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Orchestrating Apps by Composing Angular Directives Jeremy Fairbank jeremyfairbank.com @elpapapollo

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Hi, I’m Jeremy jfairbank @elpapapollo pushagency.io blog.jeremyfairbank.com simplybuilt.com

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Building applications is hard

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Who is software for?

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Who is software for? • Computers • Users • Programmers • Me • You

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Competing Goals

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Competing Goals • Performance • Maintainability • Shipping code • Readability • Scalability

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Competing Goals • Performance • Maintainability • Shipping code • Readability • Scalability

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Patterns make it “easier”

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Why not use them with JavaScript frameworks?

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Composition

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What is composition?

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What is composition?

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What is composition?

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– Wikipedia “The various visual elements, known as elements of design, formal elements, or elements of art, are the vocabulary with which the visual artist composes. These elements in the overall design usually relate to each other and to the whole art work.” What is composition?

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– Wikipedia “The way in which something is put together or arranged. The combination of parts or elements that make up something.” What is composition?

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Composition Create with small independent pieces.

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Composition Embodiment of many design principles.

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Design Principles

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Design Principles • Modularity • Separation of concerns (SOC) • Loose coupling • High cohesion • Composition over inheritance • Ad nauseam…

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Directives Review

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Directives Review • Attach behavior to the DOM via attributes, elements, comments, or CSS classes • Componentize functionality with HTML • Create custom HTML elements

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Directives Review • Attach behavior to the DOM via attributes, elements, comments, or CSS classes • Componentize functionality with HTML • Create custom HTML elements

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Directives Review angular.module('myApp', []) .directive('nameTag', function() { return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; });

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Directives Review angular.module('myApp', []) .directive('nameTag', function() { return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; });

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Directives Review angular.module('myApp', []) .directive('nameTag', function() { return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; });

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Directives Review angular.module('myApp', []) .directive('nameTag', function() { return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; });

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Directives Review

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Directives Review

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Directives Review

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } };

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; Restrict to element declaration (i.e. ``) E - element A - attribute C - class name

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; Isolate scope @ - attributes = - bindings & - behavior/callbacks

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; Templates template - literal template templateUrl - url or script id for template

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } }; link manipulate DOM or set some defaults on scope controller add to scope too, preferably for exposing an API Set up

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } };

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Directives Review return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } };

Supplying the attribute value

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return { restrict: 'E', scope: { name: '@' }, template: 'Hello, my name is {{name}}', link: function(scope) { if (!scope.name) { scope.name = 'Joe Schmoe'; } } };

Directives Review Using the default value

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Composition and Angular

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Composition and Angular • Focus on smaller problems to solve a large problem • Apply design principles to directives • Build app in terms of directives • Decompose large directives into small reusable directives • Refactoring and adding new features becomes more manageable

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But how do we fit directives together?

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Data Flow

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Data Flow App Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive

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Data Flow • Connecting directives to build an “app” through the flow of data • Handling model data among directives • Many approaches with pros and cons App Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive

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Data Flow 1. Shared/global state with prototypal scoping 2. Exporting API’s with directive controllers 3. Isolate scope bindings and callbacks 4. Event broadcasting and emitting App Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive Directive

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Prototypal Scoping

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-gallery.html' }; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-gallery.html' }; }); Create a child scope that “inherits” from parent scope

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Prototypal Scoping app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { function createImage(src, text) { return { src: src, text: text, favorited: false }; } $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { function createImage(src, text) { return { src: src, text: text, favorited: false }; } $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { function createImage(src, text) { return { src: src, text: text, favorited: false }; } $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; });

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Prototypal Scoping <main-image></main-image> <image-list></image-list> <image-favorites></image-favorites>

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Prototypal Scoping <main-image></main-image> <image-list></image-list> <image-favorites></image-favorites>

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Prototypal Scoping <main-image></main-image> <image-list></image-list> <image-favorites></image-favorites>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Main Image</h3> <img width="160" ng-src="{{mainImage.src}}">

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Prototypal Scoping <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-gallery.html' }; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-list.html', link: function(scope) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; } }; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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Prototypal Scoping app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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Prototypal Scoping Demo

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Prototypal Scoping What about more than one gallery?

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Prototypal Scoping What about more than one gallery?

