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Models Models Every Where The Rime of the ActiveModel

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SCALE MODEL?

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MODEL HOME?

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TYRA BANKS?

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What are models?

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app/models

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ActiveRecord

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Rails + Merb = 3.0

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The Great Decoupling ActiveRecord ActiveResource Sequel DataMapper Mongoid MongoMapper

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Why app/models?

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MODEL VIEW CONTROLLER (MVC) SMALLTALK AT XEROX PARC (1979)

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GUI Architectures Model View Controller Model View Adapter Model View Presenter Model View ViewModel Hierarchical Model View Controller

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Models, models every where Entities Value Objects Request Models Response Models Presentation Models

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“Model objects are the things in the system that you are trying to model.” David Heinemeier Hansson, 2004

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But what are models?

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MODEL VIEW CONTROLLER (MVC) SMALLTALK AT XEROX PARC (1979)

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MODELS REPRESENT KNOWLEDGE MODELS = KNOWLEDGE, KNOWLEDGE = POWER, MODELS = POWER

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MODELS AREN’T DEFINED BY PERSISTENCE THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM

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Examples of Models in Rails Rack::Request Rails::Application ActiveModel::Errors ActiveResource::Connection ActiveRecord::Associations::BelongsToAssociation

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SPOTTING MISSING MODELS

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WHERE DO MODELS HIDE? UNDER YOUR NOSE

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MODELS HIDE IN CONTROLLERS FAT CONTROLLERS?

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MODELS HIDE IN VIEWS LOGIC LADEN VIEWS?

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MODELS HIDE IN OTHER MODELS MODELS WITH TOO MUCH RESPONSIBILITY

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MODELS HIDE BITS OF THEMSELVES ALL OVER SPREAD IT AROUND

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SIGNS TO WATCH FOR

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MODEL VIEW CONTROLLER VIEWS AND CONTROLLERS WITHOUT A CLEAR SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE X

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PRIMITIVE OBSESSION USING BUILT-IN TYPES TO DO A CLASS’ JOB

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LARGE CLASS MULTIPLE RESPONSIBILITIES

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Ideas for Models Address Contact Form Web Service Request/Response Presentation/View Model

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Example LoginRequest

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb <% flash.each do |name, message| %> <%= content_tag(:p, message) %> <% end %>

Log In

<%= form_tag session_path do %>

<%= label_tag 'email' %>
<%= text_field_tag 'email', @email %>

<%= label_tag 'password' %>
<%= password_field_tag 'password', nil %>
<%= link_to 'Forgot Password?', password_help_path %>

<%= check_box_tag 'remember_me', '1', @remember_me.nil? ? true : @remember_me %> <%= label_tag 'remember_me' %>

<%= submit_tag 'Log in' %>

<% end %>

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb <% flash.each do |name, message| %> <%= content_tag(:p, message) %> <% end %>

Log In

<%= form_tag session_path do %> <%# … %> <% end %>

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb

<%= label_tag 'email' %>
<%= text_field_tag 'email', @email %>

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb

<%= label_tag 'password' %>
<%= password_field_tag 'password', nil %>
<%= link_to 'Forgot Password?', password_help_path %>

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb

<%= check_box_tag 'remember_me', '1', @remember_me.nil? ? true : @remember_me %> <%= label_tag 'remember_me' %>

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app/views/sessions/new.html.erb

<%= submit_tag 'Log in' %>

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb class SessionsController < ApplicationController def new end def create logout_keeping_session! user = User.authenticate(params[:email], params[:password]) if user self.current_user = user handle_remember_cookie! (params[:remember_me] == "1") flash[:notice] = "Logged in successfully." redirect_back_or_default root_url else errors = [] errors << "Email can't be blank" if params[:email].blank? errors << "Password can't be blank" if params[:password].blank? errors << "Password is too short (minimum is 5 characters)" if params[:password].present? && params[:password].length < 5 flash.now[:error] = errors.any? ? errors.join(" ") : "Couldn't log you in as '#{params[:email]}'" logger.warn "Failed signin for '#{params[:email]}' at #{Time.now.utc}" @email = params[:email] @remember_me = !!params[:remember_me] render :new end end end

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb def new end

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb def create logout_keeping_session!

