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Chief Science Officer / [email protected] — — 2020-02-14 – p.1/29

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https://speakerdeck.com/ks91 — — 2020-02-14 – p.2/29

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( ) SFC CSO (Chief Science Officer) 1993 ( ) 2006 ( ) SFC 19 P2P (Peer-to-Peer) ( 9 ) 2011 2018 2019 ∼ 2019 ∼ REINVENT THE WORLD → ( ) — — 2020-02-14 – p.3/29

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(EVM) — — 2020-02-14 – p.4/29

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Ethereum Vitalik Buterin, “Ethereum White Paper: A NEXT GENERATION SMART CONTRACT & DECENTRALIZED APPLICATION PLATFORM” (Dec. 2013∼) 15 (= ) = = ( ) CPU ⇒ DApps DApps = / — — 2020-02-14 – p.5/29

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= ( ) run = → — — 2020-02-14 – p.6/29

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Ether Ethereum EOA : Externally-Owned Account ( ) ( ) Ether ( ) EVM EVM = Ethereum = — — 2020-02-14 – p.7/29

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EVM : Ethereum Virtual Machine Gas ( EVM = ) → — — 2020-02-14 – p.8/29

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Ethereum Frontier (2015) Homestead (2016) Metropolis Byzantium (2017) zk-SNARKs ( ) → Zcash on Ethereum (ZoE) Constantinople + St.Petersburg (2019) (for 2nd Layer) Proof of Stake Istanbul (2019) ← Zcash zk-SNARKs/STARKs Serenity Ethereum 2.0 phase 0 (2020 ) — — 2020-02-14 – p.9/29

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Ethereum — — 2020-02-14 – p.10/29

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( ) ( ) ( ) ( vs. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ⇒ ( : BBc-1) : : — — 2020-02-14 – p.11/29

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Ethereum ( ) ⇒ (Casper; ) ( ) ⇒ ZoE (Zcash on Ethereum) ( vs. ) ( ) ⇒ Plasma ( ) ( ) ⇒ ( ) (Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL)) ( ) ( ) ⇒ — — 2020-02-14 – p.12/29

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Ethereum Proof of Work + Proof of Stake + — — 2020-02-14 – p.13/29

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SHA-256 × SHA-256 ( /TX ) SHA-256 × RIPEMD-160 ( = ) (1 ) . . . scrypt ( ) Ethereum Ethash (Dagger-Hashimoto ) (Proof of Work) DAG : Directed Acyclic Graph ( ) https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash Keccak-256 (≈SHA-3) ( ) (Ethash ) — — 2020-02-14 – p.14/29

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GHOST (Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree) ⇒ GHOST ( ) “uncles” proof of work ( ) uncle Ethereum uncles 7 GHOST uncle gender-neutral ommer — — 2020-02-14 – p.15/29

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Merkle ( ) Digest = SHA-256 × SHA-256 Merkle root TX ( ) TX — — 2020-02-14 – p.16/29

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IUUQTFOXJLJQFEJBPSHXJLJ3BEJY@USFF key OK PATRICIA (Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric) Trie ( ) (key, value) RLP (recursive length prefix encoding) Ethereum — — 2020-02-14 – p.17/29

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Ethereum Proof of Stake Casper — — 2020-02-14 – p.18/29

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Proof of Stake ( ) ( ) ( ) → ( ) Ethereum — — 2020-02-14 – p.19/29

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Nothing at Stake - = — — 2020-02-14 – p.20/29

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Nothing at Stake - 100% Proof of Stake — — 2020-02-14 – p.21/29

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Casper : Ethereum Nothing at Stake (Slasher) stake 100 ⇒ ( ) → — — 2020-02-14 – p.22/29

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Ethereum 2.0 Phase 0 Beacon Chain Beacon Contract 32 ETH 32 ETH2 1 10% ETH2 ETH2 ETH Beacon Contract — — 2020-02-14 – p.23/29

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( ) PoS . . . PoW ( ) ( ) ( ) — — 2020-02-14 – p.24/29

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( ) PoS PoW PoS — — 2020-02-14 – p.25/29

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(Bitcoin ) A-B — — 2020-02-14 – p.26/29

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µRaiden Raiden Network Plasma — — 2020-02-14 – p.27/29

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Ethereum 2.0 Phase 0 ← Ethereum 1.0 Beacon Chain Ethereum 1.0 Phase 1 ( ) (Beacon Chain ) ETH2 Phase 2 EVM → eWASM (Ethereum WebAssembly) Ethereum 1.0 EVM eWASM (2021 ) — — 2020-02-14 – p.28/29

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— — 2020-02-14 – p.29/29