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Differences in misinformation sharing can lead to politically asymmetric sanctions (Nature, 2024) ଜࢁଠҰ 第25回ウェブ・ソーシャルメディア論⽂読み会

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2 4PDJBM.FEJB1MBUGPSNʹ͓͚Δޡ৘ใରࡦ എܠ 参考: https://about.fb.com/news/2021/05/taking-action-against- people-who-repeatedly-share-misinformation 参考: https://www.statista.com/chart/32454/identify- trustworthy-news-on-different-social-media-platforms/ 'BDFCPPLͷରࡦྫ

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3 4PDJBM.FEJB1MBUGPSNͷޡ৘ใରࡦ΁ͷ൷൑ l ڞ࿨ౘ୅දδϜɾδϣʔμϯࢯʹ ΑΔϑΣΠΫχϡʔεݚڀͷ൷൑ l ޡ৘ใʹؔ͢Δֶज़ݚڀऀ΍5XJUUFS ΍'BDFCPPLͳͲͷϓϥοτϑΥʔ ϜʹΑΔʮݕӾମ੍ʯΛௐࠪɾ૞ࠪ l ถࠃٞࣄಊऻܸࣄ݅Λ͸͡Ίͱ͢Δ ΠϕϯτʹΑΔΞΧ΢ϯτͷఀࢭ͕ɺ ʮอक೿ͷҙݟͷݕӾʯͰ͋Δ എܠ 参考: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02195-3

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4 4PDJBM.FEJB1MBUGPSNͷޡ৘ใରࡦ΁ͷ൷൑ l ถࠃࡏॅͷఔ౓ͷਓ͕4PDJBM .FEJB1MBUGPSN͸޷·͘͠ͳ͍ ͱࢥ͏੓࣏తݟղΛҙਤతʹݕ Ӿ͢ΔՄೳੑ͕ߴ͍ͱߟ͑Δ l ถࠃࡏॅͷ൒਺Ҏ্͕1MBUGPSN ্ͷͲͷ౤ߘΛɺޡใͰ͋Δͱ ͍͏ϥϕϧ෇͚͕ద੾ʹͰ͖Δ ͱߟ͑ͳ͍ എܠ 参考: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/08/19/most- americans-think-social-media-sites-censor-political-viewpoints/

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5 4PDJBM.FEJB1MBUGPSNͷ൓Ԡ എܠ 参考: https://www.npr.org/2022/12/12/1142399312/twitter-trust- and-safety-council-elon-musk 参考: https://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/articles/2025-01- 07/SPQ165T0G1KW00

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6 ֓ཁ Differences in misinformation sharing can lead to politically asymmetric sanctions (Nature, 2024) Mohsen Mosleh, Qi Yang, Tauhid Zaman, Gordon Pennycook & David G. Rand l Mohsen Mosleh l 0YGPSEେֶ "TTJTUBOU1SPGFTTPS l ͜͜೥΄Ͳɺ-BTU"VUIPSͷ%BWJE(3BOEͱͷڞஶ͕ଟ͍ l ౘ೿ੑͱ'BLF/FXTͷؔ܎ʹ஫໨ͨ͠ݚڀ͕ଟ͍ l Nature 2021, Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online l PNAS 2021, Shared Partisanship Dramatically Increases Social Tie Formation in a Twitter Field Experiment l David G. Rand l .*5ͷ1SPGFTTPSɻ l ޡ৘ใݚڀͰ༗໊ͳਓ l ͲΜͳ࿦จʁ ιʔγϟϧϝσΟΞ্ʹ͓͍ͯɺҟͳΔ੓࣏తཱ৔ͷϢʔβʔؒͰͷޡ৘ใڞ༗ͷՄೳੑ͕Ͳͷఔ౓ҟͳΔͷ ͔ʁͦͯ͠ɺͦΕʹΑͬͯΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭ͕࣮ߦ͞ΕΔՄೳੑ͸Ͳͷఔ౓ҟͳΔͷ͔ʁ͜ͷ఺Λ໌Β͔ʹ͢Δͨ Ίɺ੓࣏తόΠΞεΛݮΒͨ͠υϝΠϯ͕৴པͰ͖Δ͔৴པͰ͖ͳ͍͔ͷσʔληοτʹج͍ͮͯݕূͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɺ อक೿੍͕ࡋͷର৅ʹͳΓ΍͍͢͜ͱΛσʔλͱγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ͔Βࣔͨ͠ɻ

