Using Responsive Images Responsibly: Performance & Accessibility [Full Stack]

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David Newton, St. Michael’s Hospital 1 1 Using Responsive Images Responsibly: Performance & Accessibility: Full Stack Toronto 2014 Twitter: @newtron Github: @nwtn Email: david@davidnewton.ca Slides: https://github.com/nwtn/pres-respimg-perf-fsto

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2 Why accessibility? Why performance?

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3 What is “accessibility”?

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“ 4 ‘Disability’ means… any degree of physical disability, inﬁrmity, malformation or disﬁgurement that is caused by bodily injury, birth defect or illness… —Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act

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5 Accessibility Deliver a great experience to all users, regardless of their ability.

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“ 6 Following these guidelines will make content accessible to a wider range of people with disabilities, including blindness and low vision, deafness and hearing loss, learning disabilities, cognitive limitations, limited movement, speech disabilities, photosensitivity and combinations of these. Following these guidelines will also often make your Web content more usable to users in general. —Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (emphasis mine)

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7 Progressive enhancement

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“ 8 The goal of Web design is not merely to dazzle, but to deliver information to the widest audience possible. …Compromise should not come at the expense of the user, but rather in terms of the native capabilities of the user’s choice of device.… Leave no one behind. —Steven Champeon, Inclusive Web Design for the Future (emphasis mine)

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9 Progressive enhancement Deliver a great experience to all users, regardless of their browser’s ability.

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10 Responsive web design

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“ 11 Rather than creating disconnected designs, each tailored to a particular device or browser, we should instead treat them as facets of the same experience. —Ethan Marcotte, Responsive Web Design (emphasis mine)

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12 Responsive web design Deliver a great experience to all users, regardless of their viewing context.

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13 Web performance

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“ 14 Many of us are fortunate to live in high bandwidth regions, but there are still large portions of the world that do not. By keeping your client side code small and lightweight, you can literally open your product up to new markets. —Chris Zacharias, Page Weight Matters (emphasis mine)

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15 Web performance Deliver a great experience to all users, regardless of their connection.

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16 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

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17 Universal design Deliver a great experience to all users.

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17 Universal design Deliver a great experience to all users.

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18 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance Universal web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

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18 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance Universal web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

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18 Universal web design Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

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“ 19 Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. —Ronald L. Mace

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20 Why images?

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21 —Marc Andreessen, www-talk, February 1993

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22 63% of Americans used a phone to access the internet 34% of Americans used a mobile device as their primary way to access the web

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“ 23 More human beings today have access to a cellphone than…a clean toilet. –Anand Giridharadas, New York Times April 10 2010

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“ 23 More human beings today have access to a cellphone than…a clean toilet. –Anand Giridharadas, New York Times April 10 2010

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24 — OpenSignal, Android Fragmentation Visualized (August 2014)

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25 —https://twitter.com/lukew/status/507880029737328640/photo/1

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26 img { max-width: 100%; }

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29 A solution: Serve one big image and let the browser scale it

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32 —HTTP Archive, November 1 2014 Stylesheets 57 KB HTML 60 KB Flash 76 KB Other 152 KB Scripts 305 KB Images 1,206 KB Total 1,925 KB

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35 2x resolution = 4x as many pixels 3x resolution = 9x as many pixels 4x resolution = 16x as many pixels

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36 more pixels = more energy more pixels = more money more pixels = more time

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37 — Dave Rupert , Mo’ Pixels, Mo’ Problems Caption

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38 Why images?

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39 Responsive images

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40 A solution: Serve one big image and let the browser scale it

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41 A better solution: Serve an appropriate image to each user

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45 SVG WebP JPEG XR JPEG 2000

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47 Using JavaScript is a bad idea.

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48 Using CSS is a bad idea.

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49 http://whatwg.org/html#the-picture-element Responsive images speciﬁcation

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50 Firefox (Gecko) Chrome/Opera (Blink) Safari (WebKit) Internet Explorer (Trident) srcset (x) N/A Chrome 34 Opera 21 Works now! Safari 8 Works now! N/A? srcset (x & w) + sizes Behind a flag: FF 32 On by default: FF 36? Chrome 38 Opera 25 Works now! Safari 8.1? 12? picture Behind a flag: FF 33 On by default: FF 36? Chrome 38 Opera 25 Works now! Safari 8.1? 12?

