Ruby Under a Microscope  を読んでみた（つまみぐい紹介編）

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Ruby Under a Microscope   ΛಡΜͰΈͨ ʢͭ·Έ͙͍঺հฤʣ ສ༿ڀָ෦ #4 2014.01.16  ௗҪઇ @yotii23

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جຊॻࢽ৘ใ ஶऀɿPat Shaughnessy ग़൛ࣾɿno starch press ISBNɿ9781593275273 O’REILLYɿ  http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781593275273.do

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ͲΜͳ಺༰ʁ "An Illustration Guide"   #=> ਤೖΓͰ "to Ruby Internals"  #=> Rubyͷ಺෦࣮૷Λղઆʂ ͍ͭ΋ॻ͍͍ͯΔRubyͷίʔυ ͕ɺͲΜͳ෩ʹ࣮ߦ͞ΕΔͷ͔ ΛɺCͷίʔυͳ͠ͰɺਤೖΓ Ͱղઆͯ͘͠ΕΔຊ Ruby 2.0ରԠ

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1: Tokenization and ParsingʢίʔυΛύʔπʹόϥͯ͠ɺߏจΛղੳ͢Δʣ 2: CompilationʢίϯύΠϧΑ͏͠ΒΜɺͱࢥͬͨΒKoichi Sasadaͷ໊લ͕ʣ 3: How Ruby Executes Your CodeʢRuby͸Ͳ͏΍ͬͯ͜ͷίʔυΛ࣮ߦͯ͠Δͷ͔ʣ 4: Control Structures and Method Dispatch ʢ੍ޚߏ଄ͱ͔ϝιουݺͼग़͠ͱ͔ʣ 5: Objects and ClassesʢΦϒδΣΫτͱΫϥεɺͳɻ͋Εͳɻʣ 6: Method Lookup and Constant Lookup ʢϝιου୳ࡧͱఆ਺୳ࡧʣ 7: The Hash Table: The Workhorse of Ruby Internals  ʢϋογϡςʔϒϧɺRuby಺෦ͷ͸ͨΒ͖Ϟϊʣ 8: How Ruby Borrowed a Decades-Old Idea from Lisp  ʢϒϩοΫ͸Rubyಠࣗͷಛ௃ͱ͔͡ΌͶ͔͑Βʂʣ 9: Metaprogramming ʢࠇຐज़ʣ 10: JRuby: Ruby on the JVM ʢJVMʣ, 11: Rubinius: Ruby Implemented with Ruby ʢRubiniusʣ 12: Garbage Collection in MRI, JRuby, and Rubinius ʢॲཧܥʹΑΔGC͍Ζ͍Ζʣ ໨࣍ͬ͟ͱݟ

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ΦϒδΣΫτͱΫϥε  ɾΦϒδΣΫτͷ಺෦ߏ଄  ɾΠϯελϯεม਺ͷ୳ࡧํ๏  ɾΫϥεͷ಺෦ߏ଄ Ϟδϡʔϧ: include, extend, prepend ຊ೔ͷͭ·Έ͙͍ϝχϡʔ

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ΦϒδΣΫτͱΫϥε

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ΦϒδΣΫτͷ಺෦ߏ଄ จதఆٛ: “͢΂ͯͷRubyͷΦϒ δΣΫτ͸ɺΫϥε ϙΠϯλͱΠϯελ ϯεม਺ͷ഑ྻͷί ϯϏͰ͋Δ” ko1νΣοΫ:ϢʔβʔఆٛΫϥεͷ͜ͱɻ  Πϯελϯεม਺഑ྻͷͳ͍ΦϒδΣΫτ΋͋Δ

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ΦϒδΣΫτͷ಺෦ߏ଄ RObject :ΦϒδΣΫτߏ଄ମ RBasic: ΦϒδΣΫτͷجຊཁૉ ﬂags:಺෦తͳ͍ΖΜͳਅِ஋ͳͲ klass:classΛࣔ͢ϙΠϯλ numiv:Πϯελϯεม਺ͷ਺ ivptr:Πϯελϯεม਺ͷ഑ྻΛ ࣔ͢ϙΠϯλ

