryFee; uint public deadlineProjects; uint public deadlineCampaign; uint public winningFunds; address public winningAddress; struct Project { address addr; string name; string url; uint funds; bool initialized; } … Solidity (on-chain)

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PLUTUS pragma solidity ^0.4.6; contract WinnerTakesAll { uint minimumEntryFee; uint public deadlineProjects; uint public deadlineCampaign; uint public winningFunds; address public winningAddress; struct Project { address addr; string name; string url; uint funds; bool initialized; } … Solidity (on-chain) var Web3 = require('web3'); var web3 = new Web3(); web3.setProvider(new web3.providers.HttpProvider(”http:… var accounts = web3.eth.accounts; accounts.forEach(function(v) { $(”#supportFrom”).append(”

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PLUTUS pragma solidity ^0.4.6; contract WinnerTakesAll { uint minimumEntryFee; uint public deadlineProjects; uint public deadlineCampaign; uint public winningFunds; address public winningAddress; struct Project { address addr; string name; string url; uint funds; bool initialized; } … Solidity var Web3 = require('web3'); var web3 = new Web3(); web3.setProvider(new web3.providers.HttpProvider(”http:… var accounts = web3.eth.accounts; accounts.forEach(function(v) { $(”#supportFrom”).append(”

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PLUTUS pragma solidity ^0.4.6; contract WinnerTakesAll { uint minimumEntryFee; uint public deadlineProjects; uint public deadlineCampaign; uint public winningFunds; address public winningAddress; struct Project { address addr; string name; string url; uint funds; bool initialized; } … Solidity var Web3 = require('web3'); var web3 = new Web3(); web3.setProvider(new web3.providers.HttpProvider(”http:… var accounts = web3.eth.accounts; accounts.forEach(function(v) { $(”#supportFrom”).append(”

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PLUTUS pragma solidity ^0.4.6; contract WinnerTakesAll { uint minimumEntryFee; uint public deadlineProjects; uint public deadlineCampaign; uint public winningFunds; address public winningAddress; struct Project { address addr; string name; string url; uint funds; bool initialized; } … Solidity var Web3 = require('web3'); var web3 = new Web3(); web3.setProvider(new web3.providers.HttpProvider(”http:… var accounts = web3.eth.accounts; accounts.forEach(function(v) { $(”#supportFrom”).append(”

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PLUTUS Solidity JavaScript off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model ad hoc

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PLUTUS Solidity JavaScript off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model ad hoc inconvenient

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PLUTUS Solidity JavaScript off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model ad hoc inconvenient complex

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PLUTUS Solidity JavaScript off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model ad hoc inconvenient complex fragile

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PLUTUS off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model

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PLUTUS Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model

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PLUTUS Haskell (Plutus Tx) Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model

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PLUTUS Haskell (Plutus Tx) Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model meta programming

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PLUTUS Haskell (Plutus Tx) Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model meta programming integrated

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PLUTUS Haskell (Plutus Tx) Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model meta programming integrated compact

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PLUTUS Haskell (Plutus Tx) Haskell off-chain (wallet) on-chain (transaction) two-level (staged) programming model meta programming integrated compact robust

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) Haskell

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) register (refundTrigger campaign) (refundHandler (Ledger.hashTx tx) campaign) contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript Haskell

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PLUTUS Haskell contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner in $$(P.errorIfNot) isValid ||]) Plutus Tx Haskell

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) register (refundTrigger campaign) (refundHandler (Ledger.hashTx tx) campaign) contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner in $$(P.errorIfNot) isValid ||]) off-chain on-chain

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) register (refundTrigger campaign) (refundHandler (Ledger.hashTx tx) campaign) contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner in $$(P.errorIfNot) isValid ||]) core off-chain on-chain

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) register (refundTrigger campaign) (refundHandler (Ledger.hashTx tx) campaign) contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner in $$(P.errorIfNot) isValid ||]) core core off-chain on-chain

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PLUTUS contribute :: Campaign -> Value -> MockWallet () contribute campaign value = do when (value <= 0) $ throwOtherError "Must contribute a positive value" ownPK <- ownPubKey tx <- payToScript (Ledger.scriptAddress (contributionScript campaign)) value DataScript (Ledger.lifted ownPK) register (refundTrigger campaign) (refundHandler (Ledger.hashTx tx) campaign) contributionScript :: Campaign -> ValidatorScript contributionScript campaign = ValidatorScript (validator `apply` campaign) where validator = Ledger.fromCompiledCode $$(PlutusTx.compile [|| (\Campaign{..} action contrib tx -> let PendingTx ps outs _ _ (Height h) _ _ = tx isValid = case action of Refund -> h > collectionDeadline && contributorOnly outs && $$(txSignedBy) tx contrib Collect -> h > deadline && h <= collectionDeadline && totalInputs >= target && $$(txSignedBy) p campaignOwner in $$(P.errorIfNot) isValid ||]) core core off-chain on-chain

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PLUTUS This is Plutus! Safety & Security Superior Ledger Full Stack