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The Fast Lane:
Async Rails
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Matheus Richard
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I II III
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What
is
Async?
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Stuff running
at the same time
“
- You, possibly
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Concurrency
vs
Parallelism
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👾
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🎮
👾
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Concurrency
🎮
👾
I'LL PLAY THIS
LEVEL
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Concurrency
🎮
👾
I'LL PLAY THIS ONE
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😇 🤝 😇
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Cooperative Execution
😇 🤝 😇
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😈 😈
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😭 😈
🎮
👾
I'LL PLAY THEM ALL!
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🎮
👾
5 MINUTES EACH
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🎮
👾
Preemptive Execution
5 MINUTES EACH
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They don't wanna
play the same game
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Concurrency
🎮
👾
🎮
⚽
CONTEXT SWITCH
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We don't like that!
We want to play
at the same time
“
- Kids
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We want
independence!
“
- Kids
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Parallelism
🎮 🎮
🏈 ⚽
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Parallelism
🎮 🎮
🏈 ⚽
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Parallelism
🎮 🎮
👾 ⚽
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Review
time
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CRuby
Specific
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Fibers 🪡
Threads 🧵
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🏠 Ractors
🏭 Processes
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🏠 Ractors
🏭 Processes
Fibers 🪡
Threads 🧵
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🪡 Fibers
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fiber = Fiber.new do
"Hey, I'm a fiber!"
end
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fiber = Fiber.new do
"Hey, I'm a fiber!"
end
puts fiber.resume
# Hey, I'm a fiber!
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boy = Fiber.new do
puts "I'm playing stage 1"
Fiber.yield
puts "I'm playing stage 2"
end
end
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boy = Fiber.new do
puts "I'm playing stage 1"
Fiber.yield
puts "I'm playing stage 2"
end
end
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boy = Fiber.new do
puts "I'm playing stage 1"
Fiber.yield
puts "I'm playing stage 2"
end
end
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boy = Fiber.new do
puts "I'm playing stage 1"
Fiber.yield
puts "I'm playing stage 2"
end
end
boy.resume
# I'm playing stage 1
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boy = Fiber.new do
puts "I'm playing stage 1"
Fiber.yield
puts "I'm playing stage 2"
end
end
boy.resume
# I'm playing stage 1
boy.resume
# I'm playing stage 2
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current_stage = 1
boy = Fiber.new do
loop do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
current_stage += 1
Fiber.yield
end
end
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current_stage = 1
boy = Fiber.new do
loop do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
current_stage += 1
Fiber.yield
end
end
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current_stage = 1
boy = Fiber.new do
loop do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
current_stage += 1
Fiber.yield
end
end
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current_stage = 1
boy = Fiber.new do
loop do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
current_stage += 1
Fiber.yield
end
end
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# ::.
girl = Fiber.new do
loop do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
current_stage += 1
Fiber.yield
end
end
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5.times do
boy.resume
girl.resume
end
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5.times do
boy.resume
girl.resume
end
# I'm playing stage 1
# I'm playing stage 2
# I'm playing stage 3
# I'm playing stage 4
# I'm playing stage 5
# I'm playing stage 6
# I'm playing stage 7
# I'm playing stage 8
# I'm playing stage 9
# I'm playing stage 10
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2.times do
boy.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
end
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2.times do
boy.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
girl.resume
end
# I'm playing stage 1
# I'm playing stage 2
# I'm playing stage 3
# I'm playing stage 4
# I'm playing stage 5
# I'm playing stage 6
# I'm playing stage 7
# I'm playing stage 8
# I'm playing stage 9
# I'm playing stage 10
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YOU are the
scheduler
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🧵 Threads
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thread = Thread.new do
puts "Hey, I'm a thread!"
end
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thread = Thread.new do
puts "Hey, I'm a thread!"
end
# threads start running
# automatically
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thread = Thread.new do
puts "Hey, I'm a thread!"
end
thread.join
# Hey, I'm a thread!
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So what?