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ྫʣಉ͡Ϋϥεͷ̎ͭͷΦϒδΣΫτ class Mathematician attr_accesor :first_name attr_accesor :last_name end ! euler = Mathematician.new euler.first_name = “Leonhard” euler.last_name = “Euler” ! euclid = Mathematician.new euclid.first_name = “Euclid” RClass Mathematician RObject klass numiv: 2 ivptr RObject klass numiv: 1 ivptr Leonhard Euler Euclid

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δΣωϦοΫΦϒδΣΫτ  simple ruby value String info… Array info… VALUE RSring flags klass RBasic VALUE RArray flags klass RBasic integer value Flags RObject δΣωϦοΫΦϒδΣΫτ FIXNUM_FLAG : 1 simple ruby value RObject numiv ivptr VALUE flags klass RBasic ଞɺRRegexp ͳͲ૊ΈࠐΈͷ  ΦϒδΣΫτ ଞɺsymbolͳͲ ୯७ͳ஋

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δΣωϦοΫΦϒδΣΫτͷ  Πϯελϯεม਺ > str = “ͳʹ͔จࣈྻ => “ͳʹ͔จࣈྻ” > str.instance_variables => [ ] > str.instance_variables_set(“@val1”, “value one”) => “value one” > str.instance_variables => [:@val1] RSring generic_iv_tbl “ͳʹ͔จࣈྻ” str => hash etc… etc… @val1 => “value 1” @val2 => “value 2”

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Πϯελϯεม਺ͷ୳͠ํ _ko1ઌੜߨٛϊʔτ value Flags valueͷflags ʹΑͬͯ  ߏ଄ମΛ͔࣋ͭ൑ผ RObject δΣωϦοΫΦϒδΣΫτ simple ruby value ࣋ͨͳ͍ RBasicͷflagsͰ δΣωϦοΫΦϒδΣΫτ͔൑ผ ࣋ͭ flags klass RBasic ࣗ෼ͷ஋Λkeyʹɺgeneric_iv_tblΛ୳͢ ࣗ෼ͷclassͱivptr͔Β  ୳͢

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genelic_iv_table͸஗͍ _ko1ઌੜߨٛϊʔτ Object String Regexp

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ivptr (instance variables pointer) Ruby1.8 Ruby1.9 RObject klass numiv: 2 ivptr @val1 => “value 1” @val2 => “value 2” RClass RObject klass numiv: 2 ivptr ”value 1” “value 2” @val1 => 0 @val2 => 1

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ɹΈ͖ͯͨ͜ͱɿΦϒδΣΫτ ΦϒδΣΫτͷ಺෦ߏ଄  ɾΫϥεϙΠϯλ  ɾ͍͔ͭ͘ͷΦϒδΣΫτͷछྨͱߏ੒  ɾΦϒδΣΫτม਺ͷΞΫηε

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Ϋϥεͷߏ଄ จதఆٛɿ ”Ϋϥε͸ϝιουఆٛɺ attribute namesɺεʔύʔ Ϋϥε΁ͷϙΠϯλɺఆ ਺ςʔϒϧΛ࣋ͬͨRuby ͷΦϒδΣΫτͰ͋Δ” http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/22326055@N06/5220652648/sizes/m/

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Πϯελϯεϝιουͱ  Πϯελϯεม਺໊ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO EFGpSTU@OBNF !pSTU@OBNF FOE EFGpSTU@OBNF WBM !pSTU@OBNFWBM FOE EFGMBTU@OBNF !MBTU@OBNF FOE EFGMBTU@OBNF WBM !MBTU@OBNFWBM FOE FOE RClass flags klass RBasic method table first_name first_name= last_name last_name= attribute names @first_name @last_name Ruby͸Ϋϥε΋ΦϒδΣΫτʂ

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Ϋϥεͷܧঝ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO ҎԼུʣ Q.BUIFNBUJDJBODMBTT $MBTT Q.BUIFNBUJDJBOTVQFSDMBTT 1FSTPO RClass RClass flags klass RBasic method table first_name first_name= last_name last_name= attribute names @first_name @last_name Class RClass Person super superclass:

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO !UZQFl(FOFSBMz EFGTFMGUZQF !UZQF FOE FOE ! $MBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO.BUIFNBUJDJBO !UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE ! QVUT4UBUJTUJDJBOUZQF ໰୊ QVUT.BUIFNBUJDJBOUZQF ໰୊ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO !!UZQFl(FOFSBMz EFGTFMGUZQF !!UZQF FOE FOE ! $MBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO.BUIFNBUJDJBO !!UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE ! QVUT4UBUJTUJDJBOUZQF ໰୊ QVUT.BUIFNBUJDJBOUZQF ໰୊

