.JSSPS.JSSPS$SPXETPVSDJOH#FUUFS1PSUSBJUT +VO:BO;IV "MFYFJ"&GSPT 6$# "TFFN"HBSXBMB &MJ4IFDIUNBO +VF8BOH "EPCF <4*((3"1)"4*"5FDI1BQFS>"DDFQUBODF3BUF ๲େͳࣸਅ͔Βັྗతͳද৘ΛબͿͨΊʹ Ϋϥ΢υιʔγϯά+ػցֶशΛ࢖ͬͯϞσϧΛ࡞Δݚڀ ใࠂ୲౰ऀ෬ݟྒྷฏ බଜݚڀࣨ#

ͳͥબΜ͔ͩ w $7ػցֶशϙʔτϨʔτͱϝϯόʔͷڵຯൣғΛΧόʔ w ʮͨ͘͞Μࡱͬͯޙ͔Β͍͍ද৘બͿʯ৽͍͠ΧϝϥͷܗΛఏҊ w $SPXETPVSDJOH ͱ͘ʹ1BJSXJTF՝୊Λ࢖ͬͨ"DUJWF-FBSOJOHͷ۩ମత ͳϝιου͕ॻ͔Ε͍ͯΔ w ৽઱ͳؔ࿈ݚڀΛͨ͘͞Μ঺հ͍ͯ͠Δ ݅ 2

"CTUSBDU w ͍ΖΜͳද৘ͷϜʔϏʔΛࡱӨ w $SPXETPVSDJOHΛ࢖ͬͯͦΕͧΕͷϑϨʔϜͷද৘ͷັྗ౓Λܾఆ w ҟͳΔද৘ͷັྗ౓Λਪఆ͢Δ<ඃݧऀ಺>ϞσϧΛ࡞ͬͨ w ҟͳΔඃݧऀͷද৘ͷັྗ౓Λਪఆ͢Δ<ඃݧऀؒ>ϞσϧΛ࡞ͬͨ w "DUJWF-FBSOJOHΛ࢖ͬͯ৽͍͠ඃݧऀͷͨΊʹඃݧऀؒϞσϧΛνϡʔ χϯά͢Δํ๏ΛఏҊ w ྑ͍ද৘Λ࡞Δํ๏ΛֶͿͨΊͷ܇࿅ΞϓϦ΋࡞ͬͨ 3

3FTVMU7JTVBMJ[BUJPO 4 w γϦΞε౓ͱັྗ౓ͷͭΛਪఆ w ·ͣγϦΞε౓Ͱ܈ʹ෼͚ɺ֤܈Ͱ࠷΋ັྗ౓ͷߴ͍ࣸਅΛબͼɺ
 γϦΞε౓ॱʹࠨ্ˠӈԼʹฒ΂ͨ΋ͷ

*OUSPEVDUJPO w ັྗతͳද৘ΛͲ͏΍ͬͯ࡞Ε͹͍͍ͷ͔Θ͔Βͳ͍
 ˠΧϝϥΛ޲͚ΒΕΔͱෆ҆Λײ͡Δ w ࣗݾΠϝʔδͱଞਓ͔ΒͷΠϝʔδ͸େ͖͘ҟͳΔ<4QSJOHFS > w ද৘ΛQPTUQSPDFTTͰັྗతʹ͢Δํ๏͸ͨ͘͞Μ͋Δ͕ɺՃ޻͸ݏͩɻ ˠࡱӨதʹଞਓ͔ΒݟͨັྗΛϑΟʔυόοΫ͠Α͏ 5

3FMBUFE8PSLT w ϏσΦද৘ܥ w ϏσΦ͔Β֤෦Ґͷಈ͖Λಛ௃நग़͠࡞Γস͍ࣗવͳস͍Λ൑ఆ <%JCFLMJPHMV &$$7> w ͨ͘͞Μͷࣸਅ͔Βશһ͕সإͷࣸਅΛ࡞Δ<4IBI 47.1> w ϏσΦ͔ΒDBOEJEͳද৘Λநग़͢Δ<'JTT 4("> 6

