Cold War - What is, summary and more

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COLD WAR (1945-1991)

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What is it all about? United States vs. Soviet Union COLD WAR-state of high tension between these two countries. They do NOT fight each other physically! (remember the “cold” shoulder) Starts after WWII when Stalin does not allow occupied countries in Eastern Europe free elections Lasts from 1945-1991

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Why a Cold War? United States Democracy (people have freedoms) Capitalist (people buy/sell, own businesses) Soviet Union Totalitarian Rule (ruled by dictator, 1 political party, and people are controlled) Communist (gov’t makes all decisions in economy, people have little choice) The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are the opposite of each other politically and economically These 2 countries were the world’s SUPERPOWERS-nations that dominate world politics after World War II

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HOW DOES THE COLD WAR START???

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#1: As the Soviet Union marched towards Germany fighting Hitler, Stalin was spreading communism (does not allow free elections after WWII...these countries stay communist) STALIN (has that big bushy ‘stache) *Breaks the Yalta Conference agreements

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MARSHALL PLAN U.S. gives money to help rebuild Europe after WWII TRUMAN DOCTRINE U.S. gives money to anyone fighting against communism CONTAINMENT stopping the spread of communism #2: How the U.S. plans to go against the Soviet Union and communism

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#3- Germany Divided 1. After World War II, Germany is occupied and divided by the Allies so they can’t try and fight back. Berlin (the capital), is also divided into 4 zones. 2. The U.S. wanted Germany to be strong again. In order for Europe to be economically ($$) strong again, Germany needed to be strong too! England, France, and the U.S. put their zones together and create West Germany (democratic) 3. Soviet Union disagrees with the Allies and wants Germany to be weak so they can never be as strong as they were during WWII. 4. Soviet Union blocks the Allies’ access to Berlin. Stalin hoped the Allies would give it up. This is the Berlin Blockade.

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First “fight” of the Cold War What was the U.S. to do? Did not want to use their military and set off another war. Answer-Berlin Airlift U.S. sends supplies with airplanes over the blockade.

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Shots “fired” during the Cold War

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Iron Curtain “Imaginary” curtain that serves as a border that no one can get in or out (separates communist nations from non-communist nations) Now known as East Germany (communist nation)

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Alliances N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Members would protect each other if one of them got attacked by the Soviet Union Capitalist, non-communist members Warsaw Pact Military alliances to support each other if one nation gets attacked Communist countries These SQUADS would protect their members just in case one was to get attacked!

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/Warsaw Pact North ATLANTIC Treaty Organization….get it?!?!?

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Berlin Wall U.S.S.R. creates an actual wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin. If people from East Berlin were able to get into West Berlin (controlled by the U.S. and allies), they would be protected by the U.S. Wall is put up so no one can escape from East Berlin

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The Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall

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By 1949, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had ATOMIC BOMBS (nuclear weapons) **Competition to see who was stronger by having more and powerful weapons** Neither side used their NUCLEAR WEAPONS in fear of MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION (M.A.D. Policy)-each side would be destroyed if the other one launched its nuclear weapons Didn’t stop each other from creating new, more powerful weapons like the hydrogen nuclear bomb (700x more power than the atom bomb) ARMS RACE

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SPACE RACE U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to see who has the superior technology 1. 1957-U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik, 1st satellite 2. Soviet Union shows much advancement by getting 1st animal, man, and woman in space 3. U.S. needs a big win...1969 the U.S. lands the 1st man on the moon… wins Space Race!

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“Hotspots” of the Cold War

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What is this all about? “Hotspots” of the Cold War were conflicts that involved actual physical battles These were proxy wars-a war where two opposing countries support fighters that serve their interests instead of waging war directly Non-communism VS. Communism Remember, the United States and Soviet Union couldn’t directly fight each other because of Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)-they could wipe each other out with their nuclear weapons!

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“Hotspots” of the Cold War 1. Korean War 2. Cuban Missile Crisis 3. Vietnam War

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Korean War (1950-1953) Why was Korea divided? When Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 to end World War II, Japan’s colony of the Korean peninsula was split into two zones of occupation – the U.S.-controlled South Korea and the Soviet-controlled North Korea. The two zones are divided at the 38th parallel

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Korean War (1950-1953) In 1948, two governments were established: North Korea (communist) ● Capital: Pyongyang ● Leader: Kim Il Sung South Korea (non-communist) ● Capital: Seoul ● Leader: Syngman Rhee

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Korean War (1950-1953) North Korean leader Kim Il Sung wanted to unite the peninsula under communism North Korea launches a surprise attack over the 38th parallel and push South Korea back (1950) The United States and United Nations go to war to support South Korea. Worried that communism will spread in Asia!! (China already became communist the year before in 1949!)