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb user = User.authenticate(params[:email], params[:password])

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb if user self.current_user = user handle_remember_cookie! (params[:remember_me] == "1") flash[:notice] = "Logged in successfully." redirect_back_or_default root_url else

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb errors = [] errors << "Email can't be blank" if params[:email].blank? errors << "Password can't be blank" if params[:password].blank? errors << "Password is too short (minimum is 5 characters)" if params[:password].present? && params[:password].length < 5

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb flash.now[:error] = errors.any? ? errors.join(" ") : "Couldn't log you in as '#{params[:email]}'" logger.warn "Failed signin for '#{params[:email]}' at #{Time.now.utc}"

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb @email = params[:email] @remember_me = !!params[:remember_me] render :new

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CODE SMELLS

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MODEL VIEW CONTROLLER VIEWS AND CONTROLLERS WITHOUT A CLEAR SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE X

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SCATTERED KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE IN CONTROLLERS AND VIEWS

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Refactor with Caution Refactor with Tests

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features/login.feature Scenario: Login successfully When I fill in "Email" with "[email protected]" And I fill in "Password" with "12345" And the "Remember me" checkbox should be checked And I press "Log in" Then I should see "Logged in successfully"

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... ......... 1 scenario (1 passed) 7 steps (7 passed) 0m0.971s

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features/login.feature Scenario: Submit blank form When I uncheck "Remember me" And I press "Log in" Then I should see "Email can't be blank" And I should see "Password can't be blank" And I should not see "Couldn't log you in" And I should not see "Password is too short" And the "Remember me" checkbox should not be checked

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .................. 2 scenarios (2 passed) 16 steps (16 passed) 0m1.157s

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features/login.feature Scenario: Password too short When I fill in "Email" with "[email protected]" And I fill in "Password" with "1234" And I press "Log in" Then I should see "Password is too short (minimum is 5 characters)" And I should not see "Couldn't log you in as '[email protected]'" And the "Password" field should not contain "1234"

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .......................... 3 scenarios (3 passed) 24 steps (24 passed) 0m1.409s

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features/login.feature Scenario: Incorrect password When I fill in "Email" with "[email protected]" And I fill in "Password" with "54321" And I press "Log in" Then I should see "Couldn't log you in as '[email protected]'" And the "Email" field should contain "[email protected]" And the "Password" field should not contain "54321"

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .................................. 4 scenarios (4 passed) 32 steps (32 passed) 0m1.563s

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No content

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A New View On Life

Log In

<%= form_for @login_request, :url => session_path do |f| %> <% @login_request.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %> <%= content_tag(:p, message) %> <% end %>

<%= f.label :email %>
<%= f.text_field :email %>

<%= f.label :password %>
<%= f.password_field :password %>
<%= link_to 'Forgot Password?', password_help_path %>

<%= f.check_box :remember_me %> <%= f.label :remember_me %>

<%= f.submit "Log in" %>

<% end %>

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Before <% flash.each do |name, message| %> <%= content_tag(:p, message) %> <% end %>

Log In

<%= form_tag session_path do %> <%# … %> <% end %>

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After

Log In

<%= form_for @login_request, :url => session_path do |f| %> <% @login_request.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %> <%= content_tag(:p, message) %> <% end %> <%# … %> <% end %>

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Before

<%= label_tag 'email' %>
<%= text_field_tag 'email', @email %>

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After

<%= f.label :email %>
<%= f.text_field :email %>

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Before

<%= label_tag 'password' %>
<%= password_field_tag 'password', nil %>
<%= link_to 'Forgot Password?', password_help_path %>

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After

<%= f.label :password %>
<%= f.password_field :password %>
<%= link_to 'Forgot Password?', password_help_path %>

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Before

<%= check_box_tag 'remember_me', '1', @remember_me.nil? ? true : @remember_me %> <%= label_tag 'remember_me' %>

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After

<%= f.check_box :remember_me %> <%= f.label :remember_me %>

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Before

<%= submit_tag 'Log in' %>

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After

<%= f.submit "Log in" %>

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Regaining Control class SessionsController < ApplicationController def new @login_request = LoginRequest.new end def create logout_keeping_session! @login_request = LoginRequest.new(params[:login_request]) if @login_request.authenticate self.current_user = @login_request.user handle_remember_cookie! @login_request.remember_me? flash[:notice] = "Logged in successfully." redirect_back_or_default root_url else render :new end end end

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Before def new end

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After def new @login_request = LoginRequest.new end

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Before & After def create logout_keeping_session!

