For the Love of Code: Modernizing WordPress, plugins and themes Juliette Reinders Folmer Tweet about it: @jrf_nl #ForTheLoveOfCode #WPZwolle

Olivier Gobet

PHP Supported Versions

WordPress versus PHP 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 WP 2.0 Dec 2005 WP 2.5 Mar 2008 WP 3.2 July 2011 5.2.4 ... WP 5.2 May 2019 5.6.20 WP 5.? Dec 2019

Let's Modernize All The Things!!

But the code works fine on PHP 7... munozgo

Lower Memory Usage Enhanced Interoperability New Features Future Maintainability Improve(d) Security Better Performance Why Modernize ?

EricBerthe  kconnors 

The fact that code runs on PHP 5.6+, does not make it PHP 5.6+ code BryanHanson

Let's Rewrite from Scratch!

Let's not  Halts Progress  Maintaining BC will be much more difficult quicksandala

All Code is Legacy Code as soon as it is written

mxruben

What Needs to be Done ? Fix Incompati- bilities Use What Can Already be Used Clean Up Modernize Implement Quick Fixes Selectively Refactor

Fix Existing Incompatibilities  PHP -l (lint)  PHPCompatibility  phan  php7cc  php7mar  php-compat-info Seemann

Use What Can Already be Used PHP Native features like:  Autoloading  Exceptions with try/catch  instanceof  Filter  SPL (Stnd PHP Library)  mysqli or PDO  Class name based type declarations  Array type declarations WP Polyfilled features like:  Sodium  CSPRNG (random_bytes(), random_int())  Various MbString functions  hash_equals()  JsonSerializable interface  spl_autoload_register()  array_replace_recursive()  is_iterable()  is_countable()

Clean Up (code-level)

Remove Hacks and Polyfills  version_compare()  extension_loaded()  class_exists()  method_exist()  function_exists()  defined()  phpversion()  class_alias()  PHP_VERSION_ID  PHP_MAJOR_VERSION  PHP_MINOR_VERSION Lilla Frerichs

Use case-insensitive searches.

Look Behind: Code for the now, but allow for the past Look Forward: Code for the lowest common denominator and allow for the future.

Looking Forward vs Looking Behind if ( version_compare( phpversion(), '7.0', '>' ) ) { // Modern code. } // Old code. if ( version_compare( PHP_VERSION_ID, '59999', '<=' ) ) { // Back-fill for missing feature. Remove when ... } // More modern code.

Clean Up (application-level)

Use PHPUnit 5.4+ // Works with PHPUnit 3/4/5. class MyTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase { } // Works with PHPUnit 5.4/6/7. use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase; class MyTest extends TestCase { } v Compatible with: 8 PHP 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 (support ends Feb 2021) 7 PHP 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 (support ends Feb 2020) 6 PHP 7.0, 7.1, 7.2 5 PHP 5.6, 7.0, 7.1 4 PHP 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

Use Composer { "name": "organization/my-plugin", "description": "A plugin...", "keywords": ["wordpress"], "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later", "type": "wordpress-plugin", "require": { "php": "^5.6.20 || ^7.0", }, "require-dev": { "humbug/php-scoper": "^0.6.0" }, "autoload": { "classmap": [ "src/" ] } }  ... but prevent dependency conflicts

Modernize

Best Practices  Focus on function, not syntax GaborfromHungary

Best Practices  Focus on function, not syntax  Test Driven Refactoring GaborfromHungary

Test Driven Refactoring Are there tests ? Do the tests actually cover the code ? Are the tests not just testing the "happy path" ?

Best Practices  Focus on function, not syntax  Test Driven Refactoring  Don't attempt to do everything at once GaborfromHungary

Approaches to Modernizing Horizontal • File by file • Component-led Vertical • Fix by fix • PHP feature-led

Best Practices  Focus on function, not syntax  Test Driven Refactoring  Don't attempt to do everything at once  Use the tools available GaborfromHungary

Tools Psalm PHPStan Phan Exakat PHPModernizer (upcoming) Rector PHPStorm Inspections PHPMD (Mess Detector) and many more...

Spread Operator Iterators & Generators Traits Namespaces Constant Scalar Expressions Quick Fixes Short Ternary & Null coalesce Type Declarations 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.3, 7.0, 7.4 5.0, 5.4, 7.0 – 7.2 5.6 5.2 - 5.5 5.3 - 7.4

Namespaces Seemann 5.3

Logical Grouping of Code

Before You Start  Think  Autoloading ? - PSR-0 (deprecated) - PSR-4 - Custom - Classmap ngrigor

What Do Namespaces Apply to ?  Functions  Classes  Traits  Interfaces  Constants declared with const keyword  Variables  Constants declared with define()  Non-PHP native constructs: - hook names

How Does it Work ? Namespace always applied • Classes • Traits • Interfaces Fallback to global namespace • Functions • Constants Namespace irrelevant • Magic Constants

FQN: Fully\Qualified\Name \Fully\Qualified\Name

How Does it Work ? Namespace always applied • Classes • Traits • Interfaces Fallback to global namespace • Functions • Constants Namespace irrelevant • Magic Constants Must use FQN or use statement May use FQN or use statement N/A

