Capture the Flag: An Owner's Manual

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Capture the Flag An Owner’s Manual Vito Genovese USENIX Enigma, January 27, 2016

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What is CTF?

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Qualiﬁers May 20 through May 22 FREE FUN OMG wow

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Finals August 5 through August 7

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Best of the Best Quals >1400 teams Finals 15-20 teams Winner

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Best of the Best

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Engineer a Non-Frustrating Game

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Operate a Reliable Game

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Have the Empathy to Make the Game Fun

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Engineering

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Engineering Process 1. Deﬁne problem 2. Research 3. Decide requirements 4. Brainstorm solutions 5. Pick the best solution 6. Build it 7. See if it's good enough 8. Redo what’s not

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What kind of game? Jeopardy vs. Attack-defense

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No content

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Jeopardy is Easy Scoreboard Standalone challenges

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Jeopardy is Easy No complex networking No complex admin work (for players)

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Attack-Defense is Hard Complex network Sensitive to connectivity Teams host services? We host services? Slow services Unavailable services Superman defenses Metagaming

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Theming Banking Stuxnet Board Game Marijuana culture Money Laundering Botnet SCADA Wizardterrorism Generic hacker

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Theming web crypto forensics  reverse engineering programming shellcode

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Jeopardy Scoring SELECT t.id AS team_id, t.name AS team_name, SUM(c.points) AS score, MAX(s.created_at) AS last_solve FROM teams AS t INNER JOIN solutions AS s ON s.team_id = t.id INNER JOIN challenges AS c ON s.challenge_id = c.id WHERE team_id != 1 GROUP BY t.id ORDER BY score DESC, MAX(s.created_at) ASC, MAX(s.id) ASC

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Attack-Defense Scoring aww jeez

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Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot Shellphish

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Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot Shellphish deposit

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Shellphish Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot steal

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Shellphish Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot redeem

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Shellphish Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot availability okay availability check

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Shellphish Attack-Defense Game Flow PPP atmail scorebot failed availability ☠ ☠ can’t steal

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Attack-Defense Metagaming Any sufﬁciently complex game is metagameable

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Downtime vs. Being Hacked

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Reﬂection

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First Blood

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Attack-Defense Scoring Zero Sum Finite number of ﬂags Flags per-service

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Attack-Defense Scoring Can lose N-1 ﬂags to steals per round Stolen ﬂags split among stealers Remainders redistributed fairly

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Attack-Defense Scoring Downtime means lost steal opportunity Teams lose 2(N-1) ﬂags to downtime

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Attack-Defense Scoring Remainder and downtime ﬂags are the ﬂags of the people

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Science of Challenges • Think of cool bugs • Write bugs, tool to check vulnerability • Wrap ‘em in analysis surface • Write smoke test and health checks

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Art of Challenges The machine is your canvas and the only limit is ~your imagination~

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Art of Challenges Historic interest Uniqueness Inherent humor

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Challenges and Team Size Smaller teams don’t solve challenges slower Bigger teams can solve more challenges at once

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Challenges and Team Size Fewer and Harder Smaller and Smarter

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Challenges and Team Size

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Challenges and Operations Engineering great, fun, reliable challenges is the best ops improvement you can make.

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Operations

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CTF Operations The dream is for the organizing team to just party and be jerks to teams during the game

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CTF Operations “Is this down or broken?” “Is this actually exploitable?”

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CTF Operations It only has to work for a weekend

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CTF Operations Start on time by being ready early

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Jeopardy Operations Boston Key Party Servers $27 Quals 2013 Servers $284 Quals 2013 Booze $340

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Attack-Defense Operations

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Attack-Defense Operations

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Attack-Defense Operations We bring hardware to Vegas

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Bring Hardware Weird architectures

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Bring Hardware Teams don't want to bring hardware

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Bring Hardware Don’t trust the uplink

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Exceptions • Stratum Auhuur who trusted the uplink at cccamp • Also shout out to Shellﬁsh for bringing a server rack to compete at DEF CON

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Attack-Defense Operations

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Attack-Defense Dynamics

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Attack-Defense Dynamics Player time is a limited resource 1 shower 2 meals 3 hours of sleep

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Attack-Defense Dynamics 1. Player 1 solves Service A 2. Player 1 starts Service B 3. Service A’ is released 4. Player 1 has a choice

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Defecators & Ventilators Sometimes challenges break

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Defecators & Ventilators 10 hours / 1 Tester = 10 Hours 10 hours / 20 Teams = 30 Minutes 10 hours / 1000 Teams = 36 Seconds

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Defecators & Ventilators Perverse incentives

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Empathy

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Challenges and Empathy The game is for the players Players want good, fun, working challenges

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Empathy • We do it for the users/players/audience • picture of CLU goes here

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Empathy Run the game you want to play

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Empathy Don’t lie to players Deceive the players iff it makes the game more fun

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Frustration Trivia & Memes are hit or miss Think of non-US and non-English teams

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Guessing and Large Solution Spaces Writing a solver for a 28 solution space is fun Writing and paying for a 216 space isn't

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Preserve Player Agency No hints once a challenge has been solved Think carefully about force-unlocking Jeopardy challenges

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Preserve Player Enjoyment Force-unlock easy challenges for teams to learn from Force-unlock hard challenges early enough they'll be solvable

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Hacking Computers is Fun!

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Engineer a Non-Frustrating Game

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Operate a Reliable Game

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Have the Empathy to Make the Game Fun

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Qualiﬁers May 20 through May 22 https://legitbs.net/ FREE FUN OMG wow

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Thanks Vito Genovese [email protected] @vito_lbs GPG B07D616143CAA77B https://legitbs.net @legitbs_ctf