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Prototypal Scoping app.controller('CatImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; }).controller('NatureImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/nature-1.jpg', 'Nature 1'), createImage('/images/nature-2.jpg', 'Nature 2'), createImage('/images/nature-3.jpg', 'Nature 3'), createImage('/images/nature-4.jpg', 'Nature 4') ]; });

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Prototypal Scoping Demo

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Prototypal Scoping What’s the problem?

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Prototypal Scoping Object properties on prototypes are problematic

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app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { // ... $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; }); app.directive('imageList', function() { return { // ... link: function(scope) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; } }; });

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app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { // ... $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; }); app.directive('imageList', function() { return { // ... link: function(scope) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; } }; });

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app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { // ... $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; }); app.directive('imageList', function() { return { // ... link: function(scope) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; } }; });

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app.controller('CatImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; }).controller('NatureImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/nature-1.jpg', 'Nature 1'), createImage('/images/nature-2.jpg', 'Nature 2'), createImage('/images/nature-3.jpg', 'Nature 3'), createImage('/images/nature-4.jpg', 'Nature 4') ]; });

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app.controller('CatImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; }).controller('NatureImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.mainImage = {}; $scope.imageFavorites = []; $scope.images = [ createImage('/images/nature-1.jpg', 'Nature 1'), createImage('/images/nature-2.jpg', 'Nature 2'), createImage('/images/nature-3.jpg', 'Nature 3'), createImage('/images/nature-4.jpg', 'Nature 4') ]; });

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Prototypal Scoping Fixed Demo

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Prototypal Scoping • Reusable functions • Perfect when sharing data is desired • Shared data is problematic when reusing directive • Fixing shared data issues duplicates code • Assumptions about parent scopes

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Requiring Directive Controllers

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Requiring Directive Controllers Export an API from a parent directive

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; }); Directive name

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; }); Parent

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageList', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { ctrl.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', controller: function() { // ... } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: true, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', controller: function() { // ... } }; });

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controller: function() { this.mainImage = {}; this.imageFavorites = []; this.setMainImage = function(image) { this.mainImage.src = image.src; }; this.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; this.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; this.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = this.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; this.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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controller: function() { this.mainImage = {}; this.imageFavorites = []; this.setMainImage = function(image) { this.mainImage.src = image.src; }; this.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; this.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; this.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = this.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; this.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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controller: function() { this.mainImage = {}; this.imageFavorites = []; this.setMainImage = function(image) { this.mainImage.src = image.src; }; this.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; this.imageFavorites.push(image); } }; this.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = this.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; this.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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Requiring Directive Controllers app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', // ... link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.ctrl = ctrl; } } }).directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { require: '^imageGallery', // ... link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.ctrl = ctrl; } }; });

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Main Image</h3> <img width="160" ng-src="{{ctrl.mainImage.src}}">

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Main Image</h3> <img width="160" ng-src="{{ctrl.mainImage.src}}">

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="ctrl.favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="ctrl.setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="ctrl.favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="ctrl.setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{ctrl.imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in ctrl.imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="ctrl.unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Requiring Directive Controllers <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{ctrl.imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in ctrl.imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="ctrl.unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Requiring Directive Controllers Demo

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Requiring Directive Controllers • Consolidate behavior into a controller API • Keep own copy of data instead of sharing • Higher coupling — child directives depend upon parent directive • Still need a parent controller to scope own images (cat versus nature)

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Isolate Scopes

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Isolate Scopes • Directive scope is isolated from other scopes – No parent scope to inherit from – Can’t access other scopes “easily” • Use object literal for scope definition scope: { age: '@age', name: '=', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' }

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Isolate Scopes scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' }

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scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' } Isolate Scopes Explicitly specify HTML attribute

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scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' } Isolate Scopes Implicit — use the scope key for HTML attribute

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Isolate Scopes scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' } Bidirectional data binding Use property scopeName from current scope

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Isolate Scopes scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' } Attribute/string binding; static. Use literal string "28"

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Isolate Scopes scope: { name: '=', age: '@age', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' } Execute code in a “parent” scope (i.e. a callback) Function call with any parameter names. Uses function printHobby on parent scope (not the directive scope).

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('nameTag', function() { return { scope: { age: '@age', name: '=', selectHobby: '&onSelectHobby' }, templateUrl: 'name-tag.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs) { scope.hobbies = ['program', 'read', 'play guitar']; scope.age = attrs.age; } }; });

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Isolate Scopes <p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul>

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<p>Hi, my name is {{name}}. I am {{age}} years old.</p> <p><input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> <ul> <li ng-repeat="hobby in hobbies"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" ng-click="selectHobby({ hobby: hobby })"> {{hobby}} </a> </li> </ul> Isolate Scopes Invocations require “named arguments” via object literal.

