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Ben Ramsey Grokking HTTP

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Why HTTP?

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Because you are a web developer.

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HTTP is the Web.

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• A client-server architecture • Atomic operations • Cacheable responses • A uniform and constrained interface • Layered system • Allows for code on demand

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HTTP is RESTful.

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• My favorite HTTP tools • Overview of the protocol • Content negotiation • Conditional requests • Caching • The future of HTTP Grokking HTTP

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grok • /ˈɡrɒk/ To grok is to intimately and completely share the same reality or line of thinking with another physical or conceptual entity. Author Robert A. Heinlein coined the term in his best-selling 1961 book Stranger in a Strange Land. In Heinlein's view, grokking is the intermingling of intelligence that necessarily a!ects both the observer and the observed. —from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok

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My Favorite Tools

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HTTPie • Ditch cURL. Use HTTPie. • httpie.org • Perfect for testing and debugging APIs • Free; requires Python

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Charles • I cannot recommend this enough! • charlesproxy.com • Perfect for debugging Ajax and Flash remoting (AMF) requests • Well worth the $50 license fee

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Setting Headers array( 'self' => array( 'href' => 'http://example.com/books/decd0562', ), ), 'author' => 'Stoyan Stefanov', 'id' => 'decd0562', 'isbn10' => '1449320198', 'isbn13' => '9781449320195', 'publisher' => 'O\'Reilly Media', 'title' => 'JavaScript for PHP Developers', 'year' => 2012, ));

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Other Tools • PHP cURL functions • fopen wrappers for http/https • "le_get_contents() • "le_put_contents() • stream_context_create() • PHP pecl_http extension

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Protocol Overview

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RFC 2616

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• GET • POST • PUT • DELETE • HEAD • OPTIONS • TRACE • CONNECT Methods

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Safe Methods • GET & HEAD should not take action other than retrieval • These are considered safe • This allows user agents to represent POST, PUT, & DELETE in a special way

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Idempotence • Side e!ects of N > 0 identical requests is the same as for a single request • GET, HEAD, PUT, and DELETE share this property • OPTIONS and TRACE are inherently idempotent

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GET

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 22:46:43 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "9790482c-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT Content-Length: 254 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c" } }, "author": "Luke Welling, Laura Thomson", "id": "9790482c", "isbn10": "0672329166", "isbn13": "9780672329166", "publisher": "Pearson Education", "title": "PHP and MySQL Web Development", "year": 2008 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 22:46:43 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "9790482c-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT Content-Length: 254 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c" } }, "author": "Luke Welling, Laura Thomson", "id": "9790482c", "isbn10": "0672329166", "isbn13": "9780672329166", "publisher": "Pearson Education", "title": "PHP and MySQL Web Development", "year": 2008 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 22:46:43 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "9790482c-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT Content-Length: 254 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c" } }, "author": "Luke Welling, Laura Thomson", "id": "9790482c", "isbn10": "0672329166", "isbn13": "9780672329166", "publisher": "Pearson Education", "title": "PHP and MySQL Web Development", "year": 2008 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 22:46:43 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "9790482c-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT Content-Length: 254 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c" } }, "author": "Luke Welling, Laura Thomson", "id": "9790482c", "isbn10": "0672329166", "isbn13": "9780672329166", "publisher": "Pearson Education", "title": "PHP and MySQL Web Development", "year": 2008 }

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POST

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POST /books HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Content-Type: application/hal+json Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 { "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 201 Created Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Location: http://example.com/books/decd0562 ETag: "decd0562-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Content-Length: 239 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 201 Created Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Location: http://example.com/books/decd0562 ETag: "decd0562-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Content-Length: 239 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 201 Created Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Location: http://example.com/books/decd0562 ETag: "decd0562-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Content-Length: 239 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 201 Created Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Location: http://example.com/books/decd0562 ETag: "decd0562-1" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:26:49 GMT Content-Length: 239 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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PUT

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PUT /books/decd0562 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 Host: example.com If-Match: "decd0562-1" Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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PUT /books/decd0562 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 Host: example.com If-Match: "decd0562-1" Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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PUT /books/decd0562 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 Host: example.com If-Match: "decd0562-1" Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "decd0562-2" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Content-Length: 270 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "decd0562-2" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Content-Length: 270 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 ETag: "decd0562-2" Last-Modified: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 23:47:59 GMT Content-Length: 270 Content-Type: application/hal+json { "_links": { "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/decd0562" } }, "author": "Stoyan Stefanov", "id": "decd0562", "isbn10": "1449320198", "isbn13": "9781449320195", "pubDate": "September 22, 2012", "publisher": "O'Reilly Media", "title": "JavaScript for PHP Developers", "year": 2012 }

