I wanted a computer, but all I got was a transistor

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I wanted a computer, but all I got was a transistor. Denis Defreyne 1

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2 I will explain how to build a computer from scratch. I cannot do this without taking some shortcuts. I will tell lies. CAUTION

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In the beginning, the transistor was created. 4

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5 GATE SOURCE DRAIN

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6 GATE SOURCE DRAIN

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7 GATE SOURCE DRAIN

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12 AND

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OR 17

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Now we have gates, and we can forget about transistors. 18

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19 OR AND XOR NAND NOT …

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A B Sum 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 20

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A B Carry 0 0 0 1 A B Sum Carry 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 21 AND XOR

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22 AND A B CARRY XOR SUM

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ADD CARRY SUM A B 23

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24 ADD CARRY SUM A B CARRY

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25 ADD SUM 0 A 0 B 0

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26 ADD SUM 0 A 0 B 0 ADD SUM 1 A 1 B 1

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27 ADD SUM 0 A 0 B 0 ADD SUM 1 A 1 B 1 ADD SUM 0 A 0 B 0 ADD SUM 1 A 1 B 1 ADD A 2 B 2 SUM 2

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28 ADD A B SUM

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ADD 00010001 00000101 00010110 29

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ADD 17 5 22 30

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31 ADD R A B MUL R A B DIV R A B MOD R A B

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A B ADD MUL DIV MOD R R R R 32

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A B ADD MUL DIV MOD MUX S R 33

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34 MUX

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35 0 MUX

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36 1 MUX

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37 2 MUX

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38 3 MUX

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39 A B ADD MUL DIV MOD MUX S R

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40 ALU R A B S

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A B S Result 15 7 0 (+) 22 15 7 1 (*) 105 15 7 2 (/) 2 15 7 3 (%) 1 41

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Now we have an arithmetic logic unit. 42

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43 OR NOT OR NOT Q S R

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OR NOT OR NOT Q S R 44

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OR NOT OR NOT Q S R 45

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OR NOT OR NOT Q S R 46

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OR NOT OR NOT Q S R 47

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OR NOT OR NOT Q S R 48

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49 SR-LATCH S R Q set reset

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D-LATCH D E Q 50 data enable write

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51 D-LATCH D 0 Q 0 D-LATCH D 1 Q 1 D-LATCH D 2 Q 2 D-LATCH D 3 Q 3 D-LATCH D 4 Q 4 D-LATCH D 5 Q 5 D-LATCH D 6 Q 6 D-LATCH D 7 Q 7 E

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52 REGISTER (8 BIT) D E Q

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Now we have registers. 53

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Q: What distinguishes a computer from a simple calculator? 54

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A: You can program a computer, but not a calculator. 55

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56 OPCODE VALUE 1 VALUE 2 2 7 15

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57 OPCODE VALUE 1 VALUE 2 ALU R

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OPCODE VALUE 1 VALUE 2 ALU REGISTER (8 BIT) 1 58

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OPCODE VALUE 1 VALUE 2 ALU REGISTER FILE OUTPUT REG 1 59

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OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 REGISTER FILE OUTPUT REG ALU 0 0 1 60

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61 OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG

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62 INSTRUCTION REGISTER OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG

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63 MEMORY INSTRUCTION REGISTER OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG

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MEMORY INSTRUCTION REGISTER OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG 0 64

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65 INSTRUCTION POINTER REGISTER MEMORY INSTRUCTION REGISTER OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG

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66 INSTRUCTION POINTER REGISTER MEMORY INSTRUCTION REGISTER ADD 4 OPCODE INPUT REG 1 INPUT REG 2 OUTPUT REG

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Now we have the hardware for a programmable computer, and we can forget the hardware. 67

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68 0 3 0 2 Add register 0 and register 2, and store result in register 3: OPCODE INPUT REG 1 OUTPUT REG INPUT REG 2

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69 “add r3 r0 r2” Add register 0 and register 2, and store result in register 3:

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70 “add r3 r0 r2” 0 3 0 2 assembly language machine code assembler

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16 0 0 12 127 56 16 1 0 3 224 211 18 1 0 0 0 0 7 32 15 2 1 19 1 0 1 15 0 2 6 12 14 0 255 0 71

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li r0, 819000 li r1, 254163 cmpi r1, 0 jeq @end mov r2, r1 mod r1, r0, r1 mov r0, r2 jmp @start prn r0 halt 72

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73 cmp mod add sub mul div xor or and shl shr not ARITHMETIC

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74 j je jne jg jge jl jle cmp mod add sub mul div xor or and shl shr not lw lh lb sw sh sb STACK FUNC SPECIAL call ret push pop prn halt BRANCHING ARITHMETIC mov li MEMORY REG

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DEMO 75

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github.com/ddfreyne/rcpu 76

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78 slack @denis / mail [email protected] Denis Defreyne Ask me about Belgian beer.