質とスピード（2020春版） / Quality and Speed 2020 Spring Edition

by Takuto Wada

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࣭ͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 'FC !%FWFMPQFST4VNNJU #devsumiB ʢय़όʔδϣϯʣ

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t-wada t_wada twada #devsumiB ΑΖ͓͘͠ئ͍͠·͢

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ߥͿΔ࢛ఱԦ͕͋ΒΘΕͨʂ ༩͑ΒΕͨ࣌ؒʹରͯ͠΍Δ΂͖͜ͱ͕ଟ͗͢Δ৔߹ɺͲ͏͢΂͖͔ B είʔϓΛ࡟Δ C ΋ͬͱਓΛ૿΍͢ D ϦϦʔε೔ΛԆظ͢Δ E ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δ ʰΞδϟΠϧαϜϥΠʱQ

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w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wதظతʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ

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ͦ΋ͦ΋ ͜͜Ͱ͍͏ ʮ඼࣭ʯͱ͸ʁ

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l඼࣭ͱ͸୭͔ʹͱͬ ͯͷՁ஋Ͱ͋Δz (FSBME8FJOCFSH IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ9

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Accessibility Adaptability Administrability Analyzability Auditability Availability Calibrability Changeability Compatibility Configurability Exploitability Extensibility Flexibility Functionality Installability Integrability Internationalizab ility Interoperability Learnability Maintainability Marketability Maturity Modifiability Operability Personalizability Portability Recoverability Reliability Replaceability Reusability Scalability Security Sensitivity Stability Suitability Supportability Testability Traceability Transactionality Understandability Upgradeability Usability ... and lots more! JMJUJFT

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IUUQTXXXKVTFPSKQEFQBSUNFOUBMQPJOUIUNM ङ໺Ϟσϧ

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ʢ͓٬༷͔Βʣݟ͑Δ඼࣭ͱݟ͑ͳ͍඼࣭ w֎෦඼࣭ͱ಺෦඼࣭ wར༻࣌ͷ඼࣭ͱ੡඼඼࣭ wػೳཁ݅ͱඇػೳཁ݅

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ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ඼࣭Λ֎෦ࢦඪͰಛ௃͚ͮΔਓ͸ଟ͍ɻਖ਼͍͜͠ͱΛ͢ Δɺόά͕ͳ͍ɺ଎͍ɺͳͲͩɻ͕ͩɺͦΕΒ͸ΑΓਂ͍ݪҼͷ঱ঢ়ʹ ͗͢ͳ͍ɻ ຊॻͰઆ໌͢Διϑτ΢ΣΞͷ඼࣭͸಺෦඼࣭Ͱ͋Δɻ಺෦඼࣭Λ࡞Γ ࠐΜͩ݁Ռͱͯ͠ɺ֎෦඼࣭ͱͯ͠ఆٛ͞ΕΔಛੑͷ࣮ݱʹۙͮ͘͜ͱ ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ಺෦඼࣭͸݁ՌͰ͸ͳ͘ݪҼͰ͋Γɺྑ͍ιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕උ ͍͑ͯΔ΂͖΋ͷͩɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQ

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External Quality: Correctness, Usability, Efficiency, Reliability, Integrity, Adaptability, Accuracy, Robustness Internal Quality: Maintainability, Flexibility, Portability, Re-usability, Readability, Testability, Understandability ֎෦඼࣭ͱ಺෦඼࣭

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࣭ͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 'FC !%FWFMPQFST4VNNJU #devsumiB

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಺෦඼࣭ͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 'FC !%FWFMPQFST4VNNJU #devsumiB

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Ͱ͸ͲͷΑ͏ͳ ɹ಺෦඼࣭Λ ٘ਜ਼ʹ๋͛ͨͷ͔

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Joseph P. Cavano and James A. McCall. A framework for the measurement of software quality. In software quality assurance workshop on Functional and performance issues, pages 133–139, 1978. https://www.thomasalspaugh.org/pub/fnd/ility.html $BWBOPBOE.D$BMM`T2VBMJUZ'BDUPST

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อकੑ Maintainability

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#PFIN #SPXO BOE-JQPXT2VBMJUZ$IBSBDUFSJTUJDT IUUQTXXXUIPNBTBMTQBVHIPSHQVCGOEJMJUZIUNM

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#PFIN #SPXO BOE-JQPXT2VBMJUZ$IBSBDUFSJTUJDT IUUQTXXXUIPNBTBMTQBVHIPSHQVCGOEJMJUZIUNM

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.BJOUBJOBCJMJUZʢอकੑʣΛߏ੒͢Δ΋ͷ w5FTUBCJMJUZςετ༰қੑ w6OEFSTUBOEBCJMJUZཧղ༰қੑ w.PEJpBCJMJUZมߋ༰қੑ

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಺෦඼࣭ͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 'FC !%FWFMPQFST4VNNJU #devsumiB

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อकੑͱεϐʔυ ࿨ా୎ਓ !U@XBEB 'FC !%FWFMPQFST4VNNJU #devsumiB

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อकੑΛ ٘ਜ਼ʹ๋͛Δͱ Ͳ͏ͳΔ͔

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ʮ͋ͱͰΫϦʔϯʹ͢Ε͹͍͍Αɻઌʹࢢ৔ʹग़͞ͳ͚Ε͹ʂʯ ։ൃऀ͸ͦ͏΍͍ͬͯͭ΋͝·͔͢ɻ͕ͩɺ͋ͱͰΫϦʔϯʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ͳ ͍ɻࢢ৔͔ΒͷϓϨογϟʔ͸ࢭ·Βͳ͍͔Βͩɻʮઌʹࢢ৔ʹग़͞ͳ͚ Ε͹ʯͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ɺޙΖʹڝ߹ଞ͕ࣾେ੎͍Δͱ͍͏͜ͱͰ͋Δɻڝ߹ ଞࣾʹ௥͍ൈ͔Εͳ͍ͨΊʹ͸ɺ͜Ε͔Β΋૸Γଓ͚Δ͔͠ͳ͍ɻ ͦͷ݁Ռɺ։ൃऀ͸ϞʔυΛ੾Γସ͑Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻ࣍ͷػೳɺ·ͨ ࣍ͷػೳɺ·ͨ·ͨ࣍ͷػೳΛ௥Ճ͢Δ͜ͱʹͳΓɺίʔυΛΫϦʔϯʹ ͢Δ͜ͱ·Ͱख͕ճΒͳ͍ɻ ͦͯ͠ɺ่յ͕࢝·Δɻੜ࢈ੑ͕θϩʹ͍͍ۙͮͯ͘ɻ ʰ$MFBO"SDIJUFDUVSFʱQ

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ݱ৔͔ΒͷதܧͰ͢

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ർฐ͖ͬͨ͠ݱ৔

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IUUQTXXXqJDLSDPNQIPUPTPLJOBXBTPCB ߥΈ͖ͬͨίʔυ

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ര஄ॲཧͷΑ͏ͳϦϦʔε

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNOFLPZBTUBUVT

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IUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNBSUJDMFTJTRVBMJUZXPSUIDPTUIUNM อकੑͷ௿͞ʢ㲈ٕज़తෛ࠴ʣ͕΋ͨΒ͢΋ͷ ͻͱͭͻͱͭͷมߋʹ ༨ܭͳ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔ

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อकੑΛ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wதظతʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ

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Ͱ͸ εϐʔυΛམͱͤ͹ อकੑ͸্͕Δʁ

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNWPMVOUBTTUBUVT

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IUUQTPTBIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ ٕज़ྗͷ͋Δਓ͸͋Δఔ౓ٸ͍Ͱ࡞ͬͨͱͯ͠΋Ұఆ Ҏ্ͷ඼࣭ͷίʔυΛॻ͘͠ɺҙਤతʹ඼࣭Λམͱ͠ ͨͱͯ͠΋଎౓͸͋·Γ্͕Βͳ͍ɻ ٯʹɺٕज़ྗ͕ߴ͘ͳ͍ਓ͕࣌ؒΛ͔͚ͯ࡞ͬͨͱ͠ ͯ΋ͦͷਓͷٕज़ྗҎ্ͷ඼࣭ͷίʔυ͸ॻ͚ͳ͍ɻ

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ܦӦతͳཁٻʹ߹Θͤͯɺ༩͑ΒΕͨ։ൃظ͔ؒΒॊೈʹԚ͞ͱ଎͞Λબ୒͢Δͱ͍͏Α͏ ͳث༻ͳܳ౰͸΄ͱΜͲෆՄೳͩͱ͍͑·͢ɻ͜Ε͸ɺۃΊͯجૅతͳͱ͜ΖͰ͋Ε͹ଟগ ͸Ͱ͖Δ͔΋͠Ε·ͤΜ͕ɺ࣮ࡍʹ͸ɺιʔείʔυ͕Ԛͯ͘஗͍ਓ΋͍Ε͹ɺ៉ྷͰ଎͍ ਓ΋ଟ͍͘·͢ɻ ʰΤϯδχΞϦϯά૊৫࿦΁ͷট଴ʱQ ΫΠοΫμʔςΟͷਆ࿩

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ͭ·Γ τϨʔυΦϑͰ͸ͳ͍

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNLBU[DIBOHTUBUVT

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1IJMJQ$SPTCZ2VBMJUZJT'SFF඼࣭Ξοϓ͸ίετΞοϓ͔μ΢ϯ͔ ίετΞοϓઆ ίετμ΢ϯઆ

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IUUQTTQFBLFSEFDLDPNTIJNBTIJNBTUBSURVBMJUZSFBMGSFFDBNQBJHO 2VBMJUZJT'SFF㲈඼࣭࣮࣭ແྉ

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࣭ อकੑ εϐʔυ యܕతͳޡղ നؙ෇͖໼ҹෛͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ͸ݮΔɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ͸૿͑Δ

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඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δͷ͸ɺޮՌతͳίϯτϩʔϧํ๏Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ඼࣭ ͸੍ޚม਺Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ ௿඼࣭Λड͚ೖΕΔ͜ͱͰɺϓϩδΣΫτ͕଎͘ͳΔ͜ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ ߴ඼࣭Λཁٻ͢Δ͜ͱͰɺϓϩδΣΫτ͕஗͘ͳΔ͜ͱ΋ͳ͍ɻ Ή͠Ζ඼࣭ΛߴΊΔ͜ͱͰɺσϦόϦʔ͕ߴ଎ʹͳΔ͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ɻ ඼࣭ج४ΛԼ͛ͯ͠·͏ͱɺσϦόϦʔ͕஗͘ͳΓɺ ༧ଌͰ͖ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠·͏ɻ ʰΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯάʱQ

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ઌ΄Ͳͷ։ൃऀͷ͝·͔͠͸ɺ่յͨ͠ίʔυΛॻ͚͹௕ظతʹ͸஗͘ͳ Δ΋ͷͷɺ୹ظతʹ͸଎౓্͕͕Δͱ͍͏ߟ͑ํʹ΋ͱ͍͍ͮͯΔɻ ͜ͷ͜ͱΛ৴͍ͯ͡Δ։ൃऀ͸ɺ่յͨ͠ίʔυΛॻ͘Ϟʔυ͔Βɺ ͍ͣΕͲ͔͜ͰΫϦʔϯʹ͢ΔϞʔυʹ੾ΓସΘΕΔɺͱ͍͏ ʢ΢αΪͱΧϝͷʣ΢αΪͷΑ͏ͳࣗ৴Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔɻ ͕ͩɺͦΕ͸ࣄ࣮ޡೝͰ͋Δɻ ࣄ࣮͸ɺ୹ظతʹ΋௕ظతʹ΋ɺ่յͨ͠ίʔυΛॻ͘΄͏͕ ΫϦʔϯͳίʔυΛॻ͘ΑΓ΋ৗʹ஗͍ɻ ʰ$MFBO"SDIJUFDUVSFʱQQ

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୹ظతʹ΋௕ظతʹ΋ɺ ่յͨ͠ίʔυΛॻ͘΄͏͕ ΫϦʔϯͳίʔυΛॻ͘ΑΓ΋ ৗʹ஗͍ɻ #PC.BSUJO ʰ$MFBO"SDIJUFDUVSFʱQ

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࠷ߴͷ։ൃऀ͕͍ͪ͹Μ͖Ε͍޷͖ͳ։ൃऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱʹؾͮ ͍ͨͱ͖ɺࢲ͸ͼͬ͘Γͨ͠ɻ଎͍ϓϩάϥϚʔ͸ࡶͳϓϩά ϥϚʔͩͱࢥ͍͔ͬͯͨΒͩɻ ͕ͩɺ࣮ࡍ͸ਖ਼൓ରͩͬͨɻࢲ͕ձͬͨதͰ࠷଎ͷϓϩάϥ Ϛʔ͸ɺίʔυΛѻ͍΍͍͢Α͏ʹอͭ͜ͱʹಛʹ஫ҙΛ෷ͬ ͍ͯͨɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQ

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ίʔυΛॻ͘଎͞ͱίʔυͷ͖Ε͍͞ʹؔ࿈͕͋Δͱೝࣝͨ͠ ͋ͱͰ΋ɺࢲ͸ͦͷͭͷ͍͋ͩͷҼՌؔ܎Λݟ͚ͭΔͷʹ࣌ ؒΛཁͨ͠ɻ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮʹ΋ؔΘΒͣʯ଎͍ͷͰ͸ͳ ͍ɻίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮ͔Βͦ͜ʯ଎͍ͷͩɻ ͜ͷ͜ͱΛཧղͨ͠Βɺιϑτ΢ΣΞ։ൃʹର͢Δ ݟํ͕มΘͬͨɻ ʰϨΨγʔίʔυ͔Βͷ୤٫ʱQQ

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࣭ อकੑ εϐʔυ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͔ͨ͠Β଎͍ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ നؙ෇͖໼ҹෛͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ͸ݮΔɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ͸૿͑Δ

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࣭ อकੑ εϐʔυ ίʔυͷ඼࣭Λߴ͘อ͍ͬͯͨʮ͔Βͦ͜ʯ଎͍ ໼ҹਖ਼ͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ΋૿͑Δɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ΋ݮΔ

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Ͱ͸ εϐʔυ͔Β࣭΁ͷ Өڹ͸Ͳ͏͔

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࣭ อकੑ εϐʔυ Ͱ͸εϐʔυ͔Β࣭ อकੑ ΁ͷӨڹ͸Ͳ͏͔

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඼࣭͸ѱ͍ͱجຊతʹख໭ΓΛੜΉͷͰ଎౓ʹ௓ͶฦΔɻख໭ͬͯ Δ࣌ؒ͸ֶͼΛ͏·ͳ͍࣌ؒɻ඼࣭ΛԼ͛Δͱ͍͏൑அ͸ֶͼͷ଎ ౓௿ԼΛڐ༰͢Δͱ͜ͱɻ ैདྷͷమ൘ ͩͱޡղ͞Ε͍ͯͨ ͩͬͨ඼࣭ͯͯ͢଎౓͋͛Α͏͸ ඼࣭͸ྼԽ͢Ε͹ख໭Γ͕ൃੜ͢Δ͚ͩͰɺ݁ہ͸ϦʔυλΠϜͷ ૿Ճʹ௓ͶฦΔͷͰ΍Ί·͠ΐ͏ɻ ඼࣭͸ྼԽ͢Ε͹ϦʔυλΠϜͷ૿Ճʹ௓ͶฦΔ IUUQJLFZIBUFCMPKQFOUSZ

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ϦʔυλΠϜ͕૿Ճ͢ΔͱԾઆݕূϓϩηε͕ճΒͳ͍ IUUQJLFZIBUFCMPKQFOUSZ

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ͭͷΩʔϝτϦΫε wϦʔυλΠϜ wσϓϩΠස౓ w.553 ฏۉम෮࣌ؒ wมߋࣦഊ཰ IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ

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ຊ౰ͷؔ܎

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ຊ౰ͷؔ܎ɹ w಺෦඼࣭͕εϐʔυΛੜΈ wεϐʔυֶ͕ͼͷϧʔϓΛੜΈ wֶͼͷϧʔϓ͕֎෦඼࣭ΛੜΈ w֎෦඼࣭͕ڝ૪ྗΛੜΈ wڝ૪ྗ͕ച্ΛੜΈ wച্͕಺෦඼࣭ΛҭΉ

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࣭ εϐʔυ ຊ౰ͷؔ܎ɹ ໼ҹਖ਼ͷ઀ଓࠜݩ͕૿͑Ε͹ઌ΋૿͑Δɻࠜݩ͕ݮΕ͹ઌ΋ݮΔ

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ʮ࣭WTεϐʔυʯͱ͍͏֓೦͸ࠜຊతʹؒҧ͍ͬͯΔͱࢥ͏ɻ ͩͬͯૉૣ͘։ൃΛ͠ͳͯ͘͸؀ڥɺ͋Δ͍͸ࣗ෼ͷ؀ڥͷཧղͷม Խʹιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕͍ͭͯ͜Εͣɺιϑτ΢ΣΞ͕ղܾ͢΂͖໰୊͕ ղܾͰ͖ͳ͘ͳΓɺඞવతʹ࣭͕མͪͯ͠·͏ɻ ٯʹɺ࣭ͷߴ͍ιϑτ΢ΣΞΛॻ͔ͳͯ͘͸ɺͳʹ͔͋Δ౓ʹΠϯϑ ϥ่͕յ͠ɺૉૣ͘։ൃΛ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳͬͯ͠·͏ɻΠϯϑ ϥͷ่յ͸ɺ΍ΔؾΛ࡟͙ͷͰಛʹ͕ͨͪѱ͍ɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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࣭WTεϐʔυͱ͍͏ೋ཯എ൓ͷؔ܎͸ɺ ہॴతͳ΋ͷͰ͔͠ͳ͍ɻ େҬతʹ͸ɺยํΛ٘ਜ਼ʹͨ͠৔߹ɺ஌ Β͵͏ͪʹ΋͏Ұͭ΋٘ਜ਼ʹ͍ͯ͠Δͱ ͍͏͜ͱΛ͓๨Εͳ͘ɻ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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Ͳ͏΍ͬͯݸਓͷ࣭ Λ্͛Δͷ͔

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ιϑτ΢ΣΞͷ։ൃʹ࠷ॳ͔Β࠷ޙ·ͰؔΘΔͱ͍͏ܦݧ͸ͱͯ΋وॏ ͩͬͨΜ͡Όͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻͳͥͳΒɺϓϩδΣΫτ։࢝࣌ͷμϝͳσβ Πϯͷͬ͠΃ฦ͠ΛɺޙͰࣗ෼ͰϞϩʹड͚Δ͔Βͩɻ Ұ൪ॏཁͰҰ൪΍͔͍ͬͳεΩϧ͸γεςϜΛઃܭ͢ΔͨΊͷ൑அྗͩɻ ͜ͷʮ൑அྗʯ͸ɺϓϩάϥϚʔʹͱͬͯඇৗʹॏཁͳͷ͕ͩɺͦ͏؆୯ ʹڭ͑ΒΕΔ΋ͷͰ΋ͳ͍ɻ΅͕͘஌ΔݶΓɺ൑அྗΛ͚ͭΔ Ұ൪ͷํ๏͸ɺࣗ෼Ͱઃܭͨ͠γεςϜΛ௕͍ؒϝϯς͢Δ ͜ͱͩͱࢥ͏ IUUQTLOPIKQBOTXFSTEDB

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಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷ ଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ ͍ͭདྷΔͷ͔

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ςετࣗಈԽͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ʮճʯ IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ ͓ΑͦճͰ खಈςετͱࣗಈԽ͞Εͨςετͷ ίετ͕ٯస͢Δ

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IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ "1IJMPTPQIZPG4PGUXBSF%FTJHO good design eventually pays for itself, and sooner than you might think.

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಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ ೥ޙͱ͔Ͱ͸ͳ͘ ϲ݄Ҏ಺ʹݱΕΔ IUUQTNBSUJOGPXMFSDPNBSUJDMFTJTRVBMJUZXPSUIDPTUIUNM ಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ϲ݄Ҏ಺ʹݱΕΔ

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w୹ظతʹ͸ಘΒΕΔ wϲ݄ޙʹ͸ٯޮՌʹͳΔ w௕ظతʹ͸க໋ইʹͳΔ อकੑΛ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Ε͹εϐʔυ͸ಘΒΕΔʁ ϲ݄Ҏ಺Ͱ͋Ε͹ɺ಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷडӹऀ͸ࣗ෼ͨͪࣗ਎ Ͱ͋Γɺͭ·Γಓಙ΍ᛗዟͷ࿩Ͱ͸ͳ͘ଛಘͷ࿩Ͱ͋Δ

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ߥͿΔ࢛ఱԦ͸είʔϓΛ࡟Ε ༩͑ΒΕͨ࣌ؒʹରͯ͠΍Δ΂͖͜ͱ͕ଟ͗͢Δ৔߹ɺͲ͏͢΂͖͔ B είʔϓΛ࡟Δ C ΋ͬͱਓΛ૿΍͢ D ϦϦʔε೔ΛԆظ͢Δ E ඼࣭Λ٘ਜ਼ʹ͢Δ ʰΞδϟΠϧαϜϥΠʱQ

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Ͱ͸εϐʔυ͓Αͼ࣭͸ ԿͱτϨʔυΦϑͳͷ͔

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IUUQTCIBUFOBOFKQFOUSZTTQFBLFSEFDLDPNUXBEBRVBMJUZBOETQFFE Ͱ͸εϐʔυͱ࣭͸ԿͱτϨʔυΦϑͳͷ͔࣍ੈ୅΁ͷڭҭɺ৽ٕज़ͷௐࠪɺଟ༷ੑͷ֬อ

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IUUQTPTBIBUFOBCMPHDPNFOUSZ Ͱ͸ɺ඼࣭ͱ଎౓ʹ͍ͭͯͷτϨʔυΦϑ͕ҙࣝ͞ΕΔ ͱ͖ɺ࣮ࡍʹ͸ԿͱԿ͕ṝʹ͔͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔͷ͔ɻ ͦΕ͸֤ݸਓͰ͸ͳ͘ϓϩμΫτશମͷ඼࣭ͱ଎౓͕ṝ ʹ͔͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ɻݴ͍׵͑Ε͹ɺϓϩμ Ϋτͷ඼࣭Λࢧ͑ΔͨΊʹඞཁͳϝϯόʔͷ੒௕ͱͦͷ ੒௕ͷͨΊʹඞཁͳϑΟʔυόοΫ΍ֶशͷ͕࣌ؒṝʹ ͔͚ΒΕ͍ͯΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥ͏ɻ

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͝ਗ਼ௌ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠ w ʮ඼࣭ͱεϐʔυ͸τϨʔυΦϑͷؔ܎ʹ͋Δʯ͸େ͖ͳޡղ w ʮ඼࣭ʯͷ໊ͷ΋ͱʹ٘ਜ਼ʹ͞ΕΔͷ͸಺෦඼࣭ͷಛʹอकੑ ʢςετ༰қੑɺཧղ༰қੑɺมߋ༰қੑʣ w ࣮ࡍʹ͸อकੑΛߴΊΕ͹εϐʔυ͸্͕Δ͠ɺอकੑΛམͱͤ͹ εϐʔυ͸Լ͕Δ w εϐʔυΛམͱͯ͠΋อकੑ͸্͕Βͳ͍͠ɺεϐʔυΛམͱ͢ͱԾઆݕ ূϓϩηε͕ճΒͳ͍ w ಺෦඼࣭΁ͷ౤ࢿͷଛӹ෼ذ఺͸ҙ֎ͱૣ͘ ϲ݄Ҏ಺ ΍ͬͯ͘Δ w ϲ݄Ҏ಺ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸डӹऀ͸ࣗ෼ͨͪࣗ਎Ͱ͋Γɺͭ·Γಓಙ΍ᛗዟ ͷ࿩Ͱ͸ͳ͘ଛಘͷ࿩Ͱ͋Δ w εϐʔυ͓Αͼ࣭ͱτϨʔυΦϑͳͷ͸ڭҭɺ੒௕ɺଟ༷ੑ΁ͷ౤ࢿ