糕講堂：科學哲學

by 朱家安

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11/12 ㆹ㷸ㆹ㷸 ꧽ跗票㘧῔⦈ܾ㘪

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将虋捻ㆹ㷸⚺管 VEO뒊➃㛔SFBENPP㼠奌⡲㹻 Ⱇ鋕յꫭ僱涮鎊➃նⰟず⚺䭰➃ 劫㹻㸞

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䲿 ⣘

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$2500 ᯾ઊ࿜ 窞ᴻ禂ᵑ‧玕薹簡睈 $12 砺玈 ኞ ޸ ጱ 薹究 ො 礯

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৩ᚺ̻᪶⏧օⵊ ㉷ꂋ걧ꅦ鸤

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꤫榰뜿 ⚥姻ㆹ㷸禺⚺⟤ QIPUPWJB⚥儘ꨶ㶩㜡

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? ➊랃僽猰㷸猰㷸剤ㆭ❉暶䚍 ӎ 猰㷸僽㹐錚涸猰㷸灇瑖涸穡卓♶「⭆⧩錚䕧갠 ӎ 䨾剤〳⟃珖䖤♳僽猰㷸涸匌銯鿪⢪欽ず♧㤛倰岁锸 㥶卓♶僽欽鸏珏倰岁锸㽠♶僽猰㷸 ӎ 猰㷸騈皿ㄐ僤䏠ㆹ㷸䨔搭♶ず

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ߛډձʃ˃ɓৎદ̈ዚጵdምึ΋ौՑήࠦk ԭԢ౶εᅃjߛډਢdΪމࠠٙ؇Гદ੻ˢ༰Ҟf

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ԭԢ౶εᅃjߛډਢdΪމࠠٙ؇Гદ੻ˢ༰Ҟf Тлଫjԟν؈˼ࡁՇࡈ͜ᖬɿஹίɓৎdึܣᅵk દһҞ Ϊމ˼ࡁ዆ࡈ ᜊϓɓࡈһࠠ ٙ؇Гf દһ࿔ Ϊމߛډ஗ʃ ˃׮ଢ଼f દ൴࿔ Ϊމߛډ஗ʃ ˃ձᖬɿ׮ଢ଼f

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⚛♶僽䨾剤猰㷸鿪꨾銴竤뀿⡠阮搭罜竤뀿 涸⡠阮⣜搭僽鏪㢵猰㷸崞⹛涸ꅾ銴暶蒀 搭罜竤뀿溫涸〳⟃⡠阮猰㷸椚锸䧴⾲⵱㌨

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? ➊랃僽չ猰㷸铞僈պ 㝖芣㼭듙嵥㖈宐♳僽㔔捀㝖芣㼭듙涸㺙䏞嫲宐㼭 㝖芣㼭듙嵥㖈宐♳僽㔔捀㖒椕僽㕩涸

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$"3- )&.1&-

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鋊䖒怵糋垸䒭%/NPEFM 猰㷸铞僈涸♧珏垸䒭僽 ˙兜麒⾲⵱꘮凐ꪫ㖈瑠孵⚥剚欰ꗄ ˙⯓遤哭⟝꘮凐ꪫ㖈瑠孵⚥ ˙穡锸㔔姽꘮欰ꗄ A 㥪涸猰㷸铞僈䗳갭 ˙齅鱀♳剤佪 ˙兜麒⾲⵱「ⵌ넞䏞뀿阮 ˙⯓遤哭⟝捀溫

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蕰㺙䏞嫲宐㼭涸匌銯鄄䫏Ⰵ宐酭㸐剚嵥㖈宐♳ 㝖芣㼭듙涸㺙䏞嫲宐㼭 㝖芣㼭듙鄄䫏Ⰵ宐酭 㔔姽㝖芣㼭듙嵥㖈宐♳ 㝖芣㼭듙嵥㖈宐♳僽㔔捀㝖芣㼭듙涸㺙䏞嫲宐㼭 兜麒㹁䖒 ⯓遤哭⟝ 穡锸㝖芣㼭듙嵥㖈宐♳ 僽㔔捀㖒椕僽㕩涸

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呏亙鋊䖒怵糋垸䒭醢鸤猰㷸铞僈涸倰䒭⛓♧僽 䪪ⵌ「ⵌ넞䏞뀿阮涸兜麒⾲⵱ 䪪ⵌ⯓遤哭⟝ 雊兜麒⾲⵱ㄤ⯓遤哭⟝⸈饱⢵〳⟃齅鱀㖒䲀㼬 ⴀ穡锸

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䨾剤㇄✌겳鿪㇄✌ 듙㏠桊♶㇄✌ 㔔姽듙㏠桊♶僽㇄✌겳

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䨾剤㇄✌겳鿪㇄✌ 듙㏠桊㇄✌ 㔔姽듙㏠桊僽㇄✌겳 〫剤㇄✌겳剚㇄✌ 듙㏠桊㇄✌ 㔔姽듙㏠桊僽㇄✌겳 猰㷸铞僈꨾銴痘ざ齅鱀銴宠

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ꡠ倴錬䏞涸侸㷸Ⱇ䒭 疊䕧Ꟁ僽Y ꤿ⯕Ⰵ㼙錬僽Z 㔔姽偫疊Ꟁ僽[ ꡠ倴錬䏞涸侸㷸Ⱇ䒭 偫疊Ꟁ僽Y ꤿ⯕Ⰵ㼙錬僽Z 㔔姽疊䕧Ꟁ僽[ 偫疊㉏겗곏爚✫%/NPEFM涸㹁纏剤럊㻫논

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䖰偫疊㉏겗〳⟃溏ⴀ猰㷸椚锸穡圓涸齅鱀⻋⚛♶矦㋲䌢剤䠑䟝♶ⵌ涸㉏겗

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娝秝岁JOEVDUJPO 䖰剤ꣳ涸뀿阮⢿䲀锸兜麒⾲⵱ FY娜〷♳鎹鯺涸䨾剤捦뒪鿪僽랱涸䧮鸏鰳㶩溏麕涸䨾剤捦뒪⛳鿪僽랱涸䨾⟃捦뒪 鿪僽랱涸 A

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%"7*% )6.& ♧⦐⽫韍Ⰽ⦐⽫韍♲⦐⽫韍

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? 窍㹁♧⦐兜麒⾲⵱ㆭ❉匌銯皿僽㸐涸뀿阮⢿ T 䨾剤捦뒪鿪僽랱蒀涸灇瑖猰㷸椚锸涸齅鱀穡圓㽠皿♶盘)VNF⣜搭䖤贖椚Ⱖ➮㉏겗⢿㥶

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〢Ⱙ鶤鑂齅鱀STUPSEFSMPHJD ̫Y#Y 㼩䨾剤Y⢵铞Y僽랱蒀涸䨾剤匌銯鿪僽랱蒀涸 ̭Y#Y 㼩♧❉Y⢵铞Y僽랱蒀涸剤❉匌銯僽랱蒀涸 #B B僽랱蒀涸 B僽랱蒀涸 &B B㶸㖈 B㶸㖈 OPU&B B♶㶸㖈 B♶㶸㖈

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㽳〳钢捀䨾剤兜麒㹁䖒鿪〳⟃鄄缺陼䧭齅鱀铃鎊罜⚂㸐⦛鿪〳⟃鄄邍麨䧭 ̫Y1Y 2Y Y僽㘍湬䳄倴㖒꬗涸偫疊疊Ꟁ 捀Bꤿ⯕Ⰵ㼙錬捀C Y涸疊䕧Ꟁ捀D 䧮⦛⼱㼭儘⵹欽涸侸㷸㹁䖒 Y僽岙㖈宐酭涸꘮ Y剚欰ꗄ ꘮欰ꗄ涸㹁䖒 Y㺙䏞嫲宐㼭Y鄄䫏Ⰵ宐酭 Y嵥㖈宐꬗♳ 怔嵥㹁䖒

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㖈〢Ⱙ鶤鑂齅鱀䏁♴չ䨾剤捦뒪鿪僽랱涸պ剚鄄缺陼䧭 Y僽捦뒪 Y僽랱涸 ̫Y3Y #Y

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㖈〢Ⱙ鶤鑂齅鱀䏁♴չ䨾剤捦뒪鿪僽랱涸պ剚鄄缺陼䧭 Y僽捦뒪 Y僽랱涸 ̫Y3Y #Y Y♶僽랱涸 Y♶僽捦뒪 ̫Y_#Y _3Y

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? 䙦랃鳵 捦뒪䜿锸SBWFOQBSBEPY 闍宠礶焷涸齅鱀期ㆹ㷸㹻䖃䖃䋞劆䪾椚锸⻋秉䧭齅鱀⡎㥶卓䧮⦛䪾猰㷸⾲⵱⻋秉䧭〢Ⱙ鶤鑂齅鱀㽠剚焥ⵌ捦뒪䜿锸չꆄ 蒀걧녋涸繡㕜籏窡պ〳⟃佅䭰չ䨾剤捦뒪鿪僽랱涸պ A

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$"3- )&.1&- “ ”

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? 猰㷸騈⩝猰㷸涸䊴ⴽ㖈ㆭ酭

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᫣ӥᯒനⅾ㗩ᓂᲿⲆ 剤➃铞猰㷸涸暶蒀僽㼦䪪չ뀿阮⢿պ ⡎僽⩝猰㷸涸暶蒀㽠僽怏㖒鿪僽뀿阮⢿㉇㔣

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,"3- 1011&3 “ ”

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岚兜䨾剤猰㷸椚锸鿪僽㖈չ犝姺厥❉✲պ

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岚兜䨾剤猰㷸椚锸鿪僽㖈չ犝姺厥❉✲պ ⯓遤哭⟝ 穡锸㺙䏞嫲宐㼭涸 Y鄄䫏Ⰵ宐⚥ Y嵥㖈宐♳ 뀿阮⢿ ⿾⢿

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岚兜猰㷸㹻鷆宠չ〳や阮玑䏞պ넞涸椚锸 ꋜ銴㎹腋㼬ꨶ 銴㎹腋㼬攨 ꋜ腋㼬ꨶ ꋜ銴㎹腋㼬ꨶ 銴㎹♶腋㼬ꨶ X̺

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悴㖈や阮罏QPUFOUJBMGBMTJFST ㄤ椚锸5✽湱遼瑳涸ㄐ겗㽠僽5涸悴㖈や阮罏岚兜钢捀猰㷸㻜뀿涸⚺銴湡涸⛓♧ 僽㼦䪪䧭用涸悴㖈や阮罏 乩剤馊㢵悴㖈や阮罏涸椚锸〳や阮玑䏞⛳ 馊넞 A

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? ✲㻜♳猰㷸㹻剚㗞搭䱺「や阮㌨

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殹儘涸㣔俒㷸㹻 䧮⦛㥪⫹溏鋅剤㿋剤靽⡎剢椕Ⱖ㻜 ⣜莍僽⦐廂㕩涸椕 넓〫♶麕㸐䨾剤 ⳾ꤴ涸㖒倰鿪鄄鷴僈涸兪넓㞅酢✫

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⫄铞⚥⡄ⵄ殜㔐䥰䧮⦛劢錚㻌ⵌ剢椕尝剤♶鋊⵱涸鷴僈穡兪 㔔姽剢椕♳剤♶鋊⵱涸鷴僈穡兪剢椕♶ 僽廂㕩涸 㣔俒㷸㹻涸锸阮䧮⦛劢錚㻌ⵌ剢椕涸㿋靽尝鄄鷴僈穡兪㞅怏 㔔姽剢椕涸㿋靽剤鄄鷴僈穡兪㞅怏

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暶醢⧺铞BEIPDIZQPUIFTJT 捀✫鼚Ꟛ暶㹁涸⿾⢿罜暶ⴽ鏤縨涸⧺鏤 A ⛳㽠僽铞㥶卓♶罌䣂鑪⿾⢿鑪⧺铞㸤 僽䤊瑠髣ⴀ⢵涸

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⚆私涸Ⱖ➮➃㥶卓傈䗱铞僽溫涸㖒椕㽠姻㖈䘰鸠獵⹛⚥ 齡랃䖰넞㝝♳䱈衆涸暟ㅷ䥰鑪剚䱈㖈ꨆ㝝䖎黇涸㖒倰 ㆥ涯㽳鸏僽㔔捀瑠孵鸮⹛ ⡄ⵄ殜鸏僽㔔捀䢫䚍

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˙ 猰㷸椚锸〳腋䖰竤뀿♳鄄䲀缺⛳〳腋䖰嚌䙂 ♳鄄䲀缺 ˙ 齅鱀䕎䒭⻋涸➿⭆䖎㣐⡎僽鸏㽠僽䪾鑨铞幢嘽涸➿⭆ ˙ 呏亙岚兜㥪涸猰㷸㹻僽䫐. 8IBU:PV-FBSO5PEBZ