2 December 2005 Next Generation User Interfaces Data Physicalisation Prof. Beat Signer Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2 April 28, 2025 Mesopotamian Clay Tokens (8000BCE) 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3 April 28, 2025 Quipu (2500BC) 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4 April 28, 2025 Data Physicalisation ▪ “A data physicalization (or simply physicalization) is a physical artifact whose geometry or material properties encode data.” [Jansen et al., 2015] ▪ “Data physicalisation as a research area that examines how computer-supported, physical representations of data (i.e., physicalizations), can support cognition, communication, learning, problem solving, and decision making.” [Jansen et al., 2015] ▪ Physical visualisation sometimes used as a synonym for data physicalisations 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5 April 28, 2025 Data Physicalisation … ▪ Data sculptures refer to artistic data physicalisations ▪ “Data sculpture as a data-based physical artifact, possessing both artistic and functional qualities, that aims to augment a nearby audience’s understanding of data insights and any socially relevant issues that underlie it.” [Zhao and Vande Moere] ▪ Multisensory data representation ▪ displaying data in a way that engages multiple senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, etc., to enhance comprehension and interpretation of complex datasets ▪ instead of relying only on visual cues, multisensory approaches incorporate other sensory modalities, allowing us to represent more variables and relationships simultaneously 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6 April 28, 2025 Domains ▪ The use of physical artefacts in data physicalisation is based on various domains ▪ information visualisation and scientific visualisation ▪ tangible user interfaces (TUIs) ▪ shape-changing interfaces ▪ human-computer interaction and design ▪ electrical engineering ▪ … ▪ Similar to information visualisation solutions, data physicalisation can be used for the following tasks ▪ discover ▪ present ▪ enjoy 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7 April 28, 2025 Video: Global Population Growth 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8 April 28, 2025 Advantages of Data Physicalisation ▪ Tactile exploration ▪ embodied interaction ▪ embodied cognition - physical manipulation of data can lead to deeper insights and understanding ▪ Active participation and engagement ▪ Accessibility ▪ users with disabilities (e.g. visual impairment) might be supported via alternative modalities ▪ Efficiency ▪ interactions with data physicalisations can be more efficient than with digital visualisations (e.g. 3D bar chart example shown later) 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9 April 28, 2025 Efficiency of Data Physicalisation ▪ Study shows that physical 3D bar charts outperform on- screen 3D bar charts ▪ touch plays a major role in interacting with the physical bar chart ▪ fingers marks parts of the chart - external cognitive and visual aids 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] September 26, 2016 Activity Sculptures ▪ Data sculptures to represent data from running activities ▪ Passive (calm) physicalisation as a tool for self reflection ▪ quantified self ▪ social dynamics (discussion about runs) ▪ … 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] September 26, 2016 Enabling Technologies ▪ Digital fabrication tools ▪ 3D printers ▪ laser cutters ▪ CNC machines ▪ … ▪ Actuated tangible interfaces ▪ physical objects changing their form, position or other physical properties ▪ Shape-changing displays ▪ Olfactory output devices ▪ … 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12 April 28, 2025 Video: EMERGE 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13 April 28, 2025 Video: inFORM/TRANSFORM 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14 April 28, 2025 DataPhys for Geo-tagged Data ▪ Use of multiple physical variables ▪ shape change (3D pixels) ▪ vibration for each 3D pixel ▪ temperature for each 3D pixel (via Peltier modules) ▪ Physicalisation of Covid-19 dataset for Europe Ghassan Saliby 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15 April 28, 2025 Video: Braille Smartwatch 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16 April 28, 2025 Video: Dot Pad Tactile Display 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17 April 28, 2025 DataLev: Mid-air Data Physicalisation 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18 April 28, 2025 Video: Taste the TV (TTTV) 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19 April 28, 2025 Video: 3D Printed Food 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20 April 28, 2025 Video: Olfactory Interfaces 