3FMBUFE8PSLT w $SPVETPVSDJOH w $SPVETPVSDJOHͰओ؍తଐੑͷϥϯΩϯά΍είΞΛੜ੒
 <1BSJLI *$$7#FTU1BQFS> w ϑΥϯτ<0`%POPWBO 4(> ϑΝογϣϯ<,JBQPVS &$$7> 7

ࡱӨ w ෼ؒͷ༷ʑͳײ৘ΛҾ͖ग़ͨ͢ΊͷϑΟϧϜΫϦοϓ<(SPTT -FWFOTPO >ΛJ1BEͰݟͤͳ͕ΒϜʔϏʔΛࡱӨͨ͠ɻ w ͍͍ͩͨ ϑϨʔϜ͘Β͍ࡱΕͨ DGരসΧϝϥϑϨʔϜ w ˠJ1BEͰڭࣔͷϏσΦΛݟͤΔͱࡱӨऀͷӨڹΛഉআͰ͖ͯΑͦ͞͏ 8

1SF1SPDFTT 'BDJBM5SBDLJOH1PTFOPSNBMJ[BUJPO w <9JPOH >ͷ'BDF5SBDLFSΛ࢖ͬͯͷಛ௃఺நग़ w ਖ਼໘޲͖ʹἧ͑ΔͨΊ%ςϯϓϨʔτϞσϧʹషΓ෇͚ ͯϫʔϓ<;IBOH > )0(GFBUVSFFYUSBDUJPO w ໨·ΏඑؒޱإશମͰ࣍ݩͷ)0(ಛ௃ྔ w )0(ಛ௃ྔ͸ϐΫηϧً౓ޯ഑ͷہॴώετάϥϜͷ࿈݁
 ৄ͘͠͸όʹฉ͜͏ 4FMFDUSFQSFTFOUBUJWFFYQSFTTJPO w ᩦཉ๏ͰࣅͨϑϨʔϜΛআ͍ͯϑϨʔϜ͘Β͍ʹߜΔ w ڑ཭ؔ਺͸)0(ಛ௃ྔͷॏΈ෇͚υοτੵ
 ˢҙ֎ͱγϯϓϧ <)BSJIBSBO ><4IMJ[FSNBO > 9

"NB[PO.FDIBOJDBM5VSL w lػց͔͚͡ͷτϧίਓz w ஌Βͳ͔ͬͨΒ5IF5VSLͰάάΖ͏ w $SPXETPVSDJOHͷϓϥοτϑΥʔϜ 10

.5VSL)*5ͷઃܭ w )*5)VNBO*OUFMMJHFODF5BTL.5VSLʹ͓͚ΔλεΫͷ୯Ґ w ໰ͷ౷੍࣭໰ͷ͋ͱ໰ͷ୒՝୊ w ౷੍࣭໰Λؒҧ͑ͨ)*5͸ࣺͯΔ w ౷੍࣭໰ΛҎ্ؒҧ͑ΔϢʔβ͸CBO͢Δ 11 Q. Which is attractive? =1HIT ×16໰ =$0.06 ※1Ϣʔβ20HIT·Ͱ

4DPSJOH&YQSFTTJPOT w #SBEMFZ5FSSZ.PEFMʹै͏ͱԾఆ͢Δ w બ୒͞ΕΔ֬཰͕είΞͷࠩͷγάϞΠυؔ਺ͱͳΔ w ͢ΔͱɺείΞ͸ࣄޙ֬཰࠷େԽ໰୊ͰٻΊΒΕΔ<5TVLJEB > w ັྗ౓"ͷࣄલ෼෍ 1S " ΛͱΓ͋͑ͣҰ༷෼෍ͱ͢Δͱ
 DJ KJ൪໨K൪໨ͱ൑ఆ͞Εͨճ਺ 12 ↑min(͜Ε) ͕MAP cost