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fibonacci(35)
fibonacci(35)
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fibonacci(35) # Runs in ~1s
fibonacci(35) # Runs in ~1s
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t1 = Thread.new do
fibonacci(35)
end
t2 = Thread.new do
fibonacci(35)
end
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t1 = Thread.new do
fibonacci(35) # Runs in ~1s
end
t2 = Thread.new do
fibonacci(35) # Runs in ~1s
end
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[t1, t2].each { |t| t.join }
# Takes ~2 seconds to run
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t1
Executing
t2
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t1
Executing
t2
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Threads don't run
in parallel!
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Threads switch
automatically on
I/O
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t1 = Thread.new do
fibonacci(35)
end
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t1 = Thread.new do
sleep 1
end
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[t1, t2].each { |t| t.join }
# Takes ~1 second to run
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t1
Executing
t2
Time
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t1
Executing
t2
Time
I/O
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t1 = Thread.new do
sleep 1
end
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t1 = Thread.new do
File.read("README.md")
end
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t1 = Thread.new do
HTTP.get("example.com")
end
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t1 = Thread.new do
DB.query("SELECT 1;")
end
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You have a
babysitter
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YOU PLAY A
STAGE…
…THEN YOU RUN
AROUND THE
BLOCK
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Thread.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}
now!"
current_stage += 1
end
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Thread.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}
now!"
current_stage += 1
sleep 1
end
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boy
Playing Running
girl
Time
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boy
girl
Time
Playing Running
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current_stage = 1
5.times do
[
Thread.new do ... end,
Thread.new do ... end
].each(&:join)
end
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current_stage = 1
5.times do
[
Thread.new do ... end,
Thread.new do ... end
].each(&:join)
end
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5.018222999991849 seconds to run
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1 second
Executing I/O
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girl
Time
1 second
Executing I/O
1 second
.
j
o
i
n
boy 1 second
1 second
.
j
o
i
n
...
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Threads are great!
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Threads are great!
Right…?
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I'm playing stage 1 now!
I'm playing stage 1 now!
I'm playing stage 3 now!
I'm playing stage 3 now!
I'm playing stage 5 now!
I'm playing stage 5 now!
I'm playing stage 7 now!
I'm playing stage 7 now!
I'm playing stage 9 now!
I'm playing stage 9 now!
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Thread.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
sleep 1
end
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Thread.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
sleep 1
end
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current_stage = 1
mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
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Thread.new do
mutex.synchronize do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
end
sleep 1
end
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Thread.new do
mutex.synchronize do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
end
sleep 1
end
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Thread.new do
mutex.synchronize do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
end
sleep 1
end
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Thread.new do
mutex.synchronize do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage} now!"
current_stage += 1
end
sleep 1
end
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I'm playing stage 1 now!
I'm playing stage 2 now!
I'm playing stage 3 now!
I'm playing stage 4 now!
I'm playing stage 5 now!
I'm playing stage 6 now!
I'm playing stage 7 now!
I'm playing stage 8 now!
I'm playing stage 9 now!
I'm playing stage 10 now!