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO !UZQFl(FOFSBMz EFGTFMGUZQF !UZQF FOE FOE ! $MBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO.BUIFNBUJDJBO !UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE ! QVUT4UBUJTUJDJBOUZQF l4UBUJTUJDTz QVUT.BUIFNBUJDJBOUZQF l(FOFSBMz DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO !!UZQFl(FOFSBMz EFGTFMGUZQF !!UZQF FOE FOE ! $MBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO.BUIFNBUJDJBO !!UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE ! QVUT4UBUJTUJDJBOUZQF l4UBUJTUJDTz QVUT.BUIFNBUJDJBOUZQF l4UBUJTUJDTz

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ RClass ΫϥεϨϕϧ  Πϯελϯεม਺: ˏtype @@type ͲͪΒ΋֨ೲ͞ΕΔςʔϒ ϧ͸Ұॹ ҧ͏ͷ͸ΞΫηεͷ࢓ํ

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ RClass: Mathematician ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺: “General” etc… DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO !UZQFl(FOFSBMz FOE DMBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO !UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE RClass: Statistician ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺: “Statistics” etc… ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ @type

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ RClass: Mathematician ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺: “General” etc… DMBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO !!UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE RClass: Statistician Ϋϥεม਺ @@type @@type͋Δʁ @@type͋Δʁ super ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺:

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ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ͱ Ϋϥεม਺ DMBTT4UBUJTUJDJBO !!UZQFl4UBUJTUJDTz FOE ΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ @@type @@typeͳ͍… @@type͋Δ! ॻ͖׵͑Δʂ RClass: Mathematician ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺: “Statistic” etc… RClass: Statistician super ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺:

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࣮ࡍͷΫϥεͷ಺෦ߏ଄ VALUE rb_classext_struct RClass RBasic flags klass m_tbl iv_index_tbl ptr super iv_tbl const_tbl origin refined_class allocator ΫϥεϙΠϯλ ϝιουςʔϒϧϙΠϯλ Πϯελϯεม਺໊ςʔϒϧ εʔύʔΫϥεϙΠϯλ ΫϥεϨϕϧΠϯελϯεม਺ɾΫϥεม਺ ఆ਺ςʔϒϧ ৽͍͠ΦϒδΣΫτͷϝϞϦ֬อʹ࢖͏ Module#prependʹ࢖͏ refinementsʹ࢖͏

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Ϋϥεϝιου Ϋϥεϝιου͸Ͳ͜ʹఆ ٛ͞ΕΔʁ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO DMBTTTFMG EFGDMBTT@NFUIPE QVUTlDMBTTNFUIPEz FOE FOE FOE

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Ϋϥεϝιου RClass: Mathematician klass RClass: Class m_tbl “class_method” ? DMBTT"OPUIFS$MBTTFOE "OPUIFS$MBTTDMBTT@NFUIPE VOEFpOFENFUIPE lDMBTT@NFUIPEzʜ MathematicianΫϥε͸Class ΫϥεͷΦϒδΣΫτ  =>Ϋϥεϝιου͸Class Ϋϥεʹఆٛ͞ΕΔ  #=> false!

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Ϋϥεϝιου:Ϋϥεͷੜ੒ 0CKFDU4QBDFDPVOU@PCKFDUT<5@$-"44> DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBOFOE OJM 0CKFDU4QBDFDPVOU@PCKFDUT<5@$-"44> ໰୊ ObjectSpace.count_objects[:T_CLASS] … Ϋϥεͷ਺ΛΧ΢ϯτ͢Δ ໰୊ɿҰͭΫϥεΛ৽͘͠ੜ੒ͨ࣌͠ɺ  Ϋϥεͷ૯਺͸͍ͭ͘૿͑Δ͔

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Ϋϥεϝιου:Ϋϥεͷੜ੒ 0CKFDU4QBDFDPVOU@PCKFDUT<5@$-"44> DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBOFOE OJM 0CKFDU4QBDFDPVOU@PCKFDUT<5@$-"44> ౴͑ɿ+ 2 ObjectSpace.count_objects[:T_CLASS] … Ϋϥεͷ਺ΛΧ΢ϯτ͢Δ