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51 https://github.com/scottjehl/picturefill Picturefill by Scott Jehl http://filamentgroup.com/lab/to-picturefill.html To Picturefill, or not to Picturefill

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52 https://github.com/ResponsiveImagesCG/ wp-tevko-responsive-images WP-tevko-responsive-images

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53 Resolution switching Markup

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53 Resolution switching Markup

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61 Viewport (and resolution!) switching Markup

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76 File type switching Markup

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84 Art direction Markup

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85 —Adventure Time

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94 All the things! Markup a.k.a. the scary slide

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94 All the things! Markup a.k.a. the scary slide

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97 http://whatwg.org/html#the-picture-element Responsive images speciﬁcation

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98 Responsible images

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99 1. Responsive images

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100 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization

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101 https://imageoptim.com/ ImageOptim http://jamiemason.github.io/ImageOptim-CLI/ ImageOptim-CLI https://github.com/svg/svgo-gui SVGO-GUI https://github.com/svg/svgo SVGO

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102 SetOutputFilter DEFLATE AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE "image/svg+xml" Note: Apache is confusing and I’m not guaranteeing this will work.

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103 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization 3. Deferred image loading

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106 http://www.w3.org/TR/resource-priorities/ Resource Priorities https://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2014-August/297533.html Preloading and deferred loading of scripts and other resources

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107 http://css-tricks.com/snippets/javascript/lazy-loading-images/ LazyLoad JS scripts and plugins, e.g.:

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108 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization 3. Deferred image loading 4. CDNs & Caching

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109 ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 year" Note: Apache is confusing and I’m not guaranteeing this will work.

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110 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization 3. Deferred image loading 4. CDNs & Caching 5. Appropriate contrast and colour

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111 7% 8% 10% 11% 29% 35% April May June July August September

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112 7% 8% 10% 11% 29% 35% April May June July August September

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113

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114 http://colororacle.org/ Color Oracle

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115 September 7% August 8% July 10% June 11% May 29% April 35%

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116 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization 3. Deferred image loading 4. CDNs & Caching 5. Appropriate contrast and colour 6. Text-based alternatives

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117 [alt] [aria-describedby], [aria-labelledby] [longdesc] SVG elements and attributes

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118 http://www.w3.org/TR/html-alt-techniques/ HTML5: Techniques for providing useful text alternatives http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/wiki/Using_aria-describedby_to_provide_descriptions_of_images Using aria-describedby to provide descriptions of images http://w3c.github.io/test-results/html-longdesc/cr-report.html longdesc Implementation Report http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/2013/12/using-aria-enhance-svg-accessibility/ Using ARIA to enhance SVG accessibility http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/wiki/Using_aria-labelledby_to_provide_a_text_alternative_for_non- text_content Using aria-labelledby to provide a text alternative for non-text content

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119 1. Responsive images 2. Image optimization 3. Deferred image loading 4. CDNs & Caching 5. Appropriate contrast and colour 6. Text-based alternatives 7. Fewer images!

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120 Performance impact

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123 Unoptimized Optimized + Responsive Optimized + Responsive + Lazyload CSS 1 KB 1 KB 1 KB HTML 2 KB 3 KB 3 KB Scripts 29 KB 33 KB 33 KB Images 661 KB 253 KB 87 KB Total 693 KB 290 KB (~58% savings) 119 KB (~83% savings)

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124 Browser Unoptimized Optimized + Responsive + Lazyload Firefox (Desktop) 2.2 s 2.0 s Safari (iOS) 2.1 s 1.7 s Average 2.2 s 1.9 s (~14% savings)

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125

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126 Accessibility Progressive enhancement Responsive web design Web performance

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David Newton, St. Michael’s Hospital 127 Using Responsive Images Responsibly: Performance & Accessibility: Full Stack Toronto 2014 Twitter: @newtron Github: @nwtn Email: david@davidnewton.ca Slides: https://github.com/nwtn/pres-respimg-perf-fsto