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Before user = User.authenticate(params[:email], params[:password])

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After @login_request = LoginRequest.new(params[:login_request])

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Before if user self.current_user = user handle_remember_cookie! (params[:remember_me] == "1") flash[:notice] = "Logged in successfully." redirect_back_or_default root_url else

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After if @login_request.authenticate self.current_user = @login_request.user handle_remember_cookie! @login_request.remember_me? flash[:notice] = "Logged in successfully." redirect_back_or_default root_url else

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Before Part 1 errors = [] errors << "Email can't be blank" if params[:email].blank? errors << "Password can't be blank" if params[:password].blank? errors << "Password is too short (minimum is 5 characters)" if params[:password].present? && params[:password].length < 5

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Before Part 2 flash.now[:error] = errors.any? ? errors.join(" ") : "Couldn't log you in as '#{params[:email]}'" logger.warn "Failed signin for '#{params[:email]}' at #{Time.now.utc}"

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Before Part 3 @email = params[:email] @remember_me = !!params[:remember_me] render :new

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After render :new

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NOW WE LET THE TESTS TAKE THE WHEEL TEST DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .F.F------------------------------ (::) failed steps (::) uninitialized constant SessionsController::LoginRequest (NameError)

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .F.F------------------------------ (::) failed steps (::) undefined method `model_name' for LoginRequest:Class (ActionView::Template::Error

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The ActiveModel API #to_model

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ActiveModel API #persisted? #valid? #errors #[] #full_messages #to_key #to_param #to_partial_path .model_name #human #singular #plural

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When does a model need to be an ActiveModel? Railties ActiveSupport ActiveRecord ActiveResource ActiveModel ActionMailer

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ActiveModel API is for ActionPack

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When does ActionPack need an ActiveModel? Polymorphic Routes (url_for) Partial Rendering (render) Record Identiﬁcation (dom_class, dom_id) Form Building (form_for)

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ActiveModel::Lint::Tests

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb FFFFFFF Failures: 1) LoginRequest it should behave like ActiveModel test model naming Failure/Error: send test Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError: The object should respond_to to_model. is not true.

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest def to_model self end end

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The ActiveModel Library gem install activemodel

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ActiveModel::Naming .model_name #human #singular #plural

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest extend ActiveModel::Naming def to_model self end end

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb .FFFFFF Failures: 1) LoginRequest it should behave like ActiveModel test to param Failure/Error: send test Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError: to_param should return nil when `persisted?` returns false. is not true.

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ActiveModel::Conversion #to_model #to_key #to_param

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest extend ActiveModel::Naming include ActiveModel::Conversion end

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb ...FFFF Failures: 1) LoginRequest it should behave like ActiveModel test valid? Failure/Error: send test Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError: The model should respond to valid?. is not true.

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ActiveModel::Validations #valid? #errors .validates_acceptance_of .validates_conﬁrmation_of .validates_exclusion_of .validates_format_of .validates_inclusion_of .validates_length_of .validates_numericality_of .validates_presence_of

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest extend ActiveModel::Naming include ActiveModel::Conversion include ActiveModel::Validations end

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb ......F Failures: 1) LoginRequest it should behave like ActiveModel test persisted? Failure/Error: send test Test::Unit::AssertionFailedError: The model should respond to persisted?. is not true.

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app/models/login_request.rb class LoginRequest extend ActiveModel::Naming include ActiveModel::Conversion include ActiveModel::Validations def persisted? false end end

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb ....... Finished in 0.00835 seconds 7 examples, 0 failures

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .F.F------------------------------ (::) failed steps (::) undefined method `email' for # (ActionView::Template::Error)

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app/models/login_request.rb attr_accessor :email, :password, :remember_me

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... ......F--...F-----....F---....F--- (::) failed steps (::) expected false to be true features/login.feature:15:in `And the "Remember me" checkbox should be checked'

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app/models/login_request.rb def initialize self.remember_me = true end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .......F-...F-----....F---....F--- (::) failed steps (::) wrong number of arguments (1 for 0) (ArgumentError) ./app/controllers/ sessions_controller.rb:10:in `initialize'

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app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb @login_request = LoginRequest.new(params[:login_request])