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DELETE

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DELETE /books/decd0562 HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 Host: example.com If-Match: "decd0562-2"

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HTTP/1.1 204 No Content Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 00:01:44 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Length: 0 Content-Type: application/hal+json

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HTTP/1.1 204 No Content Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 00:01:44 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Length: 0 Content-Type: application/hal+json

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Status Codes

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• Informational (1xx) • Successful (2xx) • Redirection (3xx) • Client error (4xx) • Server error (5xx)

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Content Negotiation

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• Also called “conneg” • “the process of selecting the best representation for a given response when there are multiple representations available” • Two kinds: • server-driven • agent-driven

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Server-driven Negotiation

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Accept-Charset: utf-8 Host: example.com Accept-Language: en-us, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Accept-Charset: utf-8 Host: example.com Accept-Language: en-us, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Accept-Charset: utf-8 Host: example.com Accept-Language: en-us, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Accept-Charset: utf-8 Host: example.com Accept-Language: en-us, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Accept-Charset: utf-8 Host: example.com Accept-Language: en-us, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7 Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:42:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Language: en-us ETag: "9790482c-1" Vary: Accept,Accept-Charset,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/hal+json; charset=utf-8 { ... }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:42:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Language: en-us ETag: "9790482c-1" Vary: Accept,Accept-Charset,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/hal+json; charset=utf-8 { ... }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:42:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Language: en-us ETag: "9790482c-1" Vary: Accept,Accept-Charset,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/hal+json; charset=utf-8 { ... }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:42:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Language: en-us ETag: "9790482c-1" Vary: Accept,Accept-Charset,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/hal+json; charset=utf-8 { ... }

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HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:42:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Language: en-us ETag: "9790482c-1" Vary: Accept,Accept-Charset,Accept-Language,Accept-Encoding Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/hal+json; charset=utf-8 { ... }

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Agent-driven Negotiation

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0

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HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 02:57:42 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.10-1ubuntu3.2 Content-Length: 444 Content-Type: application/hal+json

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{ "_links": { "alternate": [ { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c.en-us.html", "hreflang": "en-us", "type": "text/html; charset=utf-8" }, { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c.en-us.json", "hreflang": "en-us", "type": "application/hal+json; charset=utf-8" }, { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c.en-us.xml", "hreflang": "en-us", "type": "application/hal+xml; charset=utf-8" } ], "self": { "href": "http://example.com/books/9790482c" } } }

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Conditional Requests

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Request Headers • If-Modi"ed-Since • If-Unmodi"ed-Since • If-Match • If-None-Match • If-Range

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 If-Modified-Since: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 03:39:51 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) Vary: Accept-Encoding

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GET /books/9790482c HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Accept-Encoding: identity, deflate, compress, gzip Accept: application/hal+json User-Agent: HTTPie/0.2.0 If-Modified-Since: Sun, 15 Jul 2012 16:34:23 GMT HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 03:39:51 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) Vary: Accept-Encoding

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Caching

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Response Headers • Expires • Cache-Control • max-age • s-maxage • public • private • no-cache • no-store • must-revalidate • proxy-revalidate

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Cache-Control: max-age=3600, must-revalidate

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The Future of HTTP

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• HTTP Bis IETF Working Group http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/ • RFCs and speci"cations that extend HTTP: • WebDAV and related extensions • RFC 5789 (PATCH Method) • RFC 6266 (Use of Content-Disposition) • RFC 6585 (Additional Status Codes) • Method Registrations • Authentication Scheme Registrations • Permanent Message Header Fields

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There’s too much in HTTP to fully grok it in one presentation.

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• RFC 2616 (HTTP) • Mark Nottingham: mnot.net • Mark’s Caching Tutorial • RFC 2295 (Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP) • RFC 2296 (HTTP Remote Variant Selection Algorithm) More Resources

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Thank you. • Rate this talk: joind.in/6717 • Read my blog: benramsey.com • Follow me on Twitter: @ramsey • Slides: bram.se/cf12-http

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Grokking HTTP Copyright © Ben Ramsey. Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported. For uses not covered under this license, please contact the author.