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Introduction to Django Jacob Kaplan-Moss Strange Loop 2011 http://lanyrd.com/sfypm

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Django Training Part 1: Introduction to Django.

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“ ” Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. 2

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“ ” Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. 3

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“ ” Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. 4

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“ ” Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. 5

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Documentation http://django.me/design http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter01/ 6

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Which Django version should I use? 7

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Installing Django 8 • Download and run http://bit.ly/dsetup (http://python-­‐distribute.org/distribute_setup.py) •easy_install  Django • Later: learn about pip and virtualenv http://pip.rtfd.org/ http://virtualenv.rtfd.org/

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“Projects” 9

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$  django-­‐admin.py  startproject  yabl 10

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yabl/ __init__.py manage.py settings.py urls.py 11

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$  python  manage.py  runserver Validating  models... 0  errors  found. Django  version  1.1  beta  1  SVN-­‐10844,  using  settings  'yabl.settings' Development  server  is  running  at  http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit  the  server  with  CONTROL-­‐C. 12

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•DATABASE_ENGINE •DATABASE_NAME •DATABASE_USER •DATABASE_PASSWORD •DATABASE_HOST Project settings 14

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$  python  manage.py  syncdb Creating  table  auth_permission Creating  table  auth_group Creating  table  auth_user Creating  table  auth_message Creating  table  django_content_type Creating  table  django_session Creating  table  django_site You  just  installed  Django's  auth  system,   which  means  you  don't  have  any  superusers  defined. Would  you  like  to  create  one  now?  (yes/no):  yes Username  (Leave  blank  to  use  'jacob'):  jacob E-­‐mail  address:  [email protected] Password:   Password  (again):   Superuser  created  successfully. Installing  index  for  auth.Permission  model Installing  index  for  auth.Message  model 15

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http://django.me/about-settings http://django.me/settings http://django.me/manage.py Documentation 16

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Exercise: “it worked!” 17

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Django Training Part 2: Apps, models, and the admin

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“Apps” 2

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“Models” 3

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What’s a model? 4

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MVC? (Model-View-Controller) 5

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CREATE  TABLE  "entries_entry"  (        "id"  integer  NOT  NULL  PRIMARY  KEY,        "author_id"  integer  NOT  NULL,        "pub_date"  datetime  NOT  NULL,        "headline"  varchar(200)  NOT  NULL,        "slug"  varchar(50)  NOT  NULL  UNIQUE,        "summary"  text  NOT  NULL,        "body"  text  NOT  NULL ) 6

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•SQL is tough •SQL knows no version control •DRY •Python is fun! Scary Quirky Language 7

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import  datetime from  django.db  import  models from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author class  Entry(models.Model):        author              =  models.ForeignKey(Author,  related_name='entries')        pub_date          =  models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)        headline          =  models.CharField(max_length=200)        slug                  =  models.SlugField(unique=True)        summary            =  models.TextField()        body                  =  models.TextField() 8

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Defining Models 9

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$  python  manage.py  startapp  authors 10

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authors/ __init__.py models.py tests.py views.py 11

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INSTALLED_APPS  =  (        "django.contrib.auth",        "django.contrib.contenttypes",        "django.contrib.sessions",          "django.contrib.sites",        "yabl.authors", ) 12

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from  django.db  import  models class  Author(models.Model):        first_name    =  models.CharField(max_length=200)        last_name      =  models.CharField(max_length=200)        bio                  =  models.TextField(blank=True) 13

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$  python  manage.py  validate 0  errors  found. 14

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$  python  manage.py  sqlall  authors BEGIN; CREATE  TABLE  "authors_author"  (        "id"  integer  NOT  NULL  PRIMARY  KEY,        "first_name"  varchar(200)  NOT  NULL,        "last_name"  varchar(200)  NOT  NULL,        "bio"  text  NOT  NULL ); COMMIT; 15

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$  python  manage.py  syncdb Creating  table  authors_author Installing  index  for  authors.Author  model 16

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$  python  manage.py  shell [1]  >>>  from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author [2]  >>>  a  =  Author(first_name="John",  last_name="Barth") [3]  >>>  a.save() 17