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NK surprise attack! NK pushes SK to Pusan. U.S. and U.N. come to help SK U.S. General MacArthur delivers a blow to NK at Inchon, and pushes NK back over the 38th parallel. U.S. / U.N. and SK decide to keep the attack going to completely defeat NK. They push NK all the way back to the Yalu River China gets worried about their border and believe that the U.S. forces are a threat to communism. They support NK and push the U.S. forces back to around the 38th parallel. Key: NK = North Korea SK = South Korea U.S. = United States U.N. = United Nations China China China China

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Korean War (1950-1953) North and South Korea agree to an armistice in 1953. They agree to stop their fighting, but the war never ends because they never agree on peace terms (treaty). The borders really don’t change much from the start of the Korean War! North and South Korea are still at war today!! Current leader of South Korea: Moon Jae-in Current leader of North Korea: Kim Jong-un

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) In order to understand this major and very dangerous Cold War event, you need to know the context of the situation: 1) Cuban Revolution 2) the Bay of Pigs invasion

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Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) Causes ● Rule by a repressive dictator (Fulgencio Batista) ● Corruption and bribery of politicians ● Cuba’s sugar plantations controlled by the elite and U.S. ● HUGE gap in wealth (few rich, many poor) ● High unemployment, despite prosperity in business President Fulgencio Batista

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Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) Among those who opposed Batista was Fidel Castro ● Organized a guerrilla army and fought against Batista ● Gains victory in 1959 ● Becomes new leader of Cuba

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Impact of the Cuban Revolution Political ● Castro created a communist dictatorship ● Denial of basic political rights and freedoms Economic ● Government control of ALL business and industry ● Took ALL foreign property with little or no compensation to those countries

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Impact of the Cuban Revolution U.S. became very angry at Castro when he took over American property U.S. placed an embargo on Cuba -->This meant that sugar cane could no longer be sold to the United States. America’s growing fury with Castro, and the Cuban Revolution in turn, pushed the Cubans closer to America’s great enemy: the Soviet Union

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Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) U.S. plan to support anti-Castro Cubans that fled Cuba Goal: invade Cuba and overthrow Castro U.S. secretly trained and funded all weapons for the Cuban rebels

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This is where the rebels will invade Cuba What the Bay actually looks like

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Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Plan fails because Castro found out about it before the invasion Rebels are defeated very quickly and taken prisoner With the embargo and now an attempted invasion to overthrow him by the Americans, Castro looked for protection from the Soviet Union

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Cuba wanted protection from the United States. They decided to work together and have the Soviet Union put nuclear missiles in Cuba that could strike most any portion of the USA. Soviet Union was happy to have missiles so close to their enemy since the US has missiles in Turkey aimed at them.

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) On October 14, 1962 an American U-2 spy plane flying over Cuba captured pictures of long range Soviet missiles in Cuba. This was a crisis like never before. These missiles could reach any point of the United States with nuclear warheads causing mass destruction. For 13 days (October 16-28), the world was on the brink of war!! The U.S. and Soviet Union faced each other down in a confrontation that would be the closest the world came to nuclear annihilation during the Cold War!!

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Cuban Leader Fidel Castro with Soviet Union Leader Nikita Khrushchev President of the United States John F. Kennedy

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) October 22, 1962: President Kennedy would be putting Cuba under "quarantine". This meant that no offensive weapons would be allowed to enter Cuba. He would do this by setting up a naval blockade. Also said that any attack on the US from Cuba would be considered an act of war from the Soviet Union.

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. wanted to avoid war (it wouldn’t be good for either of them...remember M.A.D.??) United States and Soviet Union held secret negotiations to calm everything down Agreement to end the Crisis: Soviet Union would take out all missiles from Cuba and the U.S. would take the missiles out of Turkey and not invade Cuba

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Vietnam War In order to understand why the United States got involved protecting a small Southeast Asian country, need to know the context

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Where is Vietnam? Part of the Indochina colony ruled by France, then later by Japan during World War II

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Context of the Vietnam War During World War II, Japan took the Indochina colony (Vietnam was part of it) from France. With Japan defeated after World War II, France wanted its colony back. Vietnam saw things differently. They helped the Allies fight Japan and believed it was their self-determined right (remember Wilson’s 14 Points to end WWI??) to have their own independent country.

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Context of the Vietnam War Vietnam goes to war with France for their independence (1946) The United States supports France because they believed the colony would help France economically (after WWII, France needed to rebuild their country after all the destruction from the war) Led by Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam is successful at defeating the French (at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954)

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Context of the Vietnam War The Geneva Accords of 1954 declared a cease-fire (armistice) and divided Vietnam into 2 nations at the 17th parallel North Vietnam ● led by Ho and his communist forces South Vietnam ● led by Ngo Dinh Diem (supported by the U.S. and France) The divide was supposed to be temporary. The Geneva Accords stated that Vietnam was to be unified in 1956 by free elections!

