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Scalable Angular Applications Denis Kyashif

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@deniskyashif deniskyashif deniskyashif.github.io

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Scalability

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Scalability •Dynamic Requirements

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Scalability •Dynamic Requirements •Increasing load

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Scalability •Dynamic Requirements •Increasing load •Growing complexity

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Scalability •Dynamic Requirements •Increasing load •Growing complexity •Developer turnover / Increasing team size

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Software Design

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Source: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/DesignStaminaHypothesis.html The Design Stamina Hypothesis

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End Goal •Modular application •Predictable state management •Async data flow handling •Increased load capacity •Easy to test

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class Queue { constructor(private data: T[] = []) { } enqueue(item: T) { return this.data.push(item); } dequeue = () : T => this.data.shift() } const n: number = 5; const queue = new Queue(); queue.enqueue(n); queue.enqueue('5'); // Error TypeScript

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class Queue { constructor(private data: T[] = []) { } enqueue(item: T) { return this.data.push(item); } dequeue = () : T => this.data.shift() } const n: number = 5; const queue = new Queue(); queue.enqueue(n); queue.enqueue('5'); // Error TypeScript

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class Queue { constructor(private data: T[] = []) { } enqueue(item: T) { return this.data.push(item); } dequeue = () : T => this.data.shift() } const n: number = 5; const queue = new Queue(); queue.enqueue(n); queue.enqueue('5'); // Error TypeScript

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class Queue { constructor(private data: T[] = []) { } enqueue(item: T) { return this.data.push(item); } dequeue = () : T => this.data.shift(); } const n: number = 5; const queue = new Queue(); queue.enqueue(n); queue.enqueue('5'); // Error TypeScript

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A set of libraries for composing asynchronous and event-based programs using observable sequences.

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const numbers = Observable.create(observer => { observer.next(1); observer.next(2); observer.next(3); setTimeout(() => { observer.next(4); // happens asynchronously }, 1000); }); numberEmitter.subscribe(console.log); // 1, 2, 3, ... 4 Observables

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const numbers = Observable.create(observer => { observer.next(1); observer.next(2); observer.next(3); setTimeout(() => { observer.next(4); // happens asynchronously }, 1000); }); numberEmitter.subscribe(console.log); // 1, 2, 3, ... 4 Observables

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const numbers = Observable.create(observer => { observer.next(1); observer.next(2); observer.next(3); setTimeout(() => { observer.next(4); // happens asynchronously }, 1000); }); numberEmitter.subscribe(console.log); // 1, 2, 3, ... 4 Observables

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Operators const squaresOfEvenNumbers = interval(10) .pipe( filter(x => x % 2 === 0), map(x => x * x) ); squaresOfEvenNumbers.subscribe(console.log); // Output 0, 4, 16, 36...

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Operators const squaresOfEvenNumbers = interval(10) .pipe( filter(x => x % 2 === 0), map(x => x * x) ); squaresOfEvenNumbers.subscribe(console.log); // Output 0, 4, 16, 36...

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Operators const squaresOfEvenNumbers = interval(10) .pipe( filter(x => x % 2 === 0), map(x => x * x) ); squaresOfEvenNumbers.subscribe(console.log); // Output 0, 4, 16, 36...

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Operators const squaresOfEvenNumbers = interval(10) .pipe( filter(x => x % 2 === 0), map(x => x * x) ); squaresOfEvenNumbers.subscribe(console.log); // Output 0, 4, 16, 36...

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Observable Promise Emits multiple values over a period of time Emits a single value at a time Can be lazy Not lazy Can be cancelled Cannot be cancelled

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Sample Application

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Source: git.io/fpqkN

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Sample Architecture

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UI Components Facade State Management Data Access

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UI Components Facade State Management Data Access

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Container • Passes data to the presentational component • Handles events raised by presentational components • Interacts with the business layer Presentational • Takes data only as an @Input() • Delegates the event handling to the container via @Output() Components

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Container Component Facade Presentational Component @Output() @Input() Components Actions Data

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Source: git.io/fpqkN

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Course Board Course List Course 1 Course 2 Course Details

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course-details.component.ts export class CourseDetailsComponent { @Input() course: Course; @Output() delete = new EventEmitter(); constructor() { } onDeleteClick(course: Course) { this.delete.emit(course); } ... }

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course-details.component.ts export class CourseDetailsComponent { @Input() course: Course; @Output() delete = new EventEmitter(); constructor() { } onDeleteClick(course: Course) { this.delete.emit(course); } ... }

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course-board.component.ts export class CourseBoardComponent implements OnInit { courses$: Observable; selectedCourse$: Observable; constructor(private courses: CoursesStateService) { } ngOnInit() { this.courses.load(); this.courses$ = this.courses.getCourseList(); this.selectedCourse$ = this.courses.getSelectedCourse(); } delete(course: Course) { this.courses.delete(course); } ... }

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course-board.component.html ...
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course-board.component.html ...
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UI Components Facade State Management Data Access

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Facade A facade is an object that serves as a front-facing interface masking more complex underlying or structural code.

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Client Classes Subsystem Classes

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Client Classes Subsystem Classes Facade

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courses.state.service.ts @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class CoursesStateService { constructor(private store: Store) { } load() { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Load()); } getCourseList(): Observable { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getCourseList)); } getSelectedCourse(): any { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getSelectedCourse)); } create(course: Course) { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Create(course)); } ... }

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courses.state.service.ts @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class CoursesStateService { constructor(private store: Store) { } load() { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Load()); } getCourseList(): Observable { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getCourseList)); } getSelectedCourse(): any { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getSelectedCourse)); } create(course: Course) { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Create(course)); } ... }

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courses.state.service.ts @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class CoursesStateService { constructor(private store: Store) { } load() { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Load()); } getCourseList(): Observable { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getCourseList)); } getSelectedCourse(): any { return this.store.pipe(select(fromCourses.getSelectedCourse)); } create(course: Course) { this.store.dispatch(new CourseActions.Create(course)); } ... }

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Predictable State Management

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UI Components Facade State Management Data Access

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Or how I stopped worrying and learned to love

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Source: https://css-tricks.com/learning-react-redux/

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Redux •Single Source of Truth •State is Read-Only •Changes are made with Pure Functions

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ngrx

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State Management Store Reducers Effects Selectors Actions

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Redux Terms State – an object that stores the state of the app Store – an immutable object that holds the state of the app View – a DOM representation of the state Action – an object describing an event. Used to send information to the store. Reducer – a pure function producing a new state out by given action and current state Selector – a function used to read from the store Effect – a middleware used to run side effects in isolation

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Component Action Creator Store Reducer dispatch(action) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) newState

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Component Action Creator Store Reducer dispatch(action) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) newState

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Component Action Creator Store Reducer dispatch(action) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) newState

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Component Action Creator Store Reducer dispatch(action) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) newState

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Component Action Creator Store Reducer dispatch(action) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) newState

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer select(course) dispatch(new SelectAction(course))) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State

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courses.state.ts export interface CoursesState { readonly courseList: Course[]; readonly selectedCourse?: Course; }

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course.actions.ts export enum CourseActionTypes { Load = '[COURSE] Load', Create = '[COURSE] Create' ... } export class Load implements Action { readonly type = CourseActionTypes.Load; constructor(public payload: string = '') { } } export class Create implements Action { readonly type = CourseActionTypes.Create; constructor(public payload: Course) { } } ...

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course.actions.ts export enum CourseActionTypes { Load = '[COURSE] Load', Create = '[COURSE] Create' ... } export class Load implements Action { readonly type = CourseActionTypes.Load; constructor(public payload: string = '') { } } export class Create implements Action { readonly type = CourseActionTypes.Create; constructor(public payload: Course) { } } ...

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courses.reducer.ts ... export function coursesReducer( state: CoursesState = initialState, action: CourseActionsUnion): CoursesState { switch (action.type) { case CourseActionTypes.LoadSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: action.payload } case CourseActionTypes.CreateSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: [...state.courseList, action.payload] }; case CourseActionTypes.Select: return { ...state, selectedCourse: action.payload }; default: return state; } }

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courses.reducer.ts ... export function coursesReducer( state: CoursesState = initialState, action: CourseActionsUnion): CoursesState { switch (action.type) { case CourseActionTypes.LoadSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: action.payload } case CourseActionTypes.CreateSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: [...state.courseList, action.payload] }; case CourseActionTypes.Select: return { ...state, selectedCourse: action.payload }; default: return state; } }

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courses.reducer.ts ... export function coursesReducer( state: CoursesState = initialState, action: CourseActionsUnion): CoursesState { switch (action.type) { case CourseActionTypes.LoadSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: action.payload } case CourseActionTypes.CreateSuccess: return { ...state, courseList: [...state.courseList, action.payload] }; case CourseActionTypes.Select: return { ...state, selectedCourse: action.payload }; default: return state; } }

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course-board.component.ts export class CourseBoardComponent implements OnInit { ... selectedCourse$: Observable; constructor(private courses: CoursesStateService) { } ngOnInit() { ... this.selectedCourse$ = this.courses.getSelectedCourse(); } ... }

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course-board.component.ts export class CourseBoardComponent implements OnInit { ... selectedCourse$: Observable; constructor(private courses: CoursesStateService) { } ngOnInit() { ... this.selectedCourse$ = this.courses.getSelectedCourse(); } ... }

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course-board.component.html ...
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course-board.component.html ...
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Managing Side Effects

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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Component State Service (Facade) Store Reducer login(credentials) dispatch(new LoginAction(credentials)) applyReducers(action, state) next(state) New State Effect Auth API login(credentials) onSuccess(res) dispatch(new LoginSuccessAction(user))

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@Injectable() export class AuthEffects { @Effect() login$ = this.actions$.pipe( ofType(AuthActionTypes.Login), map(action => action.payload), exhaustMap((auth: Auth) => this.authApi.login(auth).pipe( map(user => new LoginSuccess({ username: auth.username }))) )); constructor(private actions$: Actions, private authApi: AuthApiService) { } } auth.effects.ts