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Isolate Scopes Apply to the image gallery now

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Isolate Scopes

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Isolate Scopes

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Isolate Scopes app.controller('ImageCtrl', function($scope) { $scope.catImages = [ createImage('/images/cat-1.jpg', 'Cat 1'), createImage('/images/cat-2.jpg', 'Cat 2'), createImage('/images/cat-3.jpg', 'Cat 3'), createImage('/images/cat-4.jpg', 'Cat 4') ]; $scope.natureImages = [ createImage('/images/nature-1.jpg', 'Nature 1'), createImage('/images/nature-2.jpg', 'Nature 2'), createImage('/images/nature-3.jpg', 'Nature 3'), createImage('/images/nature-4.jpg', 'Nature 4') ]; });

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: { images: '=' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', link: function(scope) { // ... } }; });

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: { images: '=' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', link: function(scope) { // ... } }; });

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Isolate Scopes link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.setMain = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }; scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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Isolate Scopes link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.setMain = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }; scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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Isolate Scopes link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.setMain = function(image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }; scope.favorite = function(image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }; scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; }

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes <main-image image="mainImage"></main-image> <image-list images="images" on-set-main="setMain(image)" on-favorite="favorite(image)"></image-list> <image-favorites images="imageFavorites" on-unfavorite="unfavorite(image)"></image-favorites>

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: { mainImage: '=image' }, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html' } });

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: { mainImage: '=image' }, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html' } });

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Main Image</h3> <img width="160" ng-src="{{mainImage.src}}">

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Main Image</h3> <img width="160" ng-src="{{mainImage.src}}">

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: { imageFavorites: '=images', triggerUnfavorite: '&onUnfavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.unfavorite = function(image) { image.favorited = false; scope.triggerUnfavorite({ image: image }); }; } }; });

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: { imageFavorites: '=images', triggerUnfavorite: '&onUnfavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.unfavorite = function(image) { image.favorited = false; scope.triggerUnfavorite({ image: image }); }; } }; });

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Isolate Scopes app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: { imageFavorites: '=images', triggerUnfavorite: '&onUnfavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.unfavorite = function(image) { image.favorited = false; scope.triggerUnfavorite({ image: image }); }; } }; });

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Favorites</h3> <h4>Favorited: {{imageFavorites.length}}</h4> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> {{image.text}} <button ng-click="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </p> </li> </ul>

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', setMainImage: '&onSetMain', triggerFavorite: '&onFavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage({ image: scope.images[0] }); scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.triggerFavorite({ image: image }); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', setMainImage: '&onSetMain', triggerFavorite: '&onFavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage({ image: scope.images[0] }); scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.triggerFavorite({ image: image }); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', setMainImage: '&onSetMain', triggerFavorite: '&onFavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage({ image: scope.images[0] }); scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.triggerFavorite({ image: image }); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', setMainImage: '&onSetMain', triggerFavorite: '&onFavorite' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage({ image: scope.images[0] }); scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.triggerFavorite({ image: image }); } }; } }; });

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage({ image: image })"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage({ image: image })"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Isolate Scopes <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage({ image: image })"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Isolate Scopes Demo

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Isolate Scopes • Black box a directive to be self-contained and reusable • Think in terms of small pieces • Establish well-defined interface/API through HTML attributes • Juggle multiple points of state • More markup

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Events

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Events • Built in eventing with $emit, $broadcast, and $on methods of $scope. • Use events like a message bus to transfer data • Events travel vertically through scopes – Use parent scope event delegation for sibling directive communication

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Events $scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); });

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Events $emit sends events up to parent scopes.

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Events $broadcast sends events down to child scopes.

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Events $on listens for $emit and $broadcast events and triggers the provided callbacks.

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// In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); $scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); Events The first parameter is an event object like DOM events.

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// In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); $scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); Events Remaining parameters are the remaining arguments supplied to $emit and $broadcast.

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); Events // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Stick to a naming convention like verb:noun.

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); Events // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Verb

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$scope.$emit('select:greeting', 'hello world'); $scope.$broadcast('add:item', 42); Events // In a child directive var items = []; $scope.$on('add:item', function(e, n) { items.push(n); }); // In a parent directive $scope.$on('select:greeting', function(e, greeting) { console.log(greeting.toUpperCase()); }); Noun

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Events Apply to the image gallery now

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Events <main-image></main-image> <image-list images="images"></image-list> <image-favorites></image-favorites>

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Events <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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Events <h3>Images</h3> <div class="image-info" ng-repeat="image in images"> <div ng-click="favorite(image)"> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}"> </div> <p>{{image.text}}</p> <button ng-click="setMainImage(image)"> Set Main Image </button> </div>

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.$emit('delegate:set:mainImage', image); }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.$emit('delegate:favorite:image', image); } }; scope.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.$emit('delegate:set:mainImage', image); }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.$emit('delegate:favorite:image', image); } }; scope.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.$emit('delegate:set:mainImage', image); }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.$emit('delegate:favorite:image', image); } }; scope.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); } }; });

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app.directive('imageList', function() { return { scope: { images: '=', }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-list.html', link: function(scope, el, attrs, ctrl) { scope.setMainImage = function(image) { scope.$emit('delegate:set:mainImage', image); }; scope.favorite = function(image) { if (!image.favorited) { image.favorited = true; scope.$emit('delegate:favorite:image', image); } }; scope.setMainImage(scope.images[0]); } }; });

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Events app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: { images: '=' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', link: function(scope) { scope.$on('delegate:set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.$broadcast('set:mainImage', image); }); scope.$on('delegate:favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.$broadcast('favorite:image', image); }); } }; });

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Events app.directive('imageGallery', function() { return { scope: { images: '=' }, templateUrl: 'templates/image-gallery.html', link: function(scope) { scope.$on('delegate:set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.$broadcast('set:mainImage', image); }); scope.$on('delegate:favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.$broadcast('favorite:image', image); }); } }; });

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Events app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html', link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.$on('set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }); } } });

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Events app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html', link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.$on('set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }); } } });

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Events app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html', link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.$on('set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }); } } });

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Events app.directive('mainImage', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/main-image.html', link: function(scope) { scope.mainImage = {}; scope.$on('set:mainImage', function(e, image) { scope.mainImage.src = image.src; }); } } });

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app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.$on('favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }); scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.$on('favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }); scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.$on('favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }); scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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app.directive('imageFavorites', function() { return { scope: {}, templateUrl: 'templates/image-favorites.html', link: function(scope) { scope.imageFavorites = []; scope.$on('favorite:image', function(e, image) { scope.imageFavorites.push(image); }); scope.unfavorite = function(image) { var i = scope.imageFavorites.indexOf(image); if (i > -1) { image.favorited = false; scope.imageFavorites.splice(i, 1); } }; } }; });

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Demo Events

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Events • Decouple directives • Isolate state more easily • Cleaner markup • Indirection of data flow (who responds to an event?) • Have to remember and duplicate event names (may hurt directive reuse)

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Upshot

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Upshot Refactoring

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Refactoring • Easier to change or update app • Don’t have to touch entire app, just an individual directive – Touching multiple pieces may mean better SOC needed – SOC is evolutionary for the lifetime of the app

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Refactoring • Remove count • Remove image text • Sort images by text Alter image gallery favorites Demo

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Refactoring Alter image gallery favorites <h3>Favorites</h3> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites | orderBy: 'text'"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> </p> <button ng-clik="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </li> </ul>

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<h3>Favorites</h3> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites | orderBy: 'text'"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> </p> <button ng-clik="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </li> </ul> Refactoring Alter image gallery favorites Favorites count gone

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Refactoring Alter image gallery favorites <h3>Favorites</h3> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites | orderBy: 'text'"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> </p> <button ng-clik="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </li> </ul> Image text gone

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Refactoring Alter image gallery favorites <h3>Favorites</h3> <ul> <li ng-repeat="image in imageFavorites | orderBy: 'text'"> <p> <img ng-src="{{image.src}}" width="40"> </p> <button ng-clik="unfavorite(image)"> Unfavorite </button> </li> </ul>

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Composition is a critical tool in software development.

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Thanks! jfairbank @elpapapollo blog.jeremyfairbank.com Demo and code github.com/jfairbank/orchestrating-apps-angular Slides: speakerdeck.com/jfairbank/connectjs-orchestrating-apps-by-composing-angular-directives