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[4]  >>>  Author.objects.all() [4]      :  [] [5]  >>>  Author.objects.create(first_name='Miguel',  last_name='de  Cervantes') [5]      :   [6]  >>>  Author.objects.all() [6]      :  [,  ] [7]  >>>  al  =  Author.objects.filter(first_name='John') [8]  >>>  al[0].last_name [8]      :  u'Barth' [9]  >>>  Author.objects.get(last_name__startswith='de').first_name [9]      :  u'Miguel' 18

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Model metadata 19

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class  Author(models.Model):        first_name    =  models.CharField(max_length=200)        last_name      =  models.CharField(max_length=200)        bio                  =  models.TextField(blank=True)                def  __unicode__(self):                return  '%s  %s'  %  (self.first_name,  self.last_name) 20

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class  Author(models.Model):        …        class  Meta:                verbose_name_plural  =  'authors'                ordering  =  ['last_name',  'first_name'] 21

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[1]  >>>  from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author [2]  >>>  Author.objects.all() [2]      :  [,  ] [3]  >>>  Author.objects.order_by('-­‐first_name') [3]      :  [,  ] 22

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http://django.me/models http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter05/ Documentation 23

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Exercise: Write some apps and some models: • Author (authors app) • first_name (CharField) • last_name (CharField) • bio (TextField) • Entry (entries app) • author (ForeignKey) • pub_date (DateTimeField) • is_published (BooleanField) • headline (CharField) • slug (SlugField) • summary (TextField) • body (TextField) 24

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Django’s admin interface 25

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“ ” A Web-based interface, limited to trusted site administrators, that enables the adding, editing and deletion of site content. — The Django Book http://djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter06/ 26

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from  django.contrib  import  admin from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author admin.site.register(Author) 27

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INSTALLED_APPS  =  (        'django.contrib.auth',        'django.contrib.contenttypes',        'django.contrib.sessions',        'django.contrib.sites',        'django.contrib.admin',        'yabl.authors',        'yabl.entries', ) 28

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$  python  manage.py  syncdb Creating  table  django_admin_log Installing  index  for  admin.LogEntry  model 29

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from  django.conf.urls.defaults  import  * #  Uncomment  the  next  two  lines  to  enable  the  admin: from  django.contrib  import  admin admin.autodiscover() urlpatterns  =  patterns('',        #  Example:        #  (r'^yabl/',  include('yabl.foo.urls')),        #  Uncomment  the  admin/doc  line  below  and  add  'django.contrib.admindocs'          #  to  INSTALLED_APPS  to  enable  admin  documentation:        #  (r'^admin/doc/',  include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),        #  Uncomment  the  next  line  to  enable  the  admin:        (r'^admin/',  include(admin.site.urls)), ) 30

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from  django.contrib  import  admin from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author class  AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):        pass admin.site.register(Author,  AuthorAdmin) 35

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Documentation http://djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter06/ http://django.me/admin 36

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Exercise: 37

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Django Training Part 3: URLs, views, and templates

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Views 2

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What’s a view? 3

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URLs 5

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page.php script.cgi?pageid=144 StoryPage.aspx 6

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0,2097,1-1-30-72-407-4752,00.html 7

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/authors/ /authors/jacob/ /authors/adrian/ 8

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ROOT_URLCONF  =  "yabl.urls" 9

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from  django.conf.urls.defaults  import  * #  Uncomment  the  next  two  lines  to  enable  the  admin: from  django.contrib  import  admin admin.autodiscover() urlpatterns  =  patterns('',        (r'^authors/$',                  'yabl.authors.views.author_list'),        (r'^authors/(\d+)/$',      'yabl.authors.views.author_detail'),        (r'^admin/',  include(admin.site.urls)), ) 10 yabl/urls.py

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from  django.conf.urls.defaults  import  * urlpatterns  =  patterns('',        (r'^$',                  'yabl.authors.views.author_list'),        (r'^(\d+)/$',      'yabl.authors.views.author_detail'), ) 11 yabl/authors/urls.py

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from  django.conf.urls.defaults  import  * #  Uncomment  the  next  two  lines  to  enable  the  admin: from  django.contrib  import  admin admin.autodiscover() urlpatterns  =  patterns('',        (r'^authors/',  include('yabl.authors.urls')),        (r'^admin/',      include(admin.site.urls)), ) 12 yabl/urls.py

