A tale of ci build failures: an Open Source and a Financial Organization Perspective Carmine Vassallo, Gerald Schermann, Fiorella Zampetti, Daniele Romano, Philipp Leitner, Andy Zaidman, Massimiliano Di Penta, Sebastiano Panichella 1 @ccvassallo vassallo@ifi.uzh.ch

Continuous Delivery is a software development discipline where you build software in such a way that the software can be released to production at any time. (Martin Fowler) 2

Continuous Delivery is a software development discipline where you build software in such a way that the software can be released to production at any time. (Martin Fowler) 3

Software building: Continuous Integration 4 4 Build(CI) Source

Software building: Continuous Integration 5 5 Build(CI) Source

• On average, a build failure takes 57 min to fix. • The overall cost of build failures ranging from 904.64 to 2034.92 man-hours (over a period of 6 months). • They monitored roughly 7200 man-hours. . . Kerzazi, F. Khomh, and B. Adams, Why do automated builds break? an empirical study, in 30th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME), pp. 41–50, IEEE, 2014. 
 Relevance of Build Breakage 6 6

Build breaks types 7 Failing tests are the dominant reason for unsuccessful builds (Rausch et al., MSR 2017) (Beller et al., MSR 2017) Industry OSS 40% of the failures occur during static analysis (Miller et al., AGILE 2008) Dependencies between components are the most relevant cause of compilation related failures (Seo et al., ICSE 2014) 7

8 What are differences and commonalities in the distribution of build failure types occurring in OSS and industry? 8

9 9

10 RQ1 What types of failures affect builds of OSS and industrial projects? RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? 10

Data Selection 11 • 418 Maven (mostly Java) projects • 12,871 builds of which 3,390 (≈ 26%) failed. • 349 Maven (Java) projects • 116,741 builds, of which 30,792 (≈ 26%) failed 11 Industry OSS

12 Data Selection • 418 Maven (mostly Java) projects • 12,871 builds of which 3,390 (≈ 26%) failed. • 349 Maven (Java) projects • 116,741 builds, of which 30,792 (≈ 26%) failed Industry OSS Build failure logs were the only resources we could access 12

13 Data Preprocessing 13

14 Data Preprocessing 14 [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin:3.0:compile (default-compile) on project es-common: Compilation failure [ERROR] /home/travis/build/zhangkaitao/es/common/src/main/java/com/sishuok/es/common/utils/html/HTMLUtils.java:[14,8] class HtmlUtils is public, should be declared in a file named HtmlUtils.java [ERROR] -> [Help 1] [ERROR] [ERROR] To see the full stack trace of the errors, re-run Maven with the -e switch. [ERROR] Re-run Maven using the -X switch to enable full debug logging. [ERROR] [ERROR] For more information about the errors and possible solutions, please read the following articles: [ERROR] [Help 1] http:/ /cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MAVEN/MojoFailureException

Keyword grouping Build Log classification Result Validation ! " # $ Build Failure Catalog 15 15 CODE ANALYSIS (STATIC) org.codehaus.mojo:sonar-maven-plugin:sonar org.codehaus.mojo:findbugs-maven-plugin:findbugs Inter-rater agreement • Industry: k=0.8 (strong agreement) • OSS: k=0.62 (strong agreement)

16 CLEAN VALIDATION PRE-PROCESSING (RESOURCES) COMPILATION TESTING PACKAGING DOCUMENTATION SUPPORT EXTERNAL TASKS CODE ANALYSIS RELEASE PREPARATION DEPLOYMENT DEPENDENCIES PRODUCTION TEST SUPPORT UNIT TESTING INTEGRATION TESTING NON FUNCTIONAL TESTING CROSSCUTTING STATIC DYNAMIC LOCAL REMOTE RQ1 What type of failures affect builds of OSS and industrial projects? 16