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7 2ౘ೿ੑʹԠͯ͡ɺ౤ߘ͢Δ৘ใͷ৴པੑʹҧ͍ ͕͋Δͷ͔ʁ 2ౘ೿ੑʹԠͯ͡ɺΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭͷՄೳੑʹඇ ରশੑ͕͋Δ͔ʁ ४උ

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8 σʔληοτ ४උ l 5XJUUFS্Ͱͷ೥݄ʹถࠃେ౷ྖબڍʹؔ࿈͢Δ֦ࢄ͞Ε ͨϋογϡλάʢ7PUF#JEFO)BSSJT 5SVNQʣɺ ͦΕͧΕϢʔβͮͭແ࡞ҝʹநग़͠౤ߘΛऩू l औಘ͔Βϲ݄ޙʹɺϢʔβ͕5XJUUFS͔Β4VTQFOE͞Ε͔ͨऔಘ l υϝΠϯ৴པ౓σʔληοτ <> l ݸͷχϡʔευϝΠϯʢ.BJOTUSFBN "MUFSOBUJWF 'BLF/FXTʣʹର ͯ͠ϑΝΫτνΣοΧʔʹΑΔϨʔςΟϯά͕෇༩ [1] Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 2521–2526 (2019).

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9 σʔληοτ ४උ l ͭͷ4PDJBM.FEJBσʔληοτͱͭͷαʔϕΠௐࠪΛ༻͍ͨݕূ l 'BDFCPPL:PV(PW O <> l 5XJUUFS1SPMJGJD O O <> l 5XJUUFS'PMMPX&MJUFT O O O < VOQVCMJTIFE VOQVCMJTIFE> l 5XJUUFS4VSWFZ-VDJE O <> l 4VSWFZEBUBBCPVUTIBSJOHJOUFOUJPOTGPS$07*%DMBJNT<> [2] Guess, A., Nagler, J. & Tucker, J. Less than you think: prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Sci. Adv. 5, eaau4586 (2019). [3] Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G., Arechar, A. A. & Rand, D. G. Cognitive reflection correlates with behavior on Twitter. Nat. Commun. 12, 921 (2021). [4] Mosleh, M. & Rand, D. G. Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter. Nat. Commun. 13, 7144 (2022). [5] Ghezae, I. et al. Partisans neither expect nor receive reputational rewards for sharing falsehoods over truth online. PNAS Nexus 3, pgae287 (2024). [6] Arechar, A. A. et al. Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 1502–1513 (2023).

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10 ถࠃେ౷ྖબڍʹ͓͚Δౘ೿ੑͱڞ༗υϝΠϯͷؔ܎ ݁Ռ τϥϯϓࢯϢʔβ͕͕ΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭɺόΠσϯࢯϢʔβͷ ͕ΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭ υϝΠϯ৴པ౓σʔληοτ ݸͷχϡʔευϝΠϯ ʢ.BJOTUSFBN "MUFSOBUJWF 'BLF/FXTʣʹରͯ͠ϑΝΫτ νΣοΧʔʹΑΔϨʔςΟϯά ͕෇༩

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11 υϝΠϯ৴པ౓΍ϑΝΫτνΣοΫ΁ͷٙ໰ ٙ໰ ԿΛޡใ΍৴པͰ͖ͳ͍ͱ൑அ͢Δ͔͸ δϟʔφϦετ΍ϓϩͷϑΝΫτνΣο Χʔʹґଘ͍ͯ͠Δɻอक೿͕ΑΓଟ͘ͷ ৴པͰ͖ͳ͍υϝΠϯΛڞ༗͍ͯ͠Δ͜ͱ ͸ɺͦ΋ͦ΋ɺධՁऀ͕Ϧϕϥϧ೿ʹภͬ ͍ͯΔ͔ΒͳͷͰ͸ʁ

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12 υϝΠϯ৴པ౓σʔληοτͷ৽ͨͳείΞ෇͚ l ੓࣏తʹόϥϯεͷͱΕͨҰൠਓάϧʔϓถࠃࡏॅਓ l ࢀՃऀ͸ͦΕͧΕɺใಓػؔͷͦΕͧΕΛͲͷఔ౓৴པ͍ͯ͠Δ ͔ʢஈ֊ͷϦοΧʔτई౓ʣɺຽओౘڞ࿨ౘͷ৴པ౓΍੓࣏త ࢤ޲ʹج͍ͮͯɺ֤ใಓػؔͷ৴པ౓Λࢉग़ l OZUJNFTDPN GBDUDIFDLFS MBZQFSTPOSBUJOH l DCTOFXTDPN GBDUDIFDLFS MBZQFSTPOSBUJOH l ZPVSOFXTXJSFDPN GBDUDIFDLFS MBZQFSTPOSBUJOH l QBUSJPUQPTUVT GBDUDIFDLFS MBZQFSTPOSBUJOH l BNFSJDBOOFXTDPN GBDUDIFDLFS MBZQFSTPOSBUJOH ٙ໰

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13 ถࠃେ౷ྖબڍʹ͓͚Δౘ೿ੑͱڞ༗υϝΠϯͷؔ܎ ҰൠਓάϧʔϓͷϨʔτΛར༻ ݁Ռ ҰൠਓάϧʔϓͷϨʔτΛར༻ ڞ࿨ౘࢧ࣋ऀͷϨʔτͷΈΛར༻

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14 ଞσʔληοτʹΑΔౘ೿ੑͱڞ༗υϝΠϯͷؔ܎ ݁Ռ ڞ༗͞Εͨχϡʔεͷ࣭ͱอकੑͷؒʹ༗ҙͳ૬ؔ

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15 χϡʔεͷ࣭͸ΞΧ΢ϯτͷఀࢭΛઆ໌͢Δ͔ʁ ݁Ռ l ෳ਺ͷઆ໌ม਺͔ΒఀࢭΛ༧ଌ͢Δɺ 1SPCJUϞσϧ΍-PHJUϞσϧʹΑΔ ճؼϞσϧΛߏங l ੓࣏తࢤ޲͸༗ҙͰͳ͍͕ɺ࣭ͷ௿͍ χϡʔεͷڞ༗͸ΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭͱ༗ ҙͳ݁Ռ l #PU4DPSF΍౤ߘ਺΋༗ҙͳؔ܎

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16 ੓࣏తʹதཱͳΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ ݁Ռ l ࣭ͷ௿͍χϡʔεΛڞ༗ͨ͠ճ਺ʹ Ԡͯ͡ɺҰఆͷ֬཰ͰΞΧ΢ϯτ ఀࢭ͕࣮ߦ͞ΕΔ l τϥϯϓࢯͷϋογϡλάΛڞ༗ͨ͠ Ϣʔβʔ͸ɺόΠσϯࢯͷϋογϡλά Λڞ༗ͨ͠Ϣʔβʔͱൺֱͯ͠ഒ ଟ͘ར༻ఀࢭ

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17 ੓࣏తʹதཱͳΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭΛγϛϡϨʔγϣϯ ݁Ռ l #PUͷՄೳੑ͕͋Δ౤ߘʹԠͯ͡ɺ Ұఆͷ֬཰ͰΞΧ΢ϯτఀࢭ͕࣮ߦ ͞ΕΔ l τϥϯϓࢯͷϋογϡλάΛڞ༗ͨ͠ Ϣʔβʔ͸ɺόΠσϯࢯͷϋογϡλά Λڞ༗ͨ͠Ϣʔβʔͱൺֱͯ͠ഒ ଟ͘ར༻ఀࢭ

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18 ·ͱΊͳͲ l ϓϥοτϑΥʔϜͰࠩผతѻ͍͕ͳ͍৔߹Ͱ΋ɺ੍ࡋର৅ߦಈʹ ͓͚Δౘ೿తඇରশੑ͸ੜͯ͡͠·͍ɺอक೿͕ΑΓߴׂ͍߹Ͱ ఀࢭॲ෼Λड͚ΔࠩผతʹΈ͑Δ݁Ռʹͭͳ͕Δ l ޡ৘ใͷ֦ࢄΛݮΒ͢͜ͱͱɺ੓࣏తʹόϥϯεΛऔΔ͜ͱ͕τ ϨʔυΦϑ l อक೿͕৴པͷ௿͍υϝΠϯͷڞ༗Մೳੑ͕ߴ͍ͷ͸ɺͦͷΑ͏ ͳ৘ใʹࡽ͞ΕΔՄೳੑ͕ߴ͍͔Β͔ɺ৺ཧతʹى͜͠΍͍͔͢ ͸ෆ໌֬