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Regex crash course a The letter “a”. a+ One or more “a”s. b? Zero or one “b”s. c{1,3} One, two, or three “c”s. . Any single character. [abc] Either an “a”, “b”, or “c”. [A-­‐Z] Any character between “A” and “Z”. [A-­‐Za-­‐z0-­‐9]? Zero or one letters “A-Z”, “a-z”, or “0-9”. (\d{3,4}) A group containing three or four digits. (\w*) A group containing zero or more word characters (letters/digits). [^/]+ One or more characters until (and not including) a forward slash. ^(joe|bob) A string starting with “joe” or “bob”. (?P\d+) A group named “id” containing one or more digits. article/$ A string ending with “article/” 13

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•GET  /authors/1/ •ROOT_URLCONF •yabl.urls •(r'^authors/',  include('yabl.authors.urls')) •yabl.authors.urls •(r'^$',  'author_list')                    (no match) •(r'^(\d+)/',  'author_detail')      (match!) •author_detail(request,  '1') Dissecting a request 14

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Documentation http://django.me/urls 15

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A first view 16

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from  django.http  import  HttpResponse def  author_list(request):        return  HttpResponse("This  is  the  author  list!") 17 yabl/authors/views.py

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from  django.http  import  HttpResponse from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author def  author_list(request):        r  =  "
    "        for  a  in  Author.objects.all():                r  +=  "
  • %s
    • "  %  a.name        r  +=  "
"        return  HttpResponse(r) 18 yabl/authors/views.py

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from  django  import  template from  django.http  import  HttpResponse from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author def  author_list(request):        as  =  Author.objects.all()        tmpl  =  template.loader.get_template("authors/index.html")        context  =  template.Context({"authors":  as})        return  HttpResponse(tmpl.render(context)) 19 yabl/authors/views.py

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from  django.shortcuts  import  render from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author def  author_list(request):        context  =  {"authors"  :  Author.objects.all()}        return  render(request,  "authors/index.html",  context) 20 yabl/authors/views.py

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from  django.http  import  Http404 from  django.shortcuts  import  render_to_response from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author def  author_detail(request,  author_id):        try:                author  =  Author.objects.get(id=author_id)        except  Author.DoesNotExist:                raise  Http404()        return  render(request,  "authors/detail.html",  {"author"  :  author}) 21 yabl/authors/views.py

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from  django.shortcuts  import  render_to_response,  get_object_or_404 from  yabl.authors.models  import  Author def  author_detail(request,  author_id):        author  =  get_object_or_404(Author,  id=author_id)        return  render(request,  "authors/detail.html",  {"author"  :  author}) 22 yabl/authors/views.py

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Templates 23

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What’s a template? 24

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Authors

Authors  ({{  authors|length  }}  total)

    {%  for  a  in  authors  %}
  • {{  a.name  }}
    • {%  endfor  %}
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Where to templates go? 26 •In an app’s templates directory. •In directories specified by settings.TEMPLATE_DIRS. •...

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TEMPLATE_DIRS  =  [        '/path/to/some/templates/',        '/path/to/some/more/other/templates/', ] 27

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TEMPLATE_DIRS  =  [        '/Users/jacob/Projects/stl-­‐django/yabl/templates/', ] 28

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Authors

Authors  ({{  authors|length  }}  total)

    {%  for  a  in  authors  %}
  • {{  a.name  }}
    • {%  endfor  %}
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•a["name"] •a.name •a.name() The magic dot 30

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Authors

Authors  ({{  authors|length  }}  total)

    {%  for  a  in  authors  %}
  • {{  a.name  }}
    • {%  endfor  %}
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{{  text|escape|linkbreaks  }} 32

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{{  text|truncatewords:"30"  }} 33

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Authors

Authors  ({{  authors|length  }}  total)

    {%  for  a  in  authors  %}
  • {{  a.name  }}
    • {%  endfor  %}
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Template inheritance 35

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{%  block  title  %}YABL{%  endblock  %}
{%  block  content  %}{%  endblock  %}
{%  block  footer  %}Copyright  blah..{%  endblock  %}
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{%  block  title  %}YABL{%  endblock  %}
{%  block  content  %}{%  endblock  %}
{%  block  footer  %}Copyright  blah..{%  endblock  %}
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{%  extends  "base.html"  %} {%  block  title  %} Authors  |  {{  block.super  }} {%  endblock  %} {%  block  content  %}

