Bringing JavaScript Code Analysis to The Next Level New York October 22, 2012 Ariya Hidayat 1 

whoami 2 

From Spelling Checker to Grammar Enforcement Your so wrong, therefore you loose! No misspelled word. Wrong choice of words! 3 

Quality: Practical Aspects Avoid silly mistakes Write readable code Do not provoke ambiguities Improve future maintenance Learn better code pattern 4 

Multiple Layers of Defense 5 

Tools and Mistakes Likelihood S = Skill C = Complexity S C Average Engineer S C 6 

Better Use of the Tools Engineer Tools Feedback Cycle Not everyone is a JavaScript ninja Boring Repetitive Time-consuming 7 

Adaptive Quality Criteria Explicit Implicit Customize analysis options Define new sets of rules Infer from high-quality sample Observe the engineer’s behavior 8 

Foundation 9 

JavaScript in the Browser User Interface Browser Engine Graphics Stack Data Persistence Render Engine JavaScript Engine Networking I/O 10 

JavaScript Engine Building Blocks Virtual Machine/ Interpreter Parser Runtime Source Syntax Tree Built-in objects, host objects, ... Fast and conservative 11 

Tokenization keyword equal sign semicolon identifier number var answer = 42; 12 

Syntax Tree Variable Declaration Identifier Literal Constant answer 42 13 

JavaScript Parser Written in JavaScript UglifyJS ZeParser Esprima Traceur Narcissus Acorn 14 

Specification Conformance • ECMA-262 compliant • Automatic semicolon insertion • Strict Mode, e.g. “use strict” • Unicode for identifiers 'use strict'; var ೔ຊޠ = 1 return ೔ຊޠ 15 

Heavily Tested • > 550 unit tests • Compatibility tests • 100% code coverage • Performance tests Enforced during development 16 

Sensible Syntax Tree answer = 42 { type: "Program", body: [ { type: "ExpressionStatement", expression: { type: "AssignmentExpression", operator: "=", left: { type: "Identifier", name: "answer" }, right: { type: "Literal", value: 42 } } } ] } https://developer.mozilla.org/en/SpiderMonkey/Parser_API http://esprima.org/demo/parse.html Try online! 17 

Specification, Parser Code, Syntax Tree function parseWhileStatement() { var test, body; expectKeyword('while'); expect('('); test = parseExpression(); expect(')'); body = parseStatement(); return { type: 'WhileStatement', test: test, body: body }; } while ( Expression ) Statement ECMA-262 Annex A.4 18 

High Performance Esprima UglifyJS V1 922 ms 567 ms 620 ms 233 ms Speed Comparison Chrome 18 Internet Explorer 9 Benchmark corpus: jQuery, Prototype, MooTools, ExtCore, ... 19 

Syntax Node Location { type: "ExpressionStatement", expression: { type: "AssignmentExpression", operator: "=", left: { type: "Identifier", name: "answer", range: [0, 6] }, right: { type: "Literal", value: 42, range: [9, 11] }, range: [0, 11] }, range: [0, 11] } answer = 42 20 

Error Tolerant Useful for IDE, editors, ... var msg = "Hello’; person..age = 18; if (person. 'use strict'; with (person) { } Mismatched quote Too many dots Incomplete, still typing Strict mode violation 21 

Handle the Comments https://github.com/thejohnfreeman/jfdoc Documentation tool Code annotation https://github.com/goatslacker/node-typedjs // Life, Universe, and Everything answer = 42 comments: [ { range: [0, 34], type: "Line", value: " Life, Universe, and Everything" } ] 22 

Forward Looking Experimental ‘harmony’ branch Object initializer shorthand { let x; const y = 0; } Block scope var point = {x, y}; Module & class module LinearAlgebra { export const System = 'Cartesian'; } class Vector3 { constructor (x, y, z) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; } } Destructuring assignment point = {14, 3, 77}; {x, y, z} = point; 23 

Code Regeneration Esprima Escodegen Source Syntax Tree Syntax Transformation Shorten variable name Inline short function Remove dead code Obfuscate Source 24 

Tools 25 

Brackets of Tools Static analysis Inspection Dynamic analysis Transformation 26 

Inspection 27 

Syntax Tree Visualization answer = 42 http://esprima.org/demo/parse.html 28 

Syntax Demystifying Block statement 29 

Syntax Validation http://esprima.org/demo/validate.html Try online! esvalidate test.js 30 

Part of Continuous Integration JUnit XML + Jenkins 31 

Linter vs Validator Validator Linter Looks for specification violations Does not care about coding style Works well on generated/minified code Searches for suspicious pattern Warns on style inconsistencies Works well on hand-written code 32 

(Git) Precommit Hook files=$(git diff-index --name-only HEAD | grep -P '\.js$') for file in $files; do esvalidate $file if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then echo "Syntax error: $file" exit 1 fi done 33 