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app/models/login_request.rb def initialize(new_attributes={}) self.remember_me = true new_attributes.each do |attribute, value| if respond_to?("#{attribute}=") send("#{attribute}=", value) end end end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .......F-...F-----....F---....F--- (::) failed steps (::) undefined method `authenticate' for # (NoMethodError) ./app/controllers/ sessions_controller.rb:12:in `create'

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app/models/login_request.rb def authenticate success = valid? logger.warn "Failed signin for #{email.inspect}" unless success success end def logger Rails.logger end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .......F-...F-----....F---....F--- (::) failed steps (::) undefined method `user' for # (NoMethodError) ./app/controllers/ sessions_controller.rb:13:in `create'

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app/models/login_request.rb def user return @user if instance_variable_defined? "@user" @user = User.authenticate(email, password) end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .......F-...F-----....F---....F--- (::) failed steps (::) undefined method `remember_me?' for # (NoMethodError) ./app/controllers/ sessions_controller.rb:14:in `create'

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app/models/login_request.rb def remember_me? remember_me.present? end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .............F----.....F--.....F-- (::) failed steps (::) expected there to be content "Email can't be blank"

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app/models/login_request.rb validates_presence_of :email, :password validates_length_of :password, :minimum => 5, :allow_blank => true

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... ...............................F-- (::) failed steps (::) expected there to be content "Couldn't log you in as '[email protected]'"

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app/models/login_request.rb validate do if errors.empty? && user.blank? errors.add :base, "Couldn't log you in as '#{email}'" end end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .................................. 4 scenarios (4 passed) 32 steps (32 passed) 0m1.599s

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class LoginRequest extend ActiveModel::Naming include ActiveModel::Conversion include ActiveModel::Validations def persisted? false end attr_accessor :email, :password, :remember_me def initialize(new_attributes={}) self.remember_me = true new_attributes.each do |attribute, value| if respond_to?("#{attribute}=") send("#{attribute}=", value) end end end def authenticate success = valid? logger.warn "Failed signin for #{email.inspect}" unless success success end def logger Rails.logger end def user return @user if instance_variable_defined? "@user" @user = User.authenticate(email, password) end def remember_me? remember_me.present? end validates_presence_of :email, :password validates_length_of :password, :minimum => 5, :allow_blank => true validate do if errors.empty? && user.blank? errors.add :base, "Couldn't log you in as '#{email}'" end end end

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ActiveAttr What ActiveModel Left Out

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Rocket Fuel For your models

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BasicModel class Person include ActiveAttr::BasicModel end Person.model_name.plural #=> "people" person = Person.new person.valid? #=> true person.errors.full_messages #=> []

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Before extend ActiveModel::Naming include ActiveModel::Conversion include ActiveModel::Validations def persisted? false end

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After include ActiveAttr::BasicModel

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Attributes class Person include ActiveAttr::Attributes attribute :first_name attribute :last_name end person = Person.new person.first_name = "Chris" person.last_name = "Griego" person.attributes #=> {"first_name"=>"Chris", "last_name"=>"Griego"}

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Before attr_accessor :email, :password, :remember_me

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After include ActiveAttr::Attributes attribute :email attribute :password attribute :remember_me

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QueryAttributes class Person include ActiveAttr::QueryAttributes attribute :first_name attribute :last_name end person = Person.new person.first_name = "Chris" person.first_name? #=> true person.last_name? #=> false

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Before def remember_me? remember_me.present? end

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After include ActiveAttr::QueryAttributes

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AttributeDefaults class Person include ActiveAttr::AttributeDefaults attribute :first_name, :default => "John" attribute :last_name, :default => "Doe" end person = Person.new person.first_name #=> "John" person.last_name #=> "Doe"

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Before attribute :remember_me def initialize(new_attributes={}) self.remember_me = true new_attributes.each do |attribute, value| if respond_to?("#{attribute}=") send("#{attribute}=", value) end end end

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After include ActiveAttr::AttributeDefaults attribute :remember_me, :default => true def initialize(new_attributes={}) new_attributes.each do |attribute, value| if respond_to?("#{attribute}=") send("#{attribute}=", value) end end end

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MassAssignment class Person include ActiveAttr::MassAssignment attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name end person = Person.new(:first_name => "Chris") person.attributes = { :last_name => "Griego" } person.first_name #=> "Chris" person.last_name #=> "Griego"