Authors  ({{  authors|length  }}  total)

    {%  for  a  in  authors  %}
  • {{  a.name  }}
    • {%  endfor  %}
{%  endblock  %} 38

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section_index.html !"#$%&$'()#*+,)$-.$'$/0123&45*#"6 !"#+5718#&0&5$#"6 ##!!#)$1&07'2&0&5$#66 !"#$'(+5718#"6 !"#+5718#17'&$'"6 ##93:;!!#)$1&07'2&0&5$#669<3:; ##!"#=7/#)&7/>#0'#)&7/>-50)"6 ####93?;!!#)&7/>23$,(50'$#669<3?; ####9@;!!#)&7/>2&$,)$#66 ##!"#$'(=7/#"6 !"#$'(+5718#"6 base_generic.html !"#$%&$'()#*+,)$23&45*#"6 !"#+5718#&0&5$#"6 ##ABC7/5(2174 !"#$'(+5718#"6 !"#+5718#/,05#"6 ##9D5; ####950;E74$9<50; ####950;A71,5#'$F)9<50; ####222 ##9; ##9(0G#0(H*/,05*; ####!"#+5718#/,05#"6!"#$'(+5718#"6 ##9<(0G; ##9(0G#0(H*17'&$'&*; ####!"#+5718#17'&$'"6!"#$'(+5718#"6 ##9<(0G; 9<+7(>; 9<3&45; ! " # $ 39

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Why? 40

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Inheritance tips •{% extends %} must be the first thing in your template. •More {% block %}s are better. •If you’re duplicating content, you’re missing a block. •{{ block.super }} 41

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Documentation http://djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter04/ http://django.me/templates 42

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Exercise: /authors/ /authors/{id}/ /entries/ /entries/{slug}/ 43

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Django training BONUS: Models and queries

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Terminology 2

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Models a.k.a. “DDL” 3

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Managers a.k.a. “table” 4

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QuerySets a.k.a. “selection” 5

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Model instances a.k.a. “row” 6

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!!!"!"#$#%&'()*+,-./'"*012'.(31"456,21"7.8$9(6.: !!!"!" #$%&'()*"+,&"-.'/0"123!4"$%&'()*"523"-.'/0"6,&!7 !!!".#$#!";<= !!!". $%&'()*"+,&"-.'/0"123! QuerySet Manager Model Instance 7

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Models 8

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Instance methods class  Entry(models.Model):        …        def  is_by_jacob(self):                return  "jacob"  in  self.author.name.lower() … [1]  >>>  e  =  Entry.objects.get(pk=1) [2]  >>>  e.is_by_jacob() [2]      :  False 9

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“Special” instance methods 10

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__unicode__ class  Entry(models.Model):        …        def  __unicode__(self):                return  self.headline … [1]  >>>  Entry.objects.all() [1]      :  [,  ] 11

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save class  Entry(models.Model):        …        def  save(self,  **kwargs):                self.word_count  =  count_words(self.body)                super(Entry,  self).save(**kwargs) 12

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save class  Entry(models.Model):        …        def  save(self,  **kwargs):                self.word_count  =  count_words(self.body)                super(Entry,  self).save(**kwargs) Don’t forget this part! 13

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delete class  Author(models.Model):        …        def  delete(self):                nobody  =  Author.objects.get(first_name='')                self.entries.update(author=nobody)                super(Author,  self).delete() 14

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Managers 15

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Default manager class  Entry(models.Model):        …        objects  =  models.Manager() … [1]  >>>  from  yabl.entries.models  import  Entry [2]  >>>  Entry.objects [2]      :   16

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Custom managers class  EntryManager(models.Manager):        def  future(self):                …        def  past(self):                … class  Entry(models.Model):        …        objects  =  EntryManager() 17

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[1]  >>>  from  yabl.entries.models  import  Entry [2]  >>>  Entry.objects.future() [2]      :  [] [3]  >>>  Entry.objects.past() [3]      :  [,  ] 18

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Documentation http://django.me/managers 19