5.014558000024408 seconds to run
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Threads
are
hard
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Shared
mutable
state
is
bad
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🏠 Ractors
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current_stage = 1
Ractor.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
end.take
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current_stage = 1
Ractor.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{current_stage}"
end.take
# raises ArgumentError
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STAGE = "Foo"
Ractor.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{STAGE}"
end.take
# raises Ractor.:IsolationError
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STAGE = "Foo".freeze
Ractor.new do
puts " I'm playing stage :{STAGE}"
end.take
# I'm playing stage Foo
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current_stage = 1
Ractor.new(current_stage) do |stage|
puts " I'm playing stage :{stage}"
end.take
# I'm playing stage 1
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current_stage = 1
Ractor.new(current_stage) do |stage|
puts " I'm playing stage :{stage}"
end.take
# I'm playing stage 1
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No content
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No content
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🎮
👾
🎮
👾
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No content
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🏭 Processes
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stage = Stage.new
kid_1 = Process.fork do
5.times do
puts " I'm playing a stage :{stage}"
end
end
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stage = Stage.new
kid_1 = Process.fork do
5.times do
puts " I'm playing a stage :{stage}"
end
end
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🏠 🏠
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🏠
🏠
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🏠
🏠
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No content
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No content
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No content
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Concurrent Parallel
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Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
Easy
Hard
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Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
Fibers
🪡
Easy
Hard
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Fibers
Threads
Ractors
Processes
Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
🪡
🧵
Easy
Hard
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Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
Fibers
Threads
Ractors
🪡
🧵
🏠
Easy
Hard
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Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
Fibers
Threads
Ractors
Processes
🪡
🧵
🏠
🏭
Easy
Hard
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Fiber::Scheduler
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Async gem
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Concurrent Parallel
Light
Heavy
Fibers
Threads
Ractors
Processes
🪡
🧵
🏠
🏭
Easy
Hard
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Concurrent Parallel
Easy
Hard
🪡
Fibers
Threads
Ractors
Processes
🏠
🏭
🧵
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No content
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Code
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Principles
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Don't do
tomorrow
what you
can do
today
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Don't do
tomorrow
what you
can do
today
Don't do
tomorrow
what you
can do
today
🚫
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Don't do
now
what you
can do
later
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
RegistrationMailer
.welcome_email(@registration)
.deliver_now
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
RegistrationMailer
.welcome_email(@registration)
.deliver_now
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
RegistrationMailer
.welcome_email(@registration)
.deliver_now
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
RegistrationMailer
.welcome_email(@registration)
.deliver_later
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
RegistrationMailer
.welcome_email(@registration)
.deliver_later
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
CollectRegistrationStatsJob
.perform_later(@registration)
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class RegistrationsController
def create
@registration = Registration.new(params)
if @registration.save
ProcessProfilePictureJob
.perform_later(@registration)
redirect_to @registration
end
# ...
end
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class User < ApplicationRecord
has_one_attached :avatar
def delete_avatar
avatar.purge
end
end
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class User < ApplicationRecord
has_one_attached :avatar
def delete_avatar
avatar.purge
end
end
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class User < ApplicationRecord
has_one_attached :avatar
def delete_avatar_later
avatar.purge_later
end
end
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class Team < ApplicationRecord
has_many :players, dependent: :destroy
end
class Player < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :team
end
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class Team < ApplicationRecord
has_many :players, dependent: :destroy
end
class Player < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :team
end
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Team.destroy_by(name: "Flamengo")
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Team.destroy_by(name: "Flamengo")
# DELETE FROM "players" WHERE "players"."id" = 1
# DELETE FROM "players" WHERE "players"."id" = 2
# ...
# DELETE FROM "players" WHERE "players"."id" = 11
# DELETE FROM "teams" WHERE "teams"."id" = 1
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class Team < ApplicationRecord
has_many :players, dependent: :destroy
end
class Player < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :team
end
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class Team < ApplicationRecord
has_many :players, dependent: :destroy_async
end
class Player < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :team
end
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Team.destroy_by(name: "Flamengo")
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Team.destroy_by(name: "Flamengo")
# Enqueued ActiveRecord::DestroyAssociationAsyncJob
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Don't do
now
what you
can do
later
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But…
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Don't
stand
still
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Time
tasks
Executing I/O
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Time
Executing I/O
tasks
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HTTP
Requests
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class TwitterNewsletter
def initialize(tweets)