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Before def initialize(new_attributes={}) new_attributes.each do |attribute, value| if respond_to?("#{attribute}=") send("#{attribute}=", value) end end end

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After include ActiveAttr::MassAssignment

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Logger class Person include ActiveAttr::Logger end Person.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT) Person.logger? #=> true Person.logger.info "Logging an informational message" person = Person.new person.logger? #=> true person.logger = Logger.new(STDERR) person.logger.warn "Logging a warning message"

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Before def logger Rails.logger end

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After include ActiveAttr::Logger

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Model class Person include ActiveAttr::Model end

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Before include ActiveAttr::BasicModel include ActiveAttr::Attributes include ActiveAttr::QueryAttributes include ActiveAttr::AttributeDefaults include ActiveAttr::MassAssignment include ActiveAttr::Logger

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After include ActiveAttr::Model

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class LoginRequest include ActiveAttr::Model attribute :email attribute :password attribute :remember_me, :default => true def authenticate success = valid? logger.warn "Failed signin for #{email.inspect}" unless success success end def user return @user if instance_variable_defined? "@user" @user = User.authenticate(email, password) end validates_presence_of :email, :password validates_length_of :password, :minimum => 5, :allow_blank => true validate do if errors.empty? && user.blank? errors.add :base, "Couldn't log you in as '#{email}'" end end end

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$ cucumber features/login.feature Using the default profile... .................................. 4 scenarios (4 passed) 32 steps (32 passed) 0m1.731s

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$ rspec spec/models/ login_request_spec.rb .................................. Finished in 0.09344 seconds 34 examples, 0 failures

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MassAssignmentSecurity class Person include ActiveAttr::MassAssignmentSecurity attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name attr_protected :last_name end person = Person.new(:first_name => "Chris", :last_name => "Griego") person.first_name #=> "Chris" person.last_name #=> nil

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BlockInitialization class Person include ActiveAttr::BlockInitialization attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name end person = Person.new do |p| p.first_name = "Chris" p.last_name = "Griego" end person.first_name #=> "Chris" person.last_name #=> "Griego"

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TypecastedAttributes class Person include ActiveAttr::TypecastedAttributes attribute :age, :type => Integer end person = Person.new person.age = "29" person.age #=> 29

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Rails Integration gem "active_attr"

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RSpec Integration require "active_attr/rspec" describe Person do it { should have_attribute(:first_name).with_default_value_of("John") } end

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ActiveAttr Roadmap Multi-parameter Attributes Non-nullable Attributes Rails Generators Associations Nested Attributes

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Image Credits The Elephant in the Room by Bit Boy http://www.flickr.com/photos/bitboy/246805948/ Binoculars by Evan Long http://www.flickr.com/photos/clover_1/1200447508/ Hiding by Susan Sermoneta http://www.flickr.com/photos/en321/33868864/ PS3 Controller by Mauro Monti http://www.flickr.com/photos/kilamdil/393406895/ Xbox Controller by Alexa Booth http://www.flickr.com/photos/xabooth/2208511222/ Nintendo Gamecube Controller by Andy Zeigert http://www.flickr.com/photos/andyz/40676384/ View and Rooftops by C.J. Peters http://www.flickr.com/photos/conlawprof/266890004/ Glittering City View by William Cho http://www.flickr.com/photos/adforce1/3876421475/ Korean Signs by Taylor Sloan http://www.flickr.com/photos/taylorsloan/4477937283/ Flint Knapper by Wessex Archaeology http://www.flickr.com/photos/wessexarchaeology/56515302/ Hat Collection by lokarta http://www.flickr.com/photos/lokar/4071667927/ Caution Men by Alyson Hurt http://www.flickr.com/photos/alykat/2930096885/ Smells by Larissa http://www.flickr.com/photos/lara68/3492153226/ Wheel Building by Andrew Schwab http://www.flickr.com/photos/aschwab/3621428436/ Socony Gas Can by BEV Norton http://www.flickr.com/photos/catchesthelight/2225634867/ Statue of the Ancient Mariner Photo by pshab http://www.flickr.com/photos/pshab/460051997/

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He went like one that hath been stunned, And is of sense forlorn: A sadder and a wiser man, He rose the morrow morn.