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QuerySets 20

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[1]  >>>  Author.objects.filter(first_name='Jacob') [1]      :  [] [2]  >>>  Author.objects.filter(last_name__contains='s') [2]      :  [,  ] [3]  >>>  Author.objects.filter(last_name__contains='s',  first_name='Miguel') [3]      :  [] [4]  >>>  Author.objects.filter(last_name__contains='s').filter(first_name='Miguel') [4]      :  [] Filters 21

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Field lookups exact,  iexact name__exact='Joe' contains,  icontains name__icontains='s' startswith,  endswith,   istartswith,  iendswith name__endswith='nd' in name__in=('Joe',  'Jane') author__in=Author.objects.filter(…) gt,  gte,  lt,  lte cost__gt=100 range cost__range=(100,  500) date__range=(now,  tomrrow) year,  month,  day,  week_day date__year=2009 date__month=7 isnull author__isnull=True regex,  iregex name__regex='^J.*b$' 22

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Following relationships [1]  >>>  Entry.objects.filter(author__first_name__startswith='J') [1]      :  [] [2]  >>>  Author.objects.filter(entries__headline='Hi') [2]      :  [] Where’d that come from? 23

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related_name class  Entry(models.Model):        author  =  models.ForeignKey(Author,  related_name='entries') 24

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select_related() [1]  >>>  e  =  Entry.objects.get(pk=1) [2]  >>>  e.author [2]      :   Oops,  that  did  a  second,  needless  query. [3]  >>>  e  =  Entry.objects.select_related().get(pk=1) [4]  >>>  e.author [5]      :   No  second  query  needed  for  e.author 25

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Limiting select_related() [1]  >>>  Entry.objects.select_related('author',  'category') [2]  >>>  Entry.objects.select_related(depth=2) 26

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QuerySet details 27

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QuerySets are chainable [1]  >>>  Entry.objects.filter(    ....:          headline__contains='bites',    ....:  ).exclude(    ....:          pub_date__year=2008    ....:  ).filter(    ....:          pub_date__month=9    ....:  ) 28

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QuerySets are unique [1]  >>>  qs1  =  Entry.objects.filter(headline__icontains='dog') [2]  >>>  qs2  =  qs1.exclude(pub_date__year=2008) [3]  >>>  qs3  =  qs1.filter(pub_date__year=2008) 29

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QuerySets are lazy [1]  >>>  qs  =  Entry.objects.filter(headline__icontains='dog') [2]  >>>  qs  =  qs.exclude(pub_date__year=2008) [3]  >>>  qs  =  qs.filter(author__first_name='Jacob') [4]  >>>  qs [4]      :  [,  ] 30

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When QuerySets are evaluated •Iteration •Slicing •Printing •len() •list() for  i  in  qs qs[0:5] print  qs,  str(qs) len(qs) list(qs) 31

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Chainable methods filter(),  exclude() qs.filter(name='Joe') order_by() qs.order_by('-­‐first_name') reverse() qs.reverse() distinct() qs.distinct() values(),  values_list() qs.values('first_name',  'last_name') dates() qs.dates('pub_date',  'year') qs.dates('pub_date',  'month') select_related() qs.select_related() defer(),  only() qs.defer('body') qs.only('body',  'headline') none(),  all() qs.all() qs.none() 32

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Other QuerySet methods get() e  =  Entry.objects.get(…) create() e  =  Entry.objects.create(…) get_or_create() e,  created  =  Entry.objects.get_or_create(…) count() Entry.objects.count() in_bulk() Entry.objects.in_bulk([1,  2,  3]) latest() Entry.objects.latest('pub_date') 33

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Raw SQL [1]  >>>  query  =  "SELECT  *  FROM  authors_author  WHERE  first_name  =  %s" [2]  >>>  params  =  ["Jacob"] [3]  >>>  Entry.objects.raw(query,  params) [3]          [] 34

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Entry.objects.raw(query  %  params) No! 35

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Other topics 36

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Aggregation http://jacobian.org/r/django-aggregation 37

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Transaction control http://jacobian.org/r/django-transactions 38

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Exercise: /entries/future/ /entries/past/ 39

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• Forms, model forms, form sets, ... • File storage - local and remote. • Cookies, sessions, authn/authz. • GeoDjango • Built-in SQLi, XSS and CSRF protection. • i18n and l10n support. • Generic views, • &c! 1 What else?

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Thank you! [email protected] http://lanyrd.com/sfypm 2