Faster Than Light? - Speaker Deck

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Daniel Scully University of Warwick

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Material World

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Periodic Table

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The Atom proton neutron electron

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Radioactive Decay proton neutron electron (neutrino)

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Quarks u u d

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Standard Model

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Anti-Matter Standard Model

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Standard Model Matter Anti-Matter

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Standard Model Gravity Electro-Magnetism Strong Force Weak Force

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Gravity Standard Model Electro-Magnetism Strong Force Weak Force

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Neutrinos ν e ν μ ν τ ν e ν μ ν τ

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100 billion

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Supernova 1987a

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J-PARC p + C →π / K →ν μ

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The Big Bang

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Neutrino Oscillations Source Flavours Solar ν e → ν e Atmospheric ν μ → ν τ MINOS ν μ → ν μ Reactor ν e → ν e OPERA ν μ → ν τ T2K ν μ → ν e NOvA ν μ → ν e

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CERN

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Switzerland Geneva CERN Italy Abruzzo Gran Sasso 730km

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OPERA

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How To Measure Speed Speed = Distance Time

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CERN Gran Sasso GPS 730km 20 000 km Ionosphere ±2cm

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CERN Gran Sasso GPS 730km 20 000 km Ionosphere ±2cm

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OPERA GPS 1 GPS 2 10km Position of OPERA ±20cm

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Distance 731278.0m ± 0.2m

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CERN Gran Sasso GPS 730km 20 000 km Ionosphere ±100ns 500km

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50ns GPS – Caesium Correction

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Time Synchronisation ± 2ns ± 0.000 000 002 s

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Beam Timing CERN Gran Sasso 10.5μs

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Beam Timing CERN Gran Sasso

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Beam Timing CERN Gran Sasso

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Before Fit After Fit

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The Result Arrived 60.7ns ± 10.1ns Early 0.0025% Faster

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CERN Beam Timing Target Decay Tube ν μ Protons Focusing Magnet Time

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CERN Beam Timing Target Decay Tube ν μ Protons Focusing Magnet Time

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Beam Timing CERN Gran Sasso 3ns

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The Result Arrived 60.7ns ± 10.1ns Early 0.0025% Faster

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Special Relativity Physics is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative speeds The speed of light is the same for all observers E = mc2 Nothing can go faster than the speed of light

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Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Physics

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Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Particle Physics Physics

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Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Particle Physics General Relativity Physics

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Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Particle Physics General Relativity Astrophysics Cosmology Physics

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Physics

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Supernova 1987a Neutrinos arrived 3hours early If OPERA is right, the neutrinos would have arrived 4years early

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295km T2K 810km NOvA 730km OPERA 735km MINOS Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments

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Extra Dimensions 5, 6, 7, 8... But if... then how?

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String Theory But if... then how?

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Sterile Neutrinos ν e ν μ ν τ ν S But if... then how?

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Rare Particles Left over from Big Bang Need to be ~10m Only affects neutrinos But if... then how?

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But if... then how? Your Theory Here

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But if... then how? 12m of Cable

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Daniel Scully University of Warwick

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Image Credits 1, 62. Sandbox Studio 14. CERN Bulletin http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1345733 15, 54. http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/star/supernova/pr1999004e/ 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chooz_-_Centrale_nucléaire_-1.jpg 18. WMAP 19. T2K 21, 22. CERN 24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gran_sasso_italia.jpg 25. INFN 30. http://www.flickr.com/photos/paperfa/2457059915 47. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg 53. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demolition_Bacinol_2009.JPG