@tweets = tweets
end
def to_s
# ...
end
end
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def to_s
@tweets
.map { |tweet| summary_for(tweet) }
.join("\n")
end
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def summary_for(tweet)
AI.ask("Write a summary for this tweet: :{tweet}")
end
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module AI
def self.ask(question)
HTTP.post(URL, question)
end
end
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module AI
def self.ask(question)
sleep(1)
end
end
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 2.011646999977529 seconds to run
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 2.011646999977529 seconds to run
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 2.011646999977529 seconds to run
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Time
requests
Executing I/O
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class TwitterNewsletter
def to_s
@tweets
.map { |tweet| summary_for(tweet) }
.join("\n")
end
end
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def to_s
Sync do
@tweets
.map { |tweet| Async { summary_for(tweet) } }
.map(&:wait)
.join("\n")
end
end
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def to_s
Sync do
@tweets
.map { |tweet| Async { summary_for(tweet) } }
.map(&:wait)
.join("\n")
end
end
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def to_s
Sync do
@tweets
.map { |tweet| Async { summary_for(tweet) } }
.map(&:wait)
.join("\n")
end
end
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def to_s
Sync do
@tweets
.map { |tweet| Async { summary_for(tweet) } }
.map(&:wait)
.join("\n")
end
end
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def to_s
Sync do
@tweets
.map { |tweet| Async { summary_for(tweet) } }
.map(&:wait)
.join("\n")
end
end
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 1.011646999977529 seconds to run
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 1.011646999977529 seconds to run
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Time
Executing I/O
requests
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tweets = [
"I'm learning Ruby",
"I'm learning Rails"
]
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 1.011646999977529 seconds to run
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tweets = Array.new(1_000) do
"Tweet :{_1}"
end
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 1.011646999977529 seconds to run
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tweets = Array.new(1_000) do
"Tweet :{_1}"
end
time = Benchmark.measure do
puts TwitterNewsletter.new(tweets)
end
puts ":{time.real} seconds to run"
# 1.011646999977529 seconds to run
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No content
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DB
Queries
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class ReportsController
def create
@new_authors = Author.recent
@new_books = Book.recent
@new_reviews = BookReview.recent
end
end
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class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :author
scope :recent, :> {
where("select true from pg_sleep(1)").limit(1)
}
end
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Author Load (1002.0ms)
Book Load (1001.5ms)
BookReview Load (1001.7ms)
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3 seconds
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ActiveRecord::Relation#load_async
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Time
Executing I/O
queries
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class ReportsController
def create
@new_authors = Author.recent
@new_books = Book.recent
@new_reviews = BookReview.recent
end
end
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class ReportsController
def create
@new_authors = Author.recent.load_async
@new_books = Book.recent.load_async
@new_reviews = BookReview.recent.load_async
end
end
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ASYNC Author Load (1010.2ms) (db time 1011.4ms)
ASYNC Book Load (2.2ms) (db time 1013.8ms)
ASYNC BookReview Load (0.2ms) (db time 1014.7ms)
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ASYNC Author Load (1010.2ms) (db time 1011.4ms)
ASYNC Book Load (2.2ms) (db time 1013.8ms)
ASYNC BookReview Load (0.2ms) (db time 1014.7ms)
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ASYNC Author Load (1010.2ms) (db time 1011.4ms)
ASYNC Book Load (2.2ms) (db time 1013.8ms)
ASYNC BookReview Load (0.2ms) (db time 1014.7ms)
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ASYNC Author Load (1010.2ms) (db time 1011.4ms)
ASYNC Book Load (2.2ms) (db time 1013.8ms)
ASYNC BookReview Load (0.2ms) (db time 1014.7ms)
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1 second
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3x
Faster
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No content
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Thread
Pool
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default: &default
adapter: postgresql
pool: 5
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🎮 🎮 🎮
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🎮 🎮 🎮
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🎮🎮🎮
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🎮🎮🎮
WE WANT TO
PLAY TOO
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🎮🎮🎮
😡
🤬
WAIT LOL
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Be careful
with busy
routes
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class BooksController
def show
@new_books = Book.recent.load_async
@external_books = HTTP.get(
"https::/external.com/books"
)