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@Injectable() export class AuthEffects { @Effect() login$ = this.actions$.pipe( ofType(AuthActionTypes.Login), map(action => action.payload), exhaustMap((auth: Auth) => this.authApi.login(auth).pipe( map(user => new LoginSuccess({ username: auth.username }))) )); constructor(private actions$: Actions, private authApi: AuthApiService) { } } auth.effects.ts

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@Injectable() export class AuthEffects { @Effect() login$ = this.actions$.pipe( ofType(AuthActionTypes.Login), map(action => action.payload), exhaustMap((auth: Auth) => this.authApi.login(auth).pipe( map(user => new LoginSuccess({ username: auth.username }))) )); constructor(private actions$: Actions, private authApi: AuthApiService) { } } auth.effects.ts

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@Injectable() export class AuthEffects { @Effect() login$ = this.actions$.pipe( ofType(AuthActionTypes.Login), map(action => action.payload), exhaustMap((auth: Auth) => this.authApi.login(auth).pipe( map(user => new LoginSuccess({ username: auth.username }))) )); constructor(private actions$: Actions, private authApi: AuthApiService) { } } auth.effects.ts

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auth.reducer.ts export function authReducer(state: AuthState = initialState, action: AuthActionsUnion) { switch (action.type) { case AuthActionTypes.Login: return { ...state, loginPending: true, errorMessage: '' }; case AuthActionTypes.LoginSuccess: return { isLoggedIn: true, currentUser: action.payload, loginPending: false, errorMessage: '' }; ... }

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UI Components Facade State Management Data Access

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HTTP WebRTC WebSockets JSON XML Text Payloads Gateways Data Access

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courses.api.service.ts @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class CoursesApiService { private baseUrl = '/api/courses'; constructor(private http: HttpClient) { } get() : Observable { return this.http.get(this.baseUrl); } getById(id: string) : Observable { return this.http.get(`this.baseUrl/${id}`); } }

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courses.api.service.ts @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class CoursesApiService { private baseUrl = '/api/courses'; constructor(private http: HttpClient) { } get() : Observable { return this.http.get(this.baseUrl); } getById(id: string) : Observable { return this.http.get(`this.baseUrl/${id}`); } }

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Redux DevTools

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Change Detection

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By default the change detection goes through every node of the component tree to see if it changed, and it does it on every browser event. Change Detection Rerefence: https://vsavkin.com/change-detection-in-angular-2-4f216b855d4c

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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Immutable Objects If a component depends only on its input properties, and they are immutable, then this component can change if and only if one of its input properties changes. Rerefence: https://vsavkin.com/change-detection-in-angular-2-4f216b855d4c

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course-details.component.ts @Component({ ... changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush }) export class CourseDetailsComponent { @Input() course: Course; @Output() delete = new EventEmitter(); constructor() { } onDeleteClick(course: Course) { this.delete.emit(course); } ... }

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course-details.component.ts @Component({ ... changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush }) export class CourseDetailsComponent { @Input() course: Course; @Output() delete = new EventEmitter(); constructor() { } onDeleteClick(course: Course) { this.delete.emit(course); } ... }

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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App_ChangeDetector CourseBoard_ChangeDetector CourseList_ChangeDetector CourseDetails_ChangeDetector

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Modules

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Core Module App Module Feature A Module Feature B Module Shared Module

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Lazy Loading

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Core Module App Module Feature A Module Feature B Module Feature C Module Shared Module Shared Module App Injector Lazy Module Injector

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Properties • Modular project (Feature modules and lazy loading)

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Properties • Modular project (Feature modules and lazy loading) • Predictable state management (Redux)

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Properties • Modular project (Feature modules and lazy loading) • Predictable state management (Redux) • Increased load capacity (immutability, detect changes on push)

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Properties • Modular project (Feature modules and lazy loading) • Predictable state management (Redux) • Increased load capacity (immutability, detect changes on push) • Async data flow handling (RxJS)

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Properties • Modular project (Feature modules and lazy loading) • Predictable state management (Redux) • Increased load capacity (immutability, detect changes on push) • Async data flow handling (RxJS) • Easy to test (DI and easy to mock service layer)

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Sample Tech Stack •TypeScript •RxJS •ngrx/store •ngrx/effects •ImmutableJS

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This does not replace common sense!

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Reims Cathedral, France

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It is better to have a system omit certain anomalous features and improvements, but to reflect one set of design ideas, than to have one that contains many good but independent and uncoordinated ideas. Frederick P. Brooks, “The Mythical Man-Month” Conceptual Integrity

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References • Redux Docs https://redux.js.org/introduction • @ngrx docs https://ngrx.github.io/ • Managing State in Angular Applications https://blog.nrwl.io/managing-state-in-angular-applications-22b75ef5625f • Change Detection in Angular https://vsavkin.com/change-detection-in-angular-2-4f216b855d4c • On Push Change Detection and Immutability https://blog.mgechev.com/2017/11/11/faster-angular-applications-onpush-change-detection-immutable- part-1/ • Making Architecture Matter by Martin Fowler https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DngAZyWMGR0

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@deniskyashif deniskyashif deniskyashif.github.io Thank You!