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Ϋϥεϝιου:Ϋϥεͷੜ੒ RObject klass RClass: Mathematician RClass method tablel first_name= first_name last_name= last_name flags klass RBasic flags klass RBasic method table class_method Singleton_class RClass: Class m_tbl m_tbl

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Έ͖ͯͨ͜ͱ2ɿΫϥε Ϋϥεͷ಺෦ߏ଄  ɾΠϯελϯεม਺ͱΠϯελϯεϝιου  ɾܧঝͷsuper  ɾΫϥεͷΠϯελϯεม਺ʗΫϥεม਺ ΫϥεϝιουͱγϯάϧτϯΫϥε

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Ϟδϡʔϧ http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/glitchpunk/5320924205/sizes/m

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Ϟδϡʔϧͷ಺෦ߏ଄ m_tbl VALUE RClass:module rb_classext_struct RBasic ﬂags klass ptr super iv_tbl const_tbl origin ModuleͰ͔ͭΘͳ͍΋ͷ ɾiv_index_tbl: Πϯελϯεม਺໊ςʔϒϧɹɹ ɾallocator: ৽͍͠ΦϒδΣΫτͷϝϞϦ֬ อ༻   ※Ϟδϡʔϧ͸ΠϯελϯεΛ࡞Εͳ͍ ※಺෦తʹ͸super͸࣋ͭ  ʢ೚ҙͷsuperΛࢦఆ͢Δ͜ͱ͸ग़དྷͳ͍ʣ

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Ϋϥεܧঝؔ܎ͷϝιου୳ࡧॱ RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Person super DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO FOE RClass: AnotherSClass super RClass: Object super 1 3 2 4

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Ϟδϡʔϧͷϝιου୳ࡧॱ RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Person super RClass: Object NPEVMF1SPGFTTPSFOE ! DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO JODMVEF1SPGFTTPS FOE RClass: AnotherSClass RClass: Professor super super 1 3 2 4 5

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Ϟδϡʔϧ…includeͷ࣮૷ RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Person super RClass: Professor RClass: AnotherSClass super RClass: Object super 1 3 2 4 5 RClass: Professor super inculde࣌ʹϞδϡʔϧͷίϐʔ͕ Ϋϥεͱͯ͠࡞੒͞Εɺ ܧঝπϦʔʹࠩ͠ࠐ·ΕΔ super ίϐʔʂ (module) (class)

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1ͭͷΫϥεʹೋͭͷϞδϡʔϧ DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO JODMVEF1SPGFTTPS JODMVEF&NQMPZFF FOE RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Person super RClass: Professor 1 4 2 RClass: Professor ίϐʔʂ super RClass: Employee RClass: Employee super 3

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ϞδϡʔϧΛΠϯΫϧʔυͨ͠  Ϟδϡʔϧ NPEVMF1SPGFTTPS JODMVEF&NQMPZFF FOE RClass: Professor super RClass: Employee super RClass: Employee super ίϐʔʂ Ϟδϡʔϧͷsuper͕includeͨ͠  ϞδϡʔϧͷίϐʔΫϥεΛࢦ͢

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ϞδϡʔϧΛΠϯΫϧʔυͨ͠  ϞδϡʔϧͷΠϯΫϧʔυ NPEVMF1SPGFTTPS JODMVEF&NQMPZFF FOE DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO JODMVEF1SPGFTTPS FOE RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Person super 1 4 2 ίϐʔʂ RClass: Professor super RClass: Employee super RClass: Professor super RClass: Employee super RClass: Employee super 3

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Ϟδϡʔϧ…extendͷ࣮૷ RObject: klass RClass: Person super 1 3 2 extend࣌ʹϞδϡʔϧͷίϐʔΫϥε͕  ࡞੒͞ΕɺΦϒδΣΫτͷΫϥεʹͳΔ RClass: Professor RClass: Professor super super ίϐʔʂ (module) (class) RClass: Mathematician super NPEVMF1SPGFTTPSFOE DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO1FSTPO FOE N.BUIFNBUJDJBOOFX NFYUFOE1SPGFTTPS

