Security and the self-contained unit of software

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(without introducing more risk) Security and the self- contained unit of software Puppet Gareth Rushgrove Security in an app-centic world

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(without introducing more risk) @garethr

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) What we’ll cover This talk

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- The end of perimeter (only) security - From infrastructure to applications - The rise of the black box application - Pushing security concerns to the app Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) An old model breaks down The end of security (only) at the edges

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Gareth Rushgrove For much of network security, ﬁrewalls were the panacea. Got a security problem? Throw more ﬁrewall at it. James Wicket, Signal Sciences “

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Gareth Rushgrove Through the 90’s and early 2000’s, buying an appliance to solve a problem was a common occurrence James Wicket, Signal Sciences “

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Gareth Rushgrove Any problem in computer science can be solved with another layer of indirection David Wheeler (maybe) “

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Adding something new on top was quicker than ﬁxing the software Gareth Rushgrove

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With modern approaches to software delivery we can change software quickly Gareth Rushgrove

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No content

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2009

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Gareth Rushgrove Jon Jenkins, VelocityConf, 2011 “Amazon deploys every 11.6 seconds

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Gareth Rushgrove

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Gareth Rushgrove We do not rely on internal network segmentation or ﬁrewalling as our primary security mechanisms Google Infrastructure Security Design Overview “

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Attacks are increasingly targeting application and business logic Gareth Rushgrove

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So where does security go? Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Direction of travel in systems design From infrastructure to applications

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The ability to change software quickly has seen functionality move from the infrastructure to the application Gareth Rushgrove

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Built-in application healthchecks Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove $ curl -i localhost:8080/health HTTP/1.1 200 OK X-Application-Context: application Content-Type: application/vnd.spring-boot.actuator.v1+json;charset=UTF- Content-Length: 221 { "status" : "UP", "diskSpace" : { "status" : "UP", "total" : 63251804160, "free" : 31316164608, "threshold" : 10485760 }, "db" : { /health from Spring Boot

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove /metrics from Metrics $ curl http://localhost:3000/metrics | jq { jvm.thread.deadlock.count: { type: "gauge", value: 0 }, ring.requests.rate.GET: { type: "meter", rates: { 1: 0.009626100280886805, 5: 0.008973894483657855, 15: 0.00939960671455037, total: 199 } },

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Structured logging Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove From something like syslog Dec 6 23:17:01 logstash CRON[5849]: (root) CMD (cd / && run- parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove To something like lograge { "method":"GET", "path":"/users", "format":"html", "controller":"users", "action":"index", "status":200, "duration":189.35, "view":186.35, "db":0.92, "@timestamp":"2015-12-11T13:35:47.062+00:00", "@version":"1", "message":"[200] GET /users (users#index)", "severity":"INFO", "host":"app1-web1",

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From manual black-box testing to unit tests Gareth Rushgrove

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From conﬁguration ﬁles to environment variables Gareth Rushgrove

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From external manual testing to unit tests Gareth Rushgrove

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From static conﬁguration to service discovery Gareth Rushgrove

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12 factor applications Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) And implications for security The rise of the black box application

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With all these applications we seek out a platform to run them on Gareth Rushgrove

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The platform might be Docker, Kubernetes, AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Heroku, CloudFoundry, EC2 or something else Gareth Rushgrove

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From a security perspective, the platform is a great place to introduce central security features Gareth Rushgrove

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But general purpose platforms often treat the application as a black box Gareth Rushgrove

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The implementation of that black box might be a containers, a virtual machine, a serverless function or something else Gareth Rushgrove

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From a security perspective, the black box application sounds like a very bad idea Gareth Rushgrove

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What’s inside that container? Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) You don’t know, and that’s a problem

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Gareth Rushgrove Image downloads

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Gareth Rushgrove Image GitHub popularity

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Gareth Rushgrove Image contents

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(without introducing more risk) Vulnerable images in repositories

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- Most containers have OS user space - Most containers have lots of unmanaged packages at unspeciﬁed versions - Some containers are not immutable - Some containers will have vulnerabilities Gareth Rushgrove

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What about Serverless? Gareth Rushgrove

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Gareth Rushgrove These code packages are like little pieces of infrastructure embedded inside your application. Application dependencies are similar to the oft-exploited server dependencies Guy Podjarny, Snyk “

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Platform security brings improvements Gareth Rushgrove Guy Podjarny, Snyk

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Guy Podjarny, Snyk Application security still an issue Gareth Rushgrove

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Guy Podjarny, Snyk Existing approaches not always relevant Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Because the platform can’t do everything Pushing security concerns to the application

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In this new world we need to push security to the application Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Security testing at build time