17 Clean Validation Preprocessing Compilation (production) Compilation (test) Compilation (support) Testing (unit) Testing (integration) Testing (non functional) Testing (crosscutting) Packaging Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Deployment (Local) Deployment (Remote) Documentation Release Preparation Support External Tasks Dependencies % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 7.1% 1.4% 0.9% 0.0% 0.9% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 4.2% 0.8% 8.3% 0.0% 5.0% 28.0% 0.2% 1.8% 7.1% 1.3% 0.5% 0.0% 6.3% 8.8% 0.0% 21.1% 0.3% 10.0% 0.4% 0.0% 16.4% 2.1% 18.3% 2.7% 13.3% 5.2% 0.0% 2.3% 4.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Org OSS RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? Industry 17

18 Compilation (production) Compilation (test) Compilation (support) % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0.2% 1.8% 7.1% 0.0% 2.3% 4.2% ING OSS Compilation Errors are fairly limited Industry RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? 18

19 Testing (unit) Testing (integration) Testing (non functional) % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0.0% 5.0% 28.0% 2.7% 13.3% 5.2% ING OSS OSS projects exhibit more unit than integration testing related failures. In industry it’s the opposite. Early discovery of non-functional failures in industry. RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? Industry 19

20 Static Analysis % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 4.2% 16.4% ING OSS Static Analysis tools: on CI server in OSS, remotely in industry. RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? Industry 20

21 Deployment (Local) Deployment (Remote) Release Preparation % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 21.1% 10.0% 0.4% ING OSS Release preparation and deployment failures are very common in industry, less so in OSS RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? Industry 21

22 • Projects clustering (using K-means algorithm) • Optimal value of silhouette statistic: 6 • Each cluster dominated either by industrial or oss projects • except Dependencies # projects 0 45 90 135 180 Cluster Code Analysis Release Preparation Dependencies Crosscutting Testing Unit Testing Compilation ING OSS 25% 75% 100% 59% 41% 85% 31% 69% 94% 6% 15% 22 RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial project? Industry

23 • Dependencies related failures occur with the same frequency. Key findings • In OSS projects a lot of failures are due to unit testing: try to catch those issues earlier! • Need for a better release/deployment strategy in OSS. • Static analysis on separate server: well collected data and less overloading of CI server. • Towards early discovery of non functional testing failures. 23

@ccvassallo vassallo@ifi.uzh.ch 24 Build breaks types X Failing tests are the dominant reason for unsuccessful builds (Rausch et al., MSR 2017) (Beller et al., MSR 2017) Industry OSS 40% of the failures occur during static analysis (Miller et al., AGILE 2008) Dependencies between components are the most relevant cause of compilation related failures (Seo et al., ICSE 2014) X X RQ1 What types of failures affect builds of OSS and industrial projects? RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? X X CLEAN VALIDATION PRE-PROCESSING (RESOURCES) COMPILATION TESTING PACKAGING DOCUMENTATION SUPPORT EXTERNAL TASKS CODE ANALYSIS RELEASE PREPARATION DEPLOYMENT DEPENDENCIES PRODUCTION TEST SUPPORT UNIT TESTING INTEGRATION TESTING NON FUNCTIONAL TESTING CROSSCUTTING STATIC DYNAMIC LOCAL REMOTE RQ1 What type of failures affect builds of OSS and industrial projects? X X Clean Validation Preprocessing Compilation (production) Compilation (test) Compilation (support) Testing (unit) Testing (integration) Testing (non functional) Testing (crosscutting) Packaging Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Deployment (Local) Deployment (Remote) Documentation Release Preparation Support External Tasks Dependencies % of build failures 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 7.1% 1.4% 0.9% 0.0% 0.9% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 4.2% 0.8% 8.3% 0.0% 5.0% 28.0% 0.2% 1.8% 7.1% 1.3% 0.5% 0.0% 6.3% 8.8% 0.0% 21.1% 0.3% 10.0% 0.4% 0.0% 16.4% 2.1% 18.3% 2.7% 13.3% 5.2% 0.0% 2.3% 4.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Org OSS RQ2 How frequent are the different types of build failures in the observed OSS and industrial projects? Industry X