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Context of the Vietnam War U.S. believed in the domino theory: the “fall” of North and South Vietnam to communism would trigger all of Southeast Asia to become communist To avoid this, the U.S. heavily supported South Vietnam and Diem, even though Ho Chi Minh in the North was very popular with the Vietnamese people!

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Almost to the Vietnam War South Vietnam’s Diem was corrupt, oppressive, and extremely unpopular Resistance against Diem in the South was organized by North Vietnam and called the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong Viet Cong = communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam (many were just common people who were inspired to fight against the foreigners who controlled South Vietnam)

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Vietnam War (1964-1973) or as the Vietnamese would call it, the “American War” Gulf of Tonkin Incident-North Vietnam allegedly attack U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)-allows the President of the U.S. (Lyndon B. Johnson) to use whatever means necessary to protect the United States from armed attack The United States is now going to war with North Vietnam!! (But U.S. never officially declared war)

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Vietnam War (1964-1973) Johnson ordered the U.S. Air Force and Navy to do Operation Rolling Thunder (intense air strikes to stop communist attacks) This only increased the numbers for the Viet Cong! (WHY?? Many South Vietnamese were getting killed by the U.S. Also, the Viet Cong were people from villages who were oppressed by the U.S. supported government) By 1966, U.S. had 400,000 troops in Vietnam

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Vietnam War (1964-1973) By 1965, U.S. was on a search-and-destroy mission to kill Viet Cong (in South Vietnam) Problem is that South Vietnam is full of dense jungles and the Viet Cong fight as guerrillas (also have no real uniform so they blend in with local people) The U.S. has a VERY difficult time fighting the Viet Cong and many American soldiers die in the jungles!

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Searching for VCs American codename for the Viet Cong was “Charlie”

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Vietnam War (1964-1973) To counter thick, dense jungles, the U.S. used different methods: ● Air strikes from above ● Napalm (big fire-bomb) ● Agent Orange (chemical to kill leaves on trees...a deforestation chemical)

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Before and after image of U.S. using Agent Orange chemical. This would cause major birth-defects for future Vietnamese children

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Ho Chi Minh Trail North Vietnam supplied the Viet Cong by using the Ho Chi Minh Trail

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Tet Offensive (January 1968) Major turning point of the Vietnam War Up until this point, the U.S. was telling the American people that they are winning the war, the Viet Cong are weak, and they are not strong enough to create a serious attack On the major holiday of Tet on January 30, 1968 the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong attack 30 cities throughout South Vietnam simultaneously!! Even though the U.S. pushed the attack back, it was seen as a major loss and American support for this war plummeted

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Tet Offensive

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Ending the Vietnam War When President Nixon comes to power in the U.S. he creates a policy of Vietnamization-withdrawing U.S. troops gradually and giving control of the war to South Vietnam Paris Peace Accords (1973) 1. U.S. will remove all troops from South Vietnam 2. North Vietnam promised to take no action against the South, but would hold free elections to determine the fate of the country 3. U.S. would come back if the North attacked the South ALL U.S. troops leave South Vietnam in 1973

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Vietnam War Ends 1974-North Vietnam increases attacks on the South and takes over more and more (U.S. gave money to the South, but never came back) 1975-North Vietnam launched a massive attack and on April 30, 1975 the capital of South Vietnam (Saigon) was captured Vietnam is now reunited under communism and the war is over

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END OF THE COLD WAR

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COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION There are 3 big reasons why the Soviet Union falls and the Cold War ends! 1. Economic Problems 2. Mikhail Gorbechev’s Policies 3. Fall of the Berlin Wall

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#1: Economic Problems Command economy was stagnate (did not increase) a. collectivization was unproductive b. economy could not match the West ARMS RACE was VERY expensive and the economy could NOT handle it!

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#2: Mikhail Gorbachev New leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to make big changes to U.S.S.R. Perestroika-restructuring/overhaul of the failing state-owned economy (command economy) a. Goals: increase economy/industry, free-market reforms b. Impact: inflation (value of money decreases), shortage of food Glasnost (“openness”)-ease strict control of nation, allowed more freedoms (media, expression) a. Impact: people wanted independence from USSR

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#3: Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)-East Germans wanted prosperity and freedom of West Germany (SYMBOLIC END OF THE COLD WAR)

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End of the Soviet Union With all of these factors, on December 25, 1991 the Soviet Union no longer existed! The Cold War is over and the United States won!