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TOOL TROUBLE Network and Spatial Methods for Art History Matthew Lincoln University of Maryland @matthewdlincoln College Art Association 2016

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What happens next? @matthewdlincoln (Image source: @batlabels, 9 December 2015)

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Alfred H. Barr, Jr., “Diagram of Stylistic Evolution from 1830 until 1935”, in Cubism and Abstract Art [1936], reprint (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966) @matthewdlincoln

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John Frederick Padgett and Walter W. Powell, “The Problem of Emergence,” in The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, (Princeton University Press, 2012), 6. @matthewdlincoln

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Publisher Designer Engraver “Sculptura in Æs”, from Johannes Stradanus’ Nova Reperta. Published by Philips Galle, c. 1588-1605. British Museum, London.

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@matthewdlincoln

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@matthewdlincoln A Gephi mess (don’t do this!)

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@matthewdlincoln Complete graph 1615 1630 1640 1640 1670 1680 1619 ● ● ● ● ● ● A 1550−1620 B 1590−1645 C 1606−1660 D 1620−1675 E 1656−1700 F 1678−1730 1610−1620 1615 1619 ● ● ● ● A 1550−1620 B 1590−1645 C 1606−1660 D 1620−1675 1630−1640 1630 1640 1640 ● ● ● B 1590−1645 C 1606−1660 D 1620−1675 1670−1680 1670 1680 ● ● ● D 1620−1675 E 1656−1700 F 1678−1730

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@matthewdlincoln Network centralization ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.93 – highly centralized 0.53 – somewhat centralized 0 – perfectly even

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@matthewdlincoln Group Assortativity 100% internal 58% internal 67% external 100% external ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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centrality nodes edges 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 @matthewdlincoln

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1650 40 45 50 55 −10 0 10 20 Population (tens of thousands) 0 100 200 300 400 region British Isles France Germany Iberia Italy Poland Scandinavia The Low Countries @matthewdlincoln Matthew Lincoln after Jan De Vries 1984 (2015) europop: Historical Populations of European Cities, 1500-1800 R package version 0.1

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0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1500 1600 1700 1800 Share of Urban Population region British Isles France Germany Iberia Italy Poland Scandinavia The Low Countries @matthewdlincoln

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Image source: Saul Steinberg, “View of the World from 9th Avenue”, The New Yorker, 29 March 1976 @matthewdlincoln

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@matthewdlincoln Walter Scheidel and Elijah Meeks, ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World

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@matthewdlincoln Walter Scheidel and Elijah Meeks, ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World

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@matthewdlincoln Walter Scheidel and Elijah Meeks, ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World

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Image source: ORBIS Working pape, orbis.stanford.edu/assets/Scheidel_64.pdf @matthewdlincoln

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RStudio Integrated Development Environment (author’s laptop) @matthewdlincoln

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@matthewdlincoln 1.  Maps and networks aren’t tools; they are methods.

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1.  Maps and networks aren’t tools; they are methods. 2.  This requires faculty investment. @matthewdlincoln

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Matthew Lincoln matthewlincoln.net @matthewdlincoln