Project Paper Viva Rachel Hong 01 02 03 04 05 Index

Research Title A study on the relationship between average hours spent studying virtual classes and stress among students in a college in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 01 02 03 04 05 Index

Outline 01 02 03 04 05 Index Results and Discussion Objectives Methodology Background 03 05 Problem Statement 02 06 Literature Review 04 Conclusion 07 01

01 Chapter Background, Problem Statement, Objectives 01 02 03 04 05 Index

Background 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● The COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan, China. o A health crisis verified as a public health emergency, because the virus has spread globally and increased mortality rate. o To reduce the spread, the education system has changed from physical classes to virtual classes.

Background 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● The level of stress has been increased among students from colleges and universities as reported in the news. o Other type of disease outbreaks (e.g. SARS, H1N1) displayed special results of mental health burden which can affect the human psyche during a quarantine (two weeks).

Problem Statement 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● Most studies have been globally conducted in 2020, but the virtual classes have been employed for more than a year due to the COVID-19. o A similar study from Penang among pre-diploma, diploma and degree of first year students. o The result showed that the majority were from diploma and experienced high level of stress.

Objectives 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● To examine the relationship between average hours spent studying in virtual classroom and stress level. ● Compare the difference between genders and stress level.

Chapter 02 Literature Review 01 02 03 04 05 Index

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Theoretical Framework: o Selye’(1956) theory of General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) ● To demonstrate the type of reactions that the body experiences towards stress. ● Three-stage process: o Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● At alarm stage, o It happens when the body experiences the stress for the first time. o How the body reacts towards the stress is by fight-or-flight response. o This is especially when an individual is trying to protect themselves when they are in danger.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● At resistance stage, o The body is trying to go back to normal condition after experiencing the alarm stage with fight-or- flight response. o However, if the stress is still there, the body will continue to work hard in trying to defend the body by producing more stress hormone. o In this case, the individual will become frustrated easily, irritable and unable to focus well.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● At exhaustion stage, o The final stage due to exposing to the stress for a very long time without rest. o Consequently, the body will not have the energy to resist against the stress, which leads to stress- related illnesses and even death. o This is because the immune system has been weakened.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● This theory serves as a guide for this study. o These three stages of the theory are related to perceived stress experienced by current students and alumni students in a college, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Due to the pandemic and the need to stay at home o Students might not feel much stress at the beginning of studying virtual classes. ● After the semester had started for a month, o A concern if students would feel different and more stressful in studying virtual classes at home.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Conceptual Framework

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Past studies – one journal article o AlAteeq, D. A., Aljhani, S., & AlEesa, D. (2020). Perceived stress among students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 outbreak in KSA. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 15(5), 398-403. 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.004

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Strength: o Female and university students in KSA showed high levels of stress. o Results were comparable with the students from dentistry and medicine. o The convenient sample in the cross-sectional design via an online platform could limit the generalisability of the results with causal conclusions.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Literature Review ● Weakness: o The education hours were assumed as a standard, because the time for studying online classrooms was not measured. o PSS-10 was used to assess at the beginning of the quarantine date, which could had been assessed after being quarantined for a month.

03 Methodology Chapter 01 02 03 04 05 Index

Methodology 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● Sampling o The subject was male and female students from a college ● Research Design o Quantitative approach o Answered by volunteered participants ● Procedure o Convenient sampling was used through 347 Whatsapp private message ● Instrument o Google Form as the e-form o Perceived Stress Scale with 10 items (PSS-10)

Methodology 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● Data Analysis o The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26 software o Descriptive statistical analysis to examine the distribution of demographic variables

Methodology 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● H1 = There is a relationship between average hours spent studying in virtual classroom and stress level o Pearson correlation test ● H2 = There is a difference between genders and stress level o Independent T-test

Results and Discussion Chapter 04 01 02 03 04 05 Index

01 02 03 04 05 Index Demographic Analysis ● 96 college students o 55 females o 41 males

01 02 03 04 05 Index Demographic Analysis ● Between 17-26 ● Average age is 20.69

01 02 03 04 05 Index Demographic Analysis ● 79 current students ● 17 alumni students Are you a college student?

01 02 03 04 05 Index Demographic Analysis ● Majority spent 6 hours (29) ● Minority spent 21 hours (6)

01 02 03 04 05 Index Demographic Analysis ● 56 found stressful ● 40 found relax

01 02 03 04 05 Index Reliability ● The Cronbach’s Alpha showing 0.85 is a good internal consistency. ● Perceived Stress Scale with 10 items has a good reliability.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Pearson Correlation Coefficient ● No statistically significant correlation between time average spent and stress level. ● r = 0.04, n = 96, p = 0.699

01 02 03 04 05 Index Independent T-test ● No significant difference in the scores for male (M = 2.21, SD= 0.68) and female (M = 2.39, SD = 0.67) conditions ● t (94) = -1.25, p = 0.215. o Gender does not have an effect on the stress level. o The research is reliable, but not valid.

01 02 03 04 05 Index Scatter Plot Graph ● No correlation between the average time spent and stress.

Discussion 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● H1 ≠ No relationship between time average spent and stress level. o Different from the past studies and the news. o The pandemic has been lasted for more than a year. ● H2 ≠ No relationship between genders and stress level. o Different from the past study that showed the females were more stressful than the males. o Same as the original study of PSS-10.

Chapter 05 Conclusion 03 02 01 04 05 Index

Recommendation 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● The college could consider having virtual classes with interaction activities that involve stress-coping strategies.

We should not let the negatives of life control us. Instead, we should employ them as our stepping stones to reach higher than our dreams. 01 02 03 04 05 Index — Mary Kay Ash

Suggestion 01 02 03 04 05 Index ● A longitudinal survey will be conducted if the pandemic does not end. ● Valid and reliable questionnaires will be included o Entertainment time o Physical activity time o Green time o Sleep time o Healthy food intake o Interpersonal relationship

We should not limit ourselves. We can go beyond what we imagine. We can achieve what we believe. 01 02 03 04 05 Index — Mary Kay Ash

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