ऩଋΛ֬ೝ w .BQFOFSHZ΋$MBTTJpDBUJPOSBUF΋
 ͭͷը૾ʹ͖ͭଞը૾ͱൺֱ͢Δͱ͍͍ͩͨऩଋ w Ͱ΋\."1&OFSHZऩଋ^Ұ൪ྑ͍ը૾͕ਖ਼͘͠બ΂ͯΔͱ͸ݶΒͳ͍ w SBOLFSSPSNFUSJDΛఆٛ͢ΔΑ 13 < ը૾ରͷັྗ౓େখͷਖ਼౴཰͸ O(n)ճͷൺֱͰऩଋ͢Δ [O’Donovan, 2014] O(n)ຕͷը૾܈ʹ͍ͭͯ

ਖ਼͍͠ϥϯΩϯάΛ࡞Δ w ·ͣͦΕͧΕͷը૾ΛϥϯμϜʹબΜͩը૾ͱൺֱ͠ɺ
 ͦΕͧΕͷը૾ͷͬ͘͟Γͨ͠γϦΞε౓ັྗ౓Λਪఆ w γϦΞε౓Λݩʹஈ֊ʹ෼ྨɺ
 ͦΕͧΕͷஈ֊Ͱັྗ౓τοϓද৘͚ͩΛͱͬͯଞ͸ࣺͯΔ w γϦΞε౓ஈ֊ͷதͰը૾ϖΞΛճͣͭൺֱ w 3BOLFSSPSճൺֱͰ
 ճʹճਖ਼͘͠ϥϯΫ෇͚Ͱ͖Δ 14

4JOHMFTVCKFDUNPEFM w ັྗ౓γϦΞε౓ͷείΞΛಘͨͷͰɺ͜ΕΛਪఆ͢ΔϞσϧΛ࡞Δ w 4734VQQPSU7FDUPS3FHSFTTJPO w (#3(SBEJFOU#PPTUFE3FHSFTTJPO5SFFT w GPMEͰධՁͨ݁͠ՌɺDPSSd͘Β͍ 15

ٙ໰໨͕։͍ͯͯসͬͯΕ͹
 ັྗతͳͷͰ͸ w ʮ໰୊ͷΫϥεΛաେධՁ͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ʯͱ͍͏ٙ໰ɻ w ΋͠\໨ͷ։͖۩߹ সͬͯΔ౓߹͍^ˠັྗ౓ͷਪఆؔ਺͕
 ಉ͘͡Β͍ͷ੒੷Ͱ͋Ε͹ɺೖྗͷ࣍ݩ͸͜Μͳʹඞཁͳ͍ w ղ͘໰୊ͷΫϥεΛධՁ͍ͯ͠Δɻ 16

΍ͬͯΈͨ݁Ռ w \PQFOFZFEFUFDUPS TNJMFEFUFDUPS<+JBOH >^ˠັྗ౓Λਪఆ
 473ͰDPSSdΑ͔ͬͨ w Ͱ΋EFUFDUPS͸࠷৽ख๏͡Όͳ͍͔Β͔΋ʜ w ໨ࢹͰࢼͨ݁͠Ռ 17 ↑औΓ͜΅͕͋͠Δ͜ͱΛ֬ೝ (͜Μͳࡉ͔͍ࢦఠ͞ΕΔͷ͔…? CV෼໺ͷҋΛײ͡Δ)

$SPTTTVCKFDU w ඃݧऀؒͰύϥϝʔλڞ༗͢Δͱ$PSSd w ΋ͬͱσʔλ͕͋Ε͹ྑ͘ͳΔ͔΋ 18

"DUJWF-FBSOJOH w ৽͍͠ඃݧऀʹ͍ͭͯɺ$SPTTTVCKFDUNPEFMΛগͳ͍αϯϓϧͰ
 ͦͷਓઐ༻ʹνϡʔχϯά͢Δํ๏"DUJWF-FBSOJOHΛಋೖ w ࣄલ෼෍Λ$SPTTTVCKFDUNPEFMʹ͍Ζ͍Ζ޻෉͢Δͱ
 ऩଋ͕ΊͪΌૣ͍ w লུ 19

&YQSFTTJPO5SBJOJOH"QQ w 4FF&ZF&ZFͰΧϝϥͱσΟεϓϨΠͷҐஔ߹Θͤ w ࣗ෼ͷإͱɺັྗతͬΆ͍إ͕CMFOEͰදࣔˠ܇࿅Ͱ͖Δ 20

%BUB"OBMZTJT w ઌߦݚڀͷ໨͕։͍͍ͯΔΑ͍ࣸਅͱ͍͏Ծఆ<"MCVRVFSRVF >
 <8BOH >͸φΠʔϒ͗͢Δ͔΋ɻ w ຕ͔Β࠷΋ྑ͍ຕΛࣗ෼Ͱબ͹ͤΔͱɺ͍͍ͩͨҐ͘Β͍ɻ w ັྗ౓τοϓͷ͏ͪฏۉຕ͸ࣗવͳসإɻ w সإΛ࡞ͬͯͱݴΘΕΔͱྑ͍সإ͕Ͱ͖ͳ͘ͳΔ w ࡞Γ͍ͨද৘͸ɺଞਓ͕ݟ͍ͨද৘ͱ͸ҟͳΔ 21

-JNJUBUJPOT w ϏσΦͰྑ͍ද৘͕Ͱ͖Δͱ͸ݶΒͳ͍ w ັྗ౓΁ͷӨڹΛධՁͨ͠ͷ͸ද৘ͷΈ
 ϥΠςΟϯά΍ը֯ɺϝΠΫɾ൅ͷໟͳͲ༷ʑͳཁૉ͕͋Δɻ w 5SBJOJOH"QQ͕ຊ౰ʹΑ͍ࣸਅΛࡱΔ࿅शʹͳΔ͔͸෼͔Βͳ͍
 ࣮ࡍʹ͸5SBJOJOH"QQͷධՁͷલʹັྗ౓ධՁͷͨΊͷࡱӨ͕ඞཁ w lັྗతʹ͢ΔͨΊʹͪΐͬͱमਖ਼͍ͨ͠zͱ͔΋͋Δ͔΋ 22

ײ૝ w ͕͍͜͜͢͝ w ऩଋͷධՁɺNFUSJDTಋೖͷετʔϦʔɺෳࡶ͞ධՁͳͲධՁ͕ஸೡ w γϯϓϧ͚ͩͲ៛ີͳల։Ͱϖʔδ ࢀߟจݙຊ w ͕͜͜ඍົ w "CTU ং൫Ͱ͸'FFECBDL5SBJOJOHਪͯ͠Δͤ͘ʹΘΓͱద౰ w ࣗ෼ͷݚڀ΁ͷϑΟʔυόοΫ w সإݕग़ث ໨ύνݕग़ث͸ͪΌΜͱ࣮૷͢Δɻ w <(SPTT-FWFOTPO >ͷϑΟϧϜ੥ٻͨ͠ɻ w ࢹܹ֮ࢗఏࣔ͸ΧϝϥͱҐஔ߹Θͤɻ w ΞΫςΟϒ͚ͩͰ͸৽͘͠ͳ͍ɻݚڀͷҐஔ͚ͮ͸͖ͬΓ͍ͤͨ͞ɻ
 ϏσΦ͔Βͷநग़ ࡱӨऀΛר͖ࠐΜͩΠϯλϥΫγϣϯ 23

"OZ2VFTUJPOT 24 .JSSPS.JSSPS$SPXETPVSDJOH#FUUFS1PSUSBJUT +VO:BO;IV "MFYFJ"&GSPT 6$# "TFFN"HBSXBMB &MJ4IFDIUNBO +VF8BOH "EPCF ๲େͳࣸਅ͔Βັྗతͳද৘ΛબͿͨΊʹ Ϋϥ΢υιʔγϯά+ػցֶशΛ࢖ͬͯϞσϧΛ࡞Δݚڀ