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Ϟδϡʔϧ…prepend (1. includeͰ͏·͘ߦ͔ͳ͍ྫ) NPEVMF1SPGFTPS EFGOBNF l1SPG\TVQFS^z FOE FOE ! DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO BUUS@BDDFTTPSOBNF JODMVEF1SPGFTTPS FOE ! QPJODBSF.BUIFNBUJDBOOFX QPJODBSFOBNFl)FOSJ1PJODBSFz ! QQPJODBSFOBNF l)FOSJ1PJODBSFz ˌinclude ”Prof.”͕͔ͭͳ͍ RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Object super RClass: Professor super 1 2 3 attr_accessor: name def name “Prof. #{name}” end Mathematican͕ઌʹ୳͞ΕΔ  …Professor ·Ͱ୳͞ͳ͍Ͱղܾ

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Ϟδϡʔϧ…prepend ʢ̎.prependͰղܾͨ͠ྫʣ NPEVMF1SPGFTPS EFGOBNF l1SPG\TVQFS^z FOE FOE ! DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO BUUS@BDDFTTPSOBNF QSFQFOE1SPGFTTPS FOE ! QPJODBSF.BUIFNBUJDBOOFX QPJODBSFOBNFl)FOSJ1PJODBSFz ! QQPJODBSFOBNF l1SPG)FOSJ1PJODBSFz ˌprepend RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Object super RClass: Professor super 1 2 3 attr_accessor :name def name “Prof. #{name}” end Professor͕ઌʹ୳͞ΕΔ ٙ໰ɿpoincare͸MathematicianͷΦϒδΣΫτ  Ͳ͏΍ͬͯܧঝπϦʔΛલʹ໭Δͷʁ

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Ϟδϡʔϧ…prependͷ࣮૷ RClass: Mathematician super RClass: Oject super RClass: Professor super attr_accessor :name def name “Prof. #{name}” end RClass: Mathematician super origin #prepend͸  1. Mathematican  ͷίϐʔ(OriginΫϥεʣΛɺ  ΠϯΫϧʔυ͞ΕͨϞδϡʔϧͷ  εʔύʔΫϥεʹ͢Δɻ 2. ΦϦδφϧͷΫϥεͷ  શͯͷϝιουΛɺ  OriginΫϥεʹҠ͢ Original Origin

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໰୊: ΠϯΫϧʔυޙͷϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷ  ϝιου௥Ճ NPEVMF1SPGFTPSFOE ! DMBTT.BUIFNBUJDJBO JODMVEF1SPGFTTPS FOE ! NPEVMF1SPGFTTPS EFGQSJNBSZ@DMBTTSPPN Ql"z FOE FOE ! QPJODBSF.BUIFNBUJDJBOOFX ! QPJODBSFQSJNBSZ@DMBTTSPPN ໰୊ ΠϯΫϧʔυޙʹϞδϡʔϧΛ  ࠶Φʔϓϯͯ͠ϝιουΛ௥Ճ No Method Error? or “A-101”?

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ղ౴: ΠϯΫϧʔυޙͷϞδϡʔϧ΁ͷ  ϝιου௥Ճ QPJODBSFQSJNBSZ@DMBTTSPPN l"z ΠϯΫϧʔυޙʹϞδϡʔϧʹ௥Ճ͞Εͨ  ϝιου΋ݺͼग़ͤΔ  ˎϝιουςʔϒϧͰ͸ͳ͘ɺ  ϝιουςʔϒϧ΁ͷϙΠϯλΛίϐʔ͢ΔͨΊ method table primary_classroom RClass: Mathematician super ίϐʔʂ RClass: Professor super m_tbl RClass: Professor super m_tbl

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Έ͖ͯͨ͜ͱ3ɿ Ϟδϡʔϧ Ϟδϡʔϧͷ಺෦ߏ଄ include/extend/prepend ͷ࣮૷

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·ͱΊ Ruby Under a Microscope :   Rubyͷϝδϟʔͳͱ͜Ζͷ಺෦ߏ଄Λେ·͔ʹཧղ ͤͯ͘͞ΕΔྑ͍ຊ ʮ͜͏͍͏͜ͱΛ͢Δͱ͜ͷڍಈʹͳΔʯͷཧ༝͕ ෼͔ΔͱRubyͱ஥ྑ͘ͳΕΔؾ͕͢Δ ͝঺հͨ͠ͷ͸΄ΜͷҰ෦Ͱ͢