Shifting Terraform security left Gareth Rushgrove

Gareth Rushgrove Director, Product Management, Snyk Devops Weekly curator Open Source contributor @garethr

Agenda Cloud security 01 Static analysis 02 Example Terraform tools 03 Demos 04 Conclusions 05

Cloud security Standards, benchmarks and best practices

The financial giant said the intruder exploited a configuration vulnerability “ “ Configuration is a security risk

Some kind of misconfiguration is encountered on an penetration test over 96% of the time. “ “ Configuration is a security risk

While CSPs often provide tools to help manage cloud configuration, misconfiguration of cloud resources remains the most prevalent cloud vulnerability “ “ Configuration is a security risk

Center for Internet Security Benchmarks

CIS Benchmarks Azure and AWS

Static analysis What and why

Static analysis Static program analysis is the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs

A typical testing progression Acceptance tests Unit tests Integration tests Static analysis

The importance of fast feedback Acceptance tests Unit tests Integration tests Static analysis Fast Middling Slow Slower

Insecure Terraform Can you spot issues in the following code? resource "aws_security_group_rule" "my-rule" { type = "ingress" cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] } resource "aws_alb_listener" "my-alb-listener" { port = "80" protocol = "HTTP" } resource "aws_db_security_group" "my-group" { } resource "azurerm_managed_disk" "source" { encryption_settings { enabled = false } }

Insecure Terraform Can you spot issues in the following code? resource "aws_security_group_rule" "my-rule" { type = "ingress" cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] } resource "aws_alb_listener" "my-alb-listener" { port = "80" protocol = "HTTP" } resource "aws_db_security_group" "my-group" { } resource "azurerm_managed_disk" "source" { encryption_settings { enabled = false } } Wide open ingress rule

Insecure Terraform Can you spot issues in the following code? resource "aws_security_group_rule" "my-rule" { type = "ingress" cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] } resource "aws_alb_listener" "my-alb-listener" { port = "80" protocol = "HTTP" } resource "aws_db_security_group" "my-group" { } resource "azurerm_managed_disk" "source" { encryption_settings { enabled = false } } Use of unencrypted transport protocol

Insecure Terraform Can you spot issues in the following code? resource "aws_security_group_rule" "my-rule" { type = "ingress" cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] } resource "aws_alb_listener" "my-alb-listener" { port = "80" protocol = "HTTP" } resource "aws_db_security_group" "my-group" { } resource "azurerm_managed_disk" "source" { encryption_settings { enabled = false } } Unencrypted storage

Example Terraform tools Things to try out

Terrascan github.com/cesar-rodriguez/terrascan

Terrascan Project overview A collection of security and best practice tests for static code analysis of terraform templates using terraform_validate. Active, started 4 months ago 333 Python 35 rules, mainly for AWS @cesar-rodriguez Ran 16 tests in 0.015s OK Processed 19 files in C:\DEV\terraforms\backends\10-network-analytics Results (took 1.08 seconds): Failures: (2) [high] [aws_dynamodb_table.encryption.server_side_encryption.ena [high] [aws_s3_bucket.noEncryption] should have property: 'server Errors: (0)

Terrafirma github.com/wayfair/terrafirma

Terrafirma Project overview Terrafirma is a Terraform static analysis tool designed for detecting security misconfigurations. Inactive, created 2 years ago 17 Python 14 rules, mainly for GCP --- ISSUE FW_1 - Source range open to Internet - SEVERITY WARN - RESOURCE example_fw_rule.google_compute_firewall --- ISSUE FW_2 - SSH Open - SEVERITY INFO - RESOURCE example_fw_rule.google_compute_firewall