Code Outline Eclipse Functions Variables 34 

Content Assist/Autocomplete/IntelliSense Scripted 35 

Fragment Highlighting http://esprima.org/demo/highlight.html 36 

Most Popular Keywords this function if return var else for new in typeof while case break try catch delete throw switch continue default instanceof do void finally 4 10 12 14 15 25 35 38 72 84 84 115 122 143 188 225 232 436 562 2116 2878 3063 3108 3229 http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/03/most-popular-javascript-keywords.html var fs = require('fs'), esprima = require('esprima'), files = process.argv.splice(2); files.forEach(function (filename) { var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf-8'), tokens = esprima.parse(content, { tokens: true }).tokens; tokens.forEach(function (token) { if (token.type === 'Keyword') { console.log(token.value); } }); }); 37 

Most Popular Statements http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/04/most-popular-javascript-statements.html ExpressionStatement BlockStatement IfStatement ReturnStatement VariableDeclaration FunctionDeclaration ForStatement ForInStatement WhileStatement BreakStatement TryStatement EmptyStatement ThrowStatement SwitchStatement ContinueStatement DoWhileStatement LabeledStatement 6 12 25 35 38 66 84 115 131 143 293 371 2116 2878 3063 6353 6728 var fs = require('fs'), esprima = require('esprima'), files = process.argv.splice(2); files.forEach(function (filename) { var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf-8'), syntax = esprima.parse(content); JSON.stringify(syntax, function (key, value) { if (key === 'type') { if (value.match(/Declaration$/) || value.match(/Statement$/)) { console.log(value); } } return value; }); }); 38 

Identifier Length Distribution http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/05/javascript-identifier-length-distribution.html 0 250 500 750 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 mean of the identifier length is 8.27 characters prototype-1.7.0.0.js SCRIPT_ELEMENT_REJECTS_TEXTNODE_APPENDING prototype-1.7.0.0.js MOUSEENTER_MOUSELEAVE_EVENTS_SUPPORTED jquery-1.7.1.js subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible jquery.mobile-1.0.js getClosestElementWithVirtualBinding prototype-1.7.0.0.js HAS_EXTENDED_CREATE_ELEMENT_SYNTAX 39 

More Code Metrics Cyclomatic complexity Comment density Expression depth Duplicated/similar fragment Native objects/functions usage 40 

Static Analysis 41 

“Code Linting” var fs = require('fs'), esprima = require('./esprima'), files = process.argv.splice(2); files.forEach(function (filename) { var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf-8'), syntax = esprima.parse(content, { loc: true }); JSON.stringify(syntax, function (key, value) { if (key === 'test' && value.operator === '==') console.log('Line', value.loc.start.line); return value; }); }); if (x == 9) { // do Something } Not a strict equal 42 

“Boolean Trap” Finder Can you make up your mind? treeItem.setState(true, false); event.initKeyEvent("keypress", true, true, null, null, false, false, false, false, 9, 0); The more the merrier? Obfuscated choice var volumeSlider = new Slider(false); Double-negative component.setHidden(false); filter.setCaseInsensitive(false); http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/06/detecting-boolean-traps-with-esprima.html 43 

Nested Ternary Conditionals http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/10/detecting-nested-ternary-conditionals.html var str = (age < 1) ? "baby" : (age < 5) ? "toddler" : (age < 18) ? "child": "adult"; 44 

Strict Mode Check 'use strict'; block = { color: 'blue', height: 20, width: 10, color: 'red' }; Duplicate data property in object literal not allowed in strict mode http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/10/validating-strict-mode.html 45 

Dynamic Analysis 46 

Statement Coverage http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/03/javascript-code-coverage-and-esprima.html x = 42; if (false) x = -1; https://github.com/itay/node-cover https://github.com/coveraje/coveraje https://github.com/pmlopes/coberturajs 47 

Instrumentation for Coverage http://itay.github.com/snug_codecoverage_slides/ var a = 5; { __statement_ZyyqFc(1); var a = 5; } foo(); { __statement_ZyyqFc(2); __expression_kC$jur(3), foo(); } function foo() { ... }; function foo() { __block_n53cJc(1); ... } Statement Expression Block 48 

Unit Test + Statement Coverage = Latent Trap http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/09/the-hidden-trap-of-code-coverage.html function inc(p, q) { if (q == undefined) q = 1; return p + q/q; } assert("inc(4) must give 5", inc(4) == 5); function inc(p, q) { if (q == undefined) return p + 1; return p + q/q; } assert("inc(4) must give 5", inc(4) == 5); Does not catch the missing code sequence 49 

Branch Coverage https://github.com/yahoo/istanbul function inc(p, q) { if (q == undefined) q = 1; return p + q/q; } assert("inc(4) must give 5", inc(4) == 5); E = Else is not taken 50 

Execution Tracing http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/02/tracking-javascript-execution-during-startup.html https://gist.github.com/1823129 jQuery Mobile startup log 4640 function calls jquery.js 26 jQuery jquery.js 103 init undefined, undefined, [object Object] jquery.js 274 each (Function) jquery.js 631 each [object Object], (Function), undefined jquery.js 495 isFunction [object Object] jquery.js 512 type [object Object] jquery.mobile.js 1857 [Anonymous] jquery.mobile.js 642 [Anonymous] jquