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Speaker: Hiroki Sakamoto - Role: Site Reliability Engineer at Verda - Mission: Improving System Reliability - Interest: Kubernetes, Distributed System 

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Background 

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What is Verda? is based on OpenStack. since 2016~ FaaS PaaS IaaS NAT LB Bare metal 

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What is Verda? Virtual Machines 74,000+ Physical Machines 30,000+ Hypervisors 4,000+ 

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SRE Teams for Verda Platform wide SRE Provide Verda-Internal platform to improve Verda services reliability Infra Management Manage our physical infrastructure resources to host Verda services 

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SRE Teams for Verda Platform wide SRE Provide Verda-Internal platform to improve Verda services reliability Here! 

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Log aggregation in Verda 

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Presentation Targets  Targets - The people who address the issues similar to ours - The people who are thinking about Multi-Tenant architecture - The people who can make decision about architecture Theme - Config Management in Multi-Tenant Kuberenetes - Operation for Fluentd in Multi-Tenant Kubernetes

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Benefits  - Get a useful idea to address the config management in Multi- Tenant Kubernetes - Get knowledge about log management and config management in Multi-Tenant Kuberetes before your release

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Issues about logging in Verda 

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Provide Multi-Tenant Kubernetes for Verda Purpose - Aggregate infra resources - Standardize operations - Provide internal platform tools to reduce operation costs /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF .POJUPSJOH -PBECBMBODFS /"5 %BTICPBSE %FTJHOBUF $JOEFS 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch - Fluentd and Logrotated are in a Pod as sidecars - Emptydir is used to share log files among the containers 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Generate logs! 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Tail logs 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Send logs 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Rotate logs If needed 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Pain Points - Too many sidecars in all of the Pods - All developers must maintain Fluentd regardless of their knowledge - Lack of monitoring, taking care of performance, reliability and durability 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Hard to schedule pods efficiently due to too many containers!! 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Hard to schedule pods efficiently due to too many containers!! Quality depends on each teams 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch Hard to schedule pods efficiently due to too many containers!! Quality depends on each teams Need to send “Audit logs” but don’t have enough monitoring 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch 5XFNPKJzCZ$PQZSJHIU5XJUUFS *ODBOEPUIFSDPOUSJCVUPSTJTMJDFOTFEVOEFS$$#: 

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Original log aggregation mechanism /PWB"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE /FVUSPO"1* emptydir -PHSPUBUFE Elasticsearch We need to re-think! 

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Solutions for the issues 

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2 solutions Provide Managed Fluentd cluster Provide Fluentd Config Operator 

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2 solutions Provide Managed Fluentd cluster Provide Fluentd Config Operator 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Managed scope 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Forwarders - Collect logs and send them to aggregators - Deployed as Daemonset It means that a node has only one Fluentd container 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Aggregators - Receive logs from forwarders - Process and filter logs - Send logs to datastore like ES - Deployed as StatefulSet - With PersistentVolume 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Why split? - Not need much resource for Daemonset - Improve Scalability - Reduce changing scope when deploying 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Pods output logs to stdout 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout Forwarder Docker log driver copies from stdout to other log file logfile logfile 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout Forwarder Tail from the logs logfile logfile 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout Forwarder Aggregate and process logs logfile logfile 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout Forwarder Send logs logfile logfile 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Fluentd is shared resource 

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For durability /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout Forwarder - Buffer logs in each host directory - Flush buffers at shutdown - Save the position it’s already read into files - Require ack response from aggregator logfile logfile 

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For durability /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder - Buffer logs in each PersistentVolume - Flush buffers at shutdown - Distribute Pods across nodes 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Pros - Developers don’t need to maintain Fluentd - Fluentd can buffer logs while the destinations are down - Easy to scale aggregators - Monitored by SRE Team so developers don’t need to do that - Ensured durability, reliability and performance by SRE Team 

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Managed Fluentd Cluster /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF# ,FZTUPOF /"5 -PBECBMBODFS stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator So... How do developers apply their own logging config? 5XFNPKJzCZ$PQZSJHIU5XJUUFS *ODBOEPUIFSDPOUSJCVUPSTJTMJDFOTFEVOEFS$$#: 

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2 solutions Provide Managed Fluentd cluster Provide Fluentd Config Operator 

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2 solutions Provide Managed Fluentd cluster Provide Fluentd Config Operator 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder A team would apply... 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder The other team would apply... 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Conflict! Conflict! Conflict! 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Some team would apply broken config... ! 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Process down!! 

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Shared Fluentd Issues /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Elasticsearch Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator /PEF# /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile Forwarder Process down!! What happen?! 

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Shared Fluentd Issues - Changes to config would be conflicted among some teams - Invalid config causes process down - Developers need to take care of Fluentd when applying config 

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Requirements  - All configs should be validated before applying - All configs shouldn’t affect other teams’ configs - All configs shouldn’t cause process down - All applying config shouldn’t make developers operate manually

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE

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Fluentd Config Operator  LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE - Automatically validate config written in CRD “LoggingPipeline” - Automatically compile the Fluentd config to CM if the config is valid - Automatically notify Fluentd to reload new config - Automatically block config if the config is invalid

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Apply to specify managed Fluentd

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Apply logging config

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Fluentd Config Operator  Where to collect logs

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Fluentd Config Operator  How to process logs

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Fluentd Config Operator  Where to send logs

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Start to reoncile

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Compile config to Configmaps for validation for forwarder for aggregator

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE for forwarder for aggregator Start validation

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Compile & update configs If success

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LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Fluentd Config Operator  Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Notify Fluentd specified in FluentdNode CRD if config get updated

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Fluentd Config Operator  LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE All developers need to do is specify log source and destination in CRD. 5XFNPKJzCZ$PQZSJHIU5XJUUFS *ODBOEPUIFSDPOUSJCVUPSTJTMJDFOTFEVOEFS$$#:

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Fluentd Config Operator  LoggingPipeline Forwarder Config Forwarder Aggregator Fluentd Config Operator Aggregator Config FluentdNode Developers SRE Dive into this more detail

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CRD: LoggingPipeline  Support stdout as log source

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CRD: LoggingPipeline  Support logs in emptyDir as log source

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CRD: LoggingPipeline  Support logs defined in snippet as log source

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Compile LoggingPipeline 

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Compiled for forwarders

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Automatically generate to indicate emptyDir path in host

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Automatically add to ensure durability

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Automatically add to ensure durability

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Compiled for aggregators

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Relabel to encapsulate not to affect other configs

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Compile LoggingPipeline  Automatically complicate prefix to save in persistent volume

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Compile LoggingPipeline  - Compile separately for forwarders and aggregators - Automatically complicate important parameters - Automatically wrap config with label to isolate it not to affect others - Automatically change directory to buffer logs to ensure durability

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Config Validation  - Run static validation - Run pod with dry-run command for forwarders - Run pod with actual-run to ensure connectivity to destinations for aggregators

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Operations for the solutions 

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Load Test /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile 

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Load Test /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder Dark launch in prod 

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Load Test /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder About 250GB/day 

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Load Test Results…  The CPU usage of some aggregators got very higher periodically regardless of plenty of aggregator instances - Event thread in Fluentd was hanging up - Connections between the aggregator and forwarders were not too much - It means that aggregation, processing and writing buffer are heavy - But I/O was not hanging up

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Load Test Results…  The CPU usage of some aggregators got very higher periodically regardless of plenty of aggregator instances - Event thread in Fluentd was hanging up - Connections between the aggregator and forwarders were not too much - It means that aggregation, processing and writing buffer are heavy - But I/O was not hanging up Log chunk size may be too much Let’s make chunk size be lower! 5XFNPKJzCZ$PQZSJHIU5XJUUFS *ODBOEPUIFSDPOUSJCVUPSTJTMJDFOTFEVOEFS$$#:

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Load Test Results…  The CPU usage of some aggregators got very higher periodically regardless of plenty of aggregator instances - Event thread in Fluentd was hanging up - Connections between the aggregator and forwarders were not too much - It means that aggregation, processing and writing buffer are heavy - But I/O was not hanging up Resolved 5XFNPKJzCZ$PQZSJHIU5XJUUFS *ODBOEPUIFSDPOUSJCVUPSTJTMJDFOTFEVOEFS$$#:

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Monitoring AlertManager Cluster Remote write Monitor VM Alert Fire alerts Query periodically /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder 

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Monitoring AlertManager Cluster Remote write Monitor VM Alert Fire alerts Query periodically /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder - Prometheus in the cluster scrape metrics from Fluentd containers - It is monitored by a Prometheus which is out of the cluster - The Prometheus writes metrics to VictoriaMetrics TSDB - VM Alert query pre-defined rules for VictoriaMetrics periodically - VM Alert fire alerts to AlertManager if match with the rules - AlertManager sends notifications to the destinations like Slack, PagerDuty 

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Monitoring - CPU, Memory Usage - Process down, Pod down, Pod restart count - Whether there is no logs which is sent to the destination - log inflow speed < log processing speed - Disk usage for buffering and buffered bytes - Number of errors and slow flush about Fluentd - Number of errors about Fluentd Config Operator 

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Project Results 

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Project Results  Provided Managed Fluentd Cluster and Fluentd Config Operator - Got developers off maintaining Fluentd - All developers need to do is to manage their own logging config itself - Reduced about 172 containers in a cluster - Improve reliability, durability and performance about logging - Found undetected error about logging by monitoring

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However…  Some issues occurs after release - Docker JSON Log Driver splits the logs more than 16k so broken json log come to our Fluentd… - We need mechanism to notify developers parsing error

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Dead Letter Routing 

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Next Project 

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Introduce Kafka and… Elasticsearch /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder 

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Introduce Kafka and… Elasticsearch /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder - Remove direct dependency between forwarder and aggregator to improve scalability - Enable developers to send logs from out of the cluster 

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Introduce Kafka and… Elasticsearch /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile /PEF" /PWB /FVUSPO ,FZTUPOF stdout stdout stdout logfile "HHSFHBUPS/PEFT Forwarder Aggregator Aggregator Aggregator Forwarder Standardize logging across all Verda services! 

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Thank you