Checkov github.com/bridgecrewio/checkov

Checkov Project overview Checkov is a static code analysis tool for infrastructure as code. It scans cloud infrastructure managed in Terraform and detects misconfigurations. Active, created 3 months ago 511 Python 50 rules, for AWS, Azure and GCP @schosterbarak, @tronxd, @guyeisenkot, @nimrodkor Passed checks: 4, Failed checks: 0, Skipped checks: 0 Check: "Ensure all data stored in the S3 bucket is securely encrypted at rest" PASSED for resource: aws_s3_bucket.foo-bucket File: /example.tf:1-25 Check: "Ensure the S3 bucket has access logging enabled" PASSED for resource: aws_s3_bucket.foo-bucket File: /example.tf:1-25

tfsec github.com/liamg/tfsec

tfsec Project overview tfsec uses static analysis of your terraform templates to spot potential security issues - Checks for sensitive data inclusion across all providers - Checks for violations of AWS, Azure and GCP security best practice recommendations - Scans modules (currently only local modules are supported) - Evaluates expressions as well as literal values Active, started 4 months ago 927 35 rules, mainly for AWS @liamg

tfsec Detect common configuration issues $ tfsec 5 potential problems detected: Problem 1 [AWS018][ERROR] Resource 'aws_security_group_rule.my-rule' should include a description for auditing purposes. /Users/garethr/Documents/terraform-security/main.tf:1-4 1 | resource "aws_security_group_rule" "my-rule" { 2 | type = "ingress" 3 | cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] 4 | } 5 | 6 | resource "aws_alb_listener" "my-alb-listener"{ 7 | port = "80" See https://github.com/liamg/tfsec/wiki/AWS018 for more information. Problem 2 [AWS006][WARNING] Resource 'aws_security_group_rule.my-rule' defines a fully open ingress security group rule. /Users/garethr/Documents/terraform-security/main.tf:3 Decision (any JSON value)

Conftest github.com/instrumenta/conftest

Conftest Project overview Write tests against structured configuration data using the Open Policy Agent Rego query language. - Currently supports YAML, JSON, INI, TOML, HOCON, HCL, CUE, Dockerfile, HCL2, EDN, VCL and XML - Share policies using OCI registries, Git, S3 - Built-in debugging and testing tools Active, started 10 months ago 828 Write your own rules @garethr, @jpreese, @blokje5, @boranx, @KeisukeYamashita, @xchapter7x, @proplex, ...

Conftest Running tests against your configuration $ conftest test -i hcl2 main.tf FAIL - main.tf - ALB `my-alb-listener` is using HTTP rather than HTTPS FAIL - main.tf - ASG `my-rule` defines a fully open ingress FAIL - main.tf - Azure disk `source` is not encrypted Decision (any JSON value)

What is Open Policy Agent? github.com/open-policy-agent/opa Service OPA .rego Query (any JSON value) Decision (any JSON value) Data (JSON) Policy (Rego) Request, Event, etc. - An open source policy engine - Written in Go - WebAssembly support coming along - A CNCF project - Usable as a library and a service - A vibrant open source community - Provides a declarative DSL for writing policy called Rego

Conftest Write assertions in Rego package main deny[msg] { proto := input.resource.aws_alb_listener[lb].protocol proto == "HTTP" msg = sprintf("ALB `%v` is using HTTP rather than HTTPS", [lb]) } deny[msg] { rule := input.resource.aws_security_group_rule[name] rule.type == "ingress" contains(rule.cidr_blocks, "0.0.0.0/0") msg = sprintf("ASG `%v` defines a fully open ingress", [name]) }

Conftest Write unit tests for Rego in Rego test_blank_input { no_violations with input as {} } test_correctly_encrypted_azure_disk { no_violations with input as {"resource": { "azurerm_managed_disk": { "sample": { "enc } test_unencrypted_azure_disk { deny["Azure disk `sample` is not encrypted"] with input as {"resource": { "azurerm_ma }

Conftest integrations Easy to run in common CI/CD systems

Demo

Conclusions If all you remember is...

Cost/benefit Static analysis is cheap to run, but can result in false positives and false negatives

Developer proximity The closer feedback is provided to the original author of the code, the cheaper it should be to address issues

Terraform tooling Lots of new Terraform development tools emerging at the moment (not just for static analysis)

Shift security left Automatically catching security issues during development means less issues in production, and more time to focus on finding and fixing them

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