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OWASP ZAP Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove BDD Security Scenario: The application should not contain SQL injection vulnerabilities Meta: @id scan_sql_injection @cwe-89 Given a scanner with all policies disabled And the SQL-Injection policy is enabled And the attack strength is set to High And the alert threshold is set to Low When the scanner is run And the XML report is written to the file sql_injection.xml Then no Medium or higher risk vulnerabilities should be present Testing for SQL Injection vulnerabilities in the CI pipeline

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Lynis #!/bin/bash -e yum install -y lynis touch /etc/lynis/custom.prf lynis configure settings error-on-warnings=yes:quick=yes:skip-test=FIRE-4512 lynis audit system Scanning for vulnerabilities during VM image build

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(without introducing more risk) Assuring dependencies

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OWASP Dependency-Check Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Bundler audit $ bundle-audit Name: actionpack Version: 3.2.10 Advisory: OSVDB-91452 Criticality: Medium URL: http://www.osvdb.org/show/osvdb/91452 Title: XSS vulnerability in sanitize_css in Action Pack Solution: upgrade to ~> 2.3.18, ~> 3.1.12, >= 3.2.13 Name: actionpack Version: 3.2.10 Checking for disclosed Ruby vulnerabilities in Gemﬁle.lock

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Snyk Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Checking application dependencies $ snyk test ionic ... ✗ High severity vulnerability found on [email protected] - desc: Command Injection - info: https://snyk.io/vuln/npm:shelljs:20140723 - from: [email protected] > [email protected] > [email protected] Fix: None available. Consider removing this dependency. ✗ High severity vulnerability found on [email protected] - desc: Command Injection - info: https://snyk.io/vuln/npm:shelljs:20140723 - from: [email protected] > [email protected] > [email protected] > shelljs Fix: None available. Consider removing this dependency.

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove $ scan-image-for-cves garethr/myapp ---> Scanning package: python ---> CVEs found for python-2.7.5-34.el7 +---------------+----------+------------+-------------------+ | CVE | Severity | CVSS score | Date | +---------------+----------+------------+-------------------+ | CVE-2014-4650 | moderate | 5.0 | 23 June 2014 | | CVE-2013-1752 | moderate | 4.3 | 25 September 2012 | | CVE-2013-1753 | moderate | 4.3 | 25 September 2012 | | CVE-2014-7185 | low | 4.0 | 23 June 2014 | | CVE-2014-4616 | moderate | 4.0 | 19 May 2014 | +---------------+----------+------------+-------------------+ ---> Scanning package: python ---> CVEs found for python-2.7.5-34.el7 +---------------+----------+------------+-------------------+ | CVE | Severity | CVSS score | Date | Checking Docker containers for CVEs

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(without introducing more risk) Testing in production

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The only source of truth is the network Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Making sure selinux is enabled (expect running-on-all-clients? "selinux") Using PuppetDB as a CMDB to make assertions against

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Making sure you’re using the approved OS def test_os(inventory): host_info = inventory['capabilities']['host']['payload'] family = host_info['platformfamily'] assert "debian" == family Querying the state of running Docker containers

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(without introducing more risk) Visibility

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osquery Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove Checking for processes listening on ports SELECT DISTINCT process.name, listening.port, listening.address, process.pid FROM processes AS process JOIN listening_ports AS listening ON process.pid = listening.pid; SQL for asking questions of your system

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(without introducing more risk) Gareth Rushgrove inventory { facts.osfamily = "Debian" and facts.datacentre = "Lon1" and resources { type = "Package" and title = "npm" and parameters.version = "1.03" } } Quering against your CMBD Find versions of an installed software package with PQL

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(without introducing more risk) Letting the runtime protect us

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Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) Gareth Rushgrove

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Gareth Rushgrove RASP comes into play when the application is executed (runtime), causing the program to monitor itself and detect malicious input and behaviour. Veracode “

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OWASP AppSensor Gareth Rushgrove

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Gareth Rushgrove The AppSensor project deﬁnes a conceptual framework and methodology that offers prescriptive guidance to implement intrusion detection and automated response into applications “ OWASP AppSensor

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Gareth Rushgrove The best place to identify malicious activity against the application is within the application itself “ OWASP AppSensor

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(without introducing more risk) If all you remember is Conclusions

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We need secure applications, not just secure platforms Gareth Rushgrove

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Gareth Rushgrove App developers are conquering the world

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- Push security into the CI pipelines - Provide assurance of app dependencies - Build visibility into the application - Get reactive security into the runtime Gareth Rushgrove

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We need to move away from security tools and towards development tools with security features Gareth Rushgrove

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(without introducing more risk) Questions? And thanks for listening