Course Wrap-Up (videocast slides)

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Course in Review SLIDES

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PROBLEM RECOGNITION PROBLEM DEFINITION IDENTIFICATION OF POLICY OPTIONS POLICY SELECTION/ ADOPTION IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION THE POLICY CYCLE

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THE POLICY CYCLE

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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

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EXECUTIVE BRANCH

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

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social problems are complex

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Knowing things about the world is hard

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human cognition is imperfect limited information capacity selective attention confirmation bias

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X Y dependent variable policy change policy design/content X X X X X

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Y dependent variable policy change policy design/content X X X

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THE NATIONAL INTERACTION MODEL time “leaders” PATTERNS OF POLICY DIFFUSION

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THE NATIONAL INTERACTION MODEL time # adopting jurisdictions PATTERNS OF POLICY DIFFUSION

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POLICY DIFFUSION THEORY INTERNAL DETERMINANTS Characteristics of the government jurisdiction that drive policy change a) Political characteristics b) Economic characteristics c) Social characteristics EXPLANATIONS FOR POLICY DIFFUSION Reasons for emulating prior policy adoptions of other government jurisdictions 1) Learning 2) Imitation 3) Normative pressure 4) Competition 5) Coercion

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MULTIPLE STREAMS ANALYSIS Problem Stream Political Stream Policy Stream Policy Window Changes in problem or policy streams circumstances

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Problem Stream Policy Stream Policy Window Changes in problem or policy streams circumstances Policy Entrepreneur Advocate willing to invest the resources – time, energy, reputation, money – to promote a position in return for anticipated future gain Political Stream MULTIPLE STREAMS ANALYSIS

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Problem Stream Worked out policy option Policy Stream Problem Stream Political Stream Policy Change Policy Stream Political Stream MULTIPLE STREAMS ANALYSIS

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Policy design The elements that constitute a public policy, such as the citizens and groups it pertains to, the activities required (or prohibited) by its rules and provisions, and the plan of action by which it is intended to realize its objectives

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Social construction of target populations small business owners the unemployed LGBTQ community immigrants political officials “minority” populations

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Social construction Benefits Burdens Policy design Policy feedback/ feed-forward effects

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Positive Negative Less More ADVANTAGED CONTENDERS DEPENDENTS DEVIANTS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION POLITICAL POWER small business owners the unemployed political officials “minority” populations

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POLICY SUBSYSTEM Coordination Advocacy Coalition Advocacy Coalition Analysis Evidence Framing Narratives

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CHARACTERS POLICY NARRATIVE SETTING MORAL PLOT Policy preferences Beliefs Cognition Emotions Relationships NARRATIVE STRATEGY

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SOCIAL MOVEMENT EVOLUTION EMERGENCE COALESCENCE COUNTER MOVEMENT

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SOCIAL MOVEMENT EVOLUTION EMERGENCE COALESCENCE BUREAUCRATIZATION MAINSTREAMING SOCIAL CHANGES COOPTATION REPRESSION

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Agency budget $ $$$ Time Lots of incremental change Some dramatic changes

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POLICY CHANGES no change big changes big changes Lots of instances of small, or no, change Few instances of moderate change Some dramatic changes

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Closed subsystems/iron triangles Limited individual & institutional attention Accepted policy images POSITIVE FEEDBACK Attractive alternative image Attention from multiple venues Mobilization of “outsiders” PUNCTUATION

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POLICY TIME 1 POLICY TIME 2 Meaning of citizenship Forms of governance Power of social groups Political agendas & policy problems Feedback effects

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Identify the factors that help explain why policy change occurs (or doesn’t) and/or the nature of the policy change. Determine how those factors contribute to the policy change (or lack thereof). Understand how those factors can be leveraged in practice to advocate for desirable policy changes.

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PUBLIC POLICY THEORY & APPLICATION P A D M N 6 3 2 0