end
end
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Lazy
Loading
Lazy
Loading
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Async
Views
Async
Views
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class DashboardController
def show
@best_sellers = Book.best_sellers
@top_reviewed_books = Book.top_reviewed
# ...
end
end
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class DashboardController
def show
@best_sellers = Book.best_sellers # takes 10 seconds
@top_reviewed_books = Book.top_reviewed
# ...
end
end
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class DashboardController
def show
@best_sellers = Book.best_sellers.load_async
@top_reviewed_books = Book.top_reviewed.load_async
# ...
end
end
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Lazy-loaded
Turbo Frames
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Dashboard
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Dashboard
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
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:::- ... →
:/div>
:::- ... ::>:/div>
:/div>
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:/turbo-frame>
:::- ... ::>:/div>
:/div>
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:/turbo-frame>
:::- ... ::>:/div>
:/div>
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:/turbo-frame>
:::- ... ::>:/div>
:/div>
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:/turbo-frame>
:::- ... ::>:/div>
:/div>
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class Books::BestSellersController
def index
@best_sellers = Book.best_sellers # takes 10 seconds
end
end
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Best Sellers:/h1> <% @best_sellers.each do |book| %> <%# ... %> <% end %> :/turbo-frame>
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Dashboard
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Dashboard
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
BestSellers
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Dashboard
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⏳
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just some random text here. This is
not import
nore itant so i
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just some random text here. This is
not import
nore itant so i
just some random text here. This is
not important so ignore it
⏳
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Principles
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@font-face {
font-family: "My Font";
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: font-url("my-font.ttf");
}
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@font-face {
font-family: "My Font";
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: font-url("my-font.ttf");
}
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Rafael França rules!
Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet
consectetur adipisicing elit.
Rem sint nisi, dolorem
accusantium fugiat, eligendi
temporibus voluptatum est.
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Rafael França rules!
Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet
consectetur adipisicing elit.
Rem sint nisi, dolorem
accusantium fugiat, eligendi
temporibus voluptatum est.
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No content
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No content
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Rails
.application
.config
.action_view
.image_loading = "lazy"
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just some random text here. This is
not import
nore itant so i
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Async
Dev Tools
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Adapted from xkcd
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class AddIndexToUserRoles < ActiveRecord::Migration
disable_ddl_transaction!
def change
add_index :users, :role, algorithm: :concurrently
end
end
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class AddIndexToUserRoles < ActiveRecord::Migration
disable_ddl_transaction!
def change
add_index :users, :role, algorithm: :concurrently
end
end
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Parallel
Tests
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class ActiveSupport::TestCase
parallelize(workers: 2)
end
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class ActiveSupport::TestCase
parallelize(
workers: :number_of_processors
)
end
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| Workers | Test Suite Time |
|---------|-----------------|
| 1 | 40 min |
| 2 | 20 min |
| 4 | 10 min |
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parallel_tests
gem
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All
Roses
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Pitfalls
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With great
power…
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Async
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class IndexUsersOnEmail < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_index :users, :email, unique: true
end
end
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class BooksController < ApplicationController
def index
@books = Book.published.includes(:authors)
end
end
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<% books.each do |book| %>
<% cache(book) do %>
<%= render book %>
<% end %>
<% end %>
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class RolesController < ApplicationController
def index
Rails.cache.fetch("roles", expires_in: 1.hour) do
Auth0::Roles.fetch_all
end
end
end
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user_roles = users.map do |user|
user.roles
end.flatten
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user_roles = users.flat_map do |user|
user.roles
end
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rubocop-performance
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def fibonacci(n)
if n < 2
n
else
fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
end
end
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No content
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@MatheusRich
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Questions.ask_now
@MatheusRich | www.matheusrich.com | thoughtbot
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Questions.ask_later
@MatheusRich | www.matheusrich.com | thoughtbot