Namespaces class NSExample extends Base_Example { public function do_something( $input ) { return str_pad( $input, 10, '-', STR_PAD_LEFT ); } } $ns_example = new NSExample();

Namespaces namespace MyNS; class NSExample extends Base_Example { public function do_something( $input ) { return str_pad( $input, 10, '-', STR_PAD_LEFT ); } } $ns_example = new NSExample();

Namespaces namespace MyNS; class NSExample extends \Base_Example { public function do_something( $input ) { return \str_pad( $input, 10, '-', \STR_PAD_LEFT ); } } $ns_example = new NSExample();

Import Use Statements namespace MyNS; use Base\Example; use function str_pad; use const STR_PAD_LEFT; class NSExample extends Example { public function do_something( $input ) { return str_pad( $input, 10, '-', STR_PAD_LEFT ); } } $ns_example = new NSExample(); 5.3 5.6

PHP 7 Opcode Cached Functions  is_null()  is_bool()  is_long()  is_int()  is_integer()  is_float()  is_real()  is_string()  is_array()  is_object()  is_resource()  assert()  strlen()  defined()  call_user_func()  call_user_func_array()  boolval()  intval()  floatval()  doubleval()  strval()  chr()  ord()  in_array()  count()  get_class()  get_called_class()  gettype()  func_num_args()  func_get_args()  array_slice()  sizeof()  array_key_exists() 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.0

Traits Erean 5.4

Trait Inheritance vs Horizontal Composition Grand- Parent Child Child Grand- child Grand- child Child Class Class Grand- Parent

trait MyTrait { public $property = 10; public function print_10() { print $this->property; } } class MyClass { use MyTrait; public function __construct() { $this->property = 20; } public function test_it() { $this->print_10(); } } (new MyClass)->test_it(); // 20.

Constant Scalar Expressions FidlerJan 5.6

Constant Scalar Expressions [1] class ConstScalarExprExample { const HOURS = 5; protected $retention_period; public function __construct() { $this->retention_period = self::HOURS * HOUR_IN_SECONDS; } } class ConstScalarExprExample { const RETENTION_PERIOD = 5 * HOUR_IN_SECONDS; }

Constant Scalar Expressions [2] class ConstScalarExprExample { protected $partial_file_names = array( 'frontend', 'admin', ); protected $file_extension = '.css'; protected $files = array(); public function __construct() { $path = dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/../css/'; $suffix = ( ( defined( 'SCRIPT_DEBUG' ) && SCRIPT_DEBUG ) ? '' : '.min' ); foreach ( $this->partial_file_names as $partial ) { $this->files[] = $path . $partial . $suffix . $this->file_extension; } } }

Constant Scalar Expressions [2] class ConstScalarExprExample { const FILES = array( __DIR__ . '/../css/frontend' . ( SCRIPT_DEBUG ? '' : '.min' ) . '.css', __DIR__ . '/../css/admin' . ( SCRIPT_DEBUG ? '' : '.min' ) . '.css', ); }

Short Ternary & Null Coalesce 5.3, 7.0, 7.4 Paul Brennan

Short Ternary // $a is not set. $b = 10; $var = ( ! empty( $a ) ) ? $a : 'default'; // 'default' $var = ( ! empty( $b ) ) ? $b : 'default'; // 10 $var = ( ! empty( $a ) ) ?: 'default'; // 'default' $var = ( ! empty( $b ) ) ?: 'default'; // True $var = $a ?: 'default'; // Undefined var notice; 'default' $var = $b ?: 'default'; // 10 5.2 5.3

Null Coalesce if ( ! isset( $var ) ) { $var = 'default'; } $var = isset( $var ) ? $var : 'default'; $var = $var ?? 'default'; $var ??= 'default'; 5.2 7.0 5.2 7.4

Type Declarations 5.0, 5.4, 7.0 – 7.2 Sgarton

Type Declarations  5.0: Parameter Type Declarations  7.0: Return Type Declarations  7.0: Strict Types  7.1: Nullable Types 5.0 Class/Interface name based 5.1 array 5.2 self parent 5.4 callable 7.0 bool, int, float, string 7.1 iterable, void 7.2 object

Type Declarations function get_tax_posts( $taxonomies = null, $limit = 5) { $taxonomies = (array) $taxonomies; $limit = (int) $limit; ... return $post_data; }

Type Declarations function get_tax_posts( $taxonomies = null, $limit = 5) { $taxonomies = (array) $taxonomies; $limit = (int) $limit; ... return $post_data; } function wp_get_tax_posts( array $taxonomies = [], int $limit = 5) : array { ... return $post_data; }

Type Declarations function get_tax_posts( $taxonomies = null, $limit = 5) { _deprecated_function( __FUNCTION__, '5.x', 'wp_get_tax_posts' ); $taxonomies = (array) $taxonomies; $limit = (int) $limit; ... return $post_data; } function wp_get_tax_posts( array $taxonomies = [], int $limit = 5) : array { ... return $post_data; } return wp_get_tax_posts( $taxonomies, $limit );

Spread Operator xandert 5.6

Spread Operator [1] function current_user_can( $capability ) { $current_user = wp_get_current_user(); if ( empty( $current_user ) ) { return false; } $args = func_get_args(); return call_user_func_array( array( $current_user, 'has_cap' ), $args ); }

Spread Operator [1] function current_user_can( $capability ) { $current_user = wp_get_current_user(); if ( empty( $current_user ) ) { return false; } $args = func_get_args(); return call_user_func_array( array( $current_user, 'has_cap' ), $args ); } , ...$args ) {

Spread Operator [1] function current_user_can( $capability ) { $current_user = wp_get_current_user(); if ( empty( $current_user ) ) { return false; } return $current_user->has_cap( $capability, ...$args ); } , ...$args ) {

Spread Operator [2] $content = sprintf( __( 'Track %1$s of %2$s.' ), number_format_i18n( $track_number[0] ), number_format_i18n( $track_number[1] ) ); $args = array( 'track_number' => number_format_i18n( $track_number[0] ), 'total_tracks' => number_format_i18n( $track_number[1] ), ); $content = sprintf( __( 'Track %1$s of %2$s.' ), ...array_values($args ) );

Quick Fixes DarrenHester

__DIR__ & dirname() $path = dirname( dirname( dirname( __FILE__ ) ) ); $path = dirname( dirname( __DIR__ ) ); $path = dirname( __DIR__, 2 ); 5.2 5.3 7.0

empty() $result = function_call( $a, $b ); if ( empty( $result ) ) { return false; } if ( empty( function_call( $a, $b ) ) ) { return false; } 5.2 5.5

Function Array Dereferencing $array = function_call( $a, $b ); echo $array[0]; echo function_call( $a, $b )[0]; 5.2 5.4

Foreach with list() foreach ( $users as $user_data ) { printf( __( '%1$s from %2$s' ), $user_data [0], $user_data [2] ); } foreach ( $users as list( $full_name, $gender, $country ) ) { printf( __( '%1$s from %2$s' ), $full_name, $country ); } 5.2 5.5

Spaceship Operator function sort_order( $a, $b ) { return ( $a < $b ) ? -1 : ( ( $a > $b ) ? 1 : 0 ); } function sort_order( $a, $b ) { return $a <=> $b; } 5.2 7.0

::class class Foo { public function who_am_i() { echo 'Method defined in ' . __CLASS__; echo 'Method called from' . get_called_class(); } } class Foo { public function who_am_i() { echo 'Method defined in ' . self::class; echo 'Method called from' . static::class; } } 5.2 5.5

Iterators & Generators hotblack 5.2 - 5.5

SPL Iterators AppendIterator ArrayIterator CachingIterator CallbackFilterIterator DirectoryIterator EmptyIterator FilesystemIterator FilterIterator GlobIterator InfiniteIterator IteratorIterator LimitIterator MultipleIterator NoRewindIterator ParentIterator RecursiveArrayIterator RecursiveCachingIterator RecursiveCallbackFilterIterator RecursiveDirectoryIterator RecursiveFilterIterator RecursiveIteratorIterator RecursiveRegexIterator RecursiveTreeIterator RegexIterator

function traverse_directory( $path, $exts ) { $file_list = array(); $handle = opendir( $path ); if ( $handle ) { while ( $filename = readdir( $handle ) ) !== false ) { if ( strpos( $filename, '.' ) === 0 ) { continue; } if ( is_file( $path . $filename ) ) { $ext = substr( $filename, ( strpos( $filename, '.' ) + 1 ) ); if ( in_array ( $ext, $exts ) ) { $file_list[] = $path. $filename; } } elseif ( is_dir( $path . $filename ) ) { traverse_directory( $path . $filename, $exts ); } } closedir( $handle ); } return $file_list; } $file_list = traverse_directory( $path ); foreach ( $file_list as $file ) { // Do something. } $directory = new RecursiveDirectoryIterator( $path ); $flattened = new RecursiveIteratorIterator( $directory, RecursiveIteratorIterato $exts = array_map( 'preg_quote', $exts, array_fill( 0, count( $exts ), '`' $exts = implode( '|', $exts ); $regex = '`^(?!(.*/)?\.+$).*\.(' . $exts . ')$`Dix'; $filtered = new RegexIterator( $flattened, $regex ); foreach ( $filtered as $file ) { // Do something. }

But.... There is so Much More ! Finally Garbage Collector Nested Exceptions Closures Goto Late Static Binding OpCache Nowdocs

And Then There's PHP 7.... Expectations with assert() Unicode Escapes Group Use Declarations More Exception Types More Catchable Errors Uniform Variable Syntax Null Coalesce (equals) Scalar Type Hints & Return Type Hints

And Yet More 7.x Goodies! Spread in arrays Multi catch Parameter type widening Short lists, keyed lists iterable, object & void types Nullable types Exceptions on Fatals Class constant visibility

Keep Educating Yourself

Thanks! Any questions ? Slides: https://speakerdeck.com/jrf Feedback: https://joind.in/talk/dafa1 @jrf_nl @jrfnl @jrf