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 21 April 28, 2025 Video: Weart TouchDIVER Haptic Glove 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 22 April 28, 2025 Video: Dynamic Composite DataPhys 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 23 April 28, 2025 SensorBricks 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 24 April 28, 2025 Research Challenges ▪ Most existing data physicalisation applications are static ▪ need for new forms of dynamic data physicalisation ▪ How to enable data-driven physicalisations? ▪ requires the formal and fundamental definition of data physicalisation guidelines ▪ Better understanding of the design space for dynamic data physicalisation ▪ physical encoding of information (e.g. physical variables) ▪ perceptual effectiveness of encodings and the combination of different physical variables ▪ More systematic approach via conceptual data physicalisation framework 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 25 April 28, 2025 Research Challenges … ▪ Need for data physicalisation software frameworks ▪ supports rapid prototyping of design alternatives ▪ evaluation of the effectiveness of physical encodings ▪ … ▪ Interaction design guidelines for combining physical with synthetic interactions ▪ new forms of multi-user interactions ▪ … 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26 April 28, 2025 Dynamic Data Physicalisation @WISE ▪ Physical objects used for input as well as output ▪ How can we achieve dynamic data physicali- sation with dynamic affordances ▪ use physical variables such as temperature or texture ▪ exploration of big data sets ▪ experimental tangible holograms (TangHo) platform 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 27 April 28, 2025 Dynamic Data Physicalisation Framework ▪ Understanding the design space ▪ how do users map data to physicalisations ▪ Understanding the perceptual effectiveness ▪ e.g.what are the just-noticeable differences that a physical variable can convey? ▪ Framework for dynamic data physicalisation ▪ data processing with device-independent output - PhysDIO: data points, data variables and physical variables ▪ drivers for representation on specific devices (e.g. TangHo) ▪ new data physicalisation design guidelines (as in InfoVis) ▪ Modular and extensible hardware platform for dynamic data physicalisation Jacques Bertin, 1967 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 28 April 28, 2025 Dynamic Data Physicalisation Framework 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 29 April 28, 2025 Physical Variables ▪ Individual physical variables as foundation for more complex multimodal/multisensory data physicalisations ▪ Which physical variables do exist? ▪ temperature ▪ friction ▪ smoothness ▪ … ▪ What do we have to know about individual variables ▪ domain (e.g. min and max value) ▪ human perception/sensitivity for individual variables ▪ interaction/interference with other variables ▪ ergonomics ▪ … 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 30 April 28, 2025 TangHo Prototype ▪ Lego Mindstorms-based 6DOF arm prototype ▪ motors can be locked or set to float mode - useful for bidirectional I/O ▪ replaceable sphere for different types of non-visual feedback ▪ Challenges ▪ inverse kinematics (final system will be body mounted) - use robotics toolbox (MATLAB) ▪ limited HoloLens hand tracking ▪ 3D printing of final arm Timothy J. Curtin 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 31 April 28, 2025 TangHo Interactions 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 32 April 28, 2025 Real-Time Cross-Media Data Exploration 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 33 April 28, 2025 Real-Time Cross-Media Data Exploration ... 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 34 April 28, 2025 Dynamic Data Physicalisation @ WISE ▪ Conceptual and software dataphys framework ▪ rapid prototyping ▪ drivers for physicalisations (e.g.TangHo) ▪ Dataphys grammar ▪ data-driven physicalisation ▪ exploration of large multi-dimensional datasets ▪ Dynamic dataphys design and interaction guidelines 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 35 April 28, 2025 Multisensory Data Representation ▪ Design space ▪ projects classified across multiple dimensions Hogan and Hornecker, 2017 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 36 April 28, 2025 Radical Atoms (2012) Revisited ▪ Vision taking a leap beyond Tangible Bits ▪ assuming a hypothetical generation of materials that can change their form and appearance dynamically ▪ Radical Atoms is about ▪ a computationally transformable and reconfigurable material that is bidirectionally coupled with an underlying digital model (bits) ▪ the future material that can transform its shape, conform to constraints and inform the users of its affordances ▪ a vision for the future of human-material interaction, in which all digital information has a physical manifestation so that we can interact directly with it ▪ a new Material User Interface (MUI) Hiroshi Ishii, Dávid Lakatos, Leonardo Bonanni and Jean-Baptiste Labrune, Radical Atoms: Beyond Tangible Bits, Toward Transformable Materials, interactions 19(1), January 2012 Hiroshi Ishii, Dávid Lakatos, Leonardo Bonanni and Jean-Baptiste Labrune, Radical Atoms: Beyond Tangible Bits, Toward Transformable Materials, interactions 19(1), January 2012 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 37 April 28, 2025 References ▪ P. Dragicevic, Y. Jansen and A. Vande Moere, Data Physicalization, Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, May 2021 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27648-9_94-1 ▪ H. Brombacher, R. Van Koningsbruggen, S. Vos and S. Houben, SensorBricks: A Collaborative Tangible Sensor Toolkit to Support the Development of Data Literacy, Proceedings of TEI 2024, February 2024 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/3623509.3633378 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 38 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ S.S. Bae, C. Zheng, M.E. West, Y.-L. Do and S. Huron, Making Data Tangible: A Cross-disciplinary Design Space for Data Physicalization, Proceedings of CHI 2022, April 2022 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501939 ▪ F. Taher, J. Hardy, A. Karnik, C. Weichel, Y. Jansen, K. Hornbæk and J. Alexander, Exploring Interactions with Physically Dynamic Bar Charts, Proceedings of CHI 2015, April 2015 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702604 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 39 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ M. Le Goc, C. Perin, S. Follmer, J.-D. Fekete and P. Dragicevic, Dynamic Composite Data Physicali- zation Using Wheeled Micro-Robots, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25(1), January 2019 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865159 ▪ B. Signer, P. Ebrahimi, T.J. Curtin and A.K.A. Abdullah, Towards a Framework for Dynamic Data Physicalisation, International Workshop Toward a Design Language for Data Physicalization, October 2018 ▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_DataPhys2018.pdf 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 40 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ X. Zhang, M. Ilić and B. Signer, A Modular and Extensible Hardware Platform Prototype for Dynamic Data Physicalisation, WISE-2025-01, March 2025 ▪ https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.06583 ▪ G. Saliby, Dynamic Data Physicalisation for Exploring Geo-tagged Datasets, Master’s Thesis, WISE lab, VUB, 2020 ▪ https://wise.vub.ac.be/thesis/dynamic-data-physicalisation-exploring-geo- tagged-datasets 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 41 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ T. Hogan and E. Hornecker, Towards a Design Space for Multisensory Data Representation, Interacting with Computers, 29(2), 2017 ▪ https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iww015 ▪ Data Physicalisation Wiki ▪ http://dataphys.org ▪ List of Physical Visualisations ▪ http://dataphys.org/list/ ▪ EMERGE: A Physical and Interactive Bar Chart ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA4jOwCHO8I 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 42 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ Dynamic Composite Data Physicalization Using Wheeled Micro Robots ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GmWR617YeI&t=186s ▪ Hans Rosling: Global Population Growth, Box by Box ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTznEIZRkLg ▪ Braille Smartwatch ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96O82Uh5lQo ▪ Dot Pad Real-time Tactile Graphics Display ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSmRM2PUBzA ▪ Taste the TV (TTTV) ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJD-uPTIgx8 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 43 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ 3D Printed Food ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kCjSq_l-0s ▪ Olfactory Interfaces ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kCjSq_l-0s ▪ Weart TouchDIVER Haptic Glove ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPiG9EiClwU ▪ inFORM ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvtfD_rJ2hE 

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 44 April 28, 2025 References … ▪ Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About The World – And Why Things Are Better Than You Think, Hans Rosling et al., April 2018, ISBN-13: 978-1119547259 

2 December 2005 Next Lecture Implicit and Cross-Device Interaction