Whose Work is it Anyway?

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Supporting European Aviation Whose Work is it Anyway? The Varieties of Human Work Steven Shorrock Chartered Psychologist | Chartered Human Factors & Ergonomics Specialist Network Manager Safety Unit 28 May 2019, Safeguard, Auckland, NZ

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Adapted from EUROCONTROL (2013). From Safety-I to Safety-II. A White Paper Safety-I Safety-II Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth Normal, routine, day-to-day performance: not well understood, generally ignored Exceptional performance: obvious internally, hard to see externally, gratefully accepted

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Adapted from EUROCONTROL (2013). From Safety-I to Safety-II. A White Paper <0.0001% 10-20% Commercial Aviation Healthcare Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth Normal, routine, day-to-day performance: not well understood, generally ignored Exceptional performance: obvious internally, hard to see externally, gratefully accepted

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Errors Violations Unsafe Acts Failures Root causes Deviations Non-compliance Carelessness Recklessness Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth

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PLAY CHAMPIONSHIP GOLF by Learning the Secrets of the Worst 20 Players in the World By J. Cleese

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? Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth Normal, routine, day-to-day performance: not well understood, generally ignored Exceptional performance: obvious internally, hard to see externally, gratefully accepted

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Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth Normal, routine, day-to-day performance: not well understood, generally ignored Exceptional performance: obvious internally, hard to see externally, gratefully accepted

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Effective-as-designed? Effective-as-operated? Accidents & incidents: obvious internally and externally, investigated in depth Normal, routine, day-to-day performance: not well understood, generally ignored Exceptional performance: obvious internally, hard to see externally, gratefully accepted

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/25wGrGQ

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/MYAVK4

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY 2.0 bit.ly/TVOHW www.humanisticsystems.com Work-as-Imagined

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY 2.0 bit.ly/TVOHW www.humanisticsystems.com Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Done

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY 2.0 bit.ly/TVOHW www.humanisticsystems.com Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Done

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Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY 2.0 bit.ly/TVOHW www.humanisticsystems.com

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http://bit.ly/TAOHW1 HUMAN WORK THE ARCHETYPES OF www.humanisticsystems.com Photo: NATS - UK air traffic control CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

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http://bit.ly/TAOHW1 Images: © Channel 4 (title adapted by Steven Shorrock for the purpose of pastiche) The Messy Reality Defunct Congruence Taboo Ignorance & Fantasy Projection P.R. & Subterfuge Implications?

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The Messy Reality http://bit.ly/TAOHW1 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where work-as-done is not as-prescribed Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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USE OF MODE S DURING LOSS OF FLIGHT DATA Image: © EUROCONTROL

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USE OF RADAR Image: © EUROCONTROL WITHOUT A LICENCE

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enter your presentation title 25 REQUEST FORMS RADIOLOGY

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enter your presentation title 26 HOSPITAL BEDS AND NURSE RATIOS Image: Mylene2401 Pixabay

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Congruence http://bit.ly/TAOHW2 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where work-as-done is as- prescribed. It may or may not be as-imagined by others. Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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PROCEDURES STANDARD OPERATING Image: Randomwire CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 http://flic.kr/p/7u6jhM

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& A RRIVA L RO U TES Image: Brennan Raj CC BY-SA 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/dpaHaK STAN D ARD D EPARTURE

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RISK MANAGEMENT

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CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION DO NOT ATTEMPT

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Taboo http://bit.ly/TAOHW3 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where work-as-done is not as-disclosed, nor usually as-prescribed, nor usually as-imagined by others? Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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enter your presentation title 34 PREPARING INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS Image: Nathan Forget CC BY 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/4m7Z9d

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Ignorance and Fantasy http://bit.ly/TAOHW4 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where current work-as-imagined is not as-done Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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THE NEW Photo: NATS UK Air Traffic Control CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/ouoeYr TOWER

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enter your presentation title 37 THE LIGHTING CIRCUIT Photo: LRD615 CC BY-SA 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/2kNCax

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enter your presentation title 38 WHO SURGICAL CHECKLIST

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Projection ? http://bit.ly/TAOHW5 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where future work-as-done was imagined. It may or may not be as-done Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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AFTER Photo: ResoluteSupportMedia CC BY 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/922V3P THE RUNWAY INCURSION

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NEVER EVENTS

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DUTY OF CANDOUR

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P.R. and Subterfuge http://bit.ly/TAOHW6 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where work-as-disclosed is not as-done Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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SAFETY AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Photo: Darren CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/f26Qci

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45 CLAB CHECKLISTS

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Defunct http://bit.ly/TAOHW7 www.humanisticsystems.com Tell me about a situation where work-as-prescribed is not as-done Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Prescribed Work-as-Disclosed Work-as-Done

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4/2 ENGINE PROCEDURES Photo: William Warby CC BY 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/8hDHDf

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enter your presentation title 48 Photo: Marco Verch CC BY 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/QPTp5h DEFUNCT PROCEDURES

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Image: Steven Shorrock CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/2bkA8HS

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What is it about your work that others (outside of your profession) might find surprising, but that might be interesting or relevant to them? Or… What might you be reluctant to tell them?

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Seven Friends of Explanation The [degraded] system Goal conflicts Work-as-done Trade-offs & adjustments Local rationality Interactions & patterns Strengths & assets http://bit.ly/SSFaF3 Image: Tim Caynes CC BY-NC 2.0 https://flic.kr/p/6BNpAf www.humanisticsystems.com

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[email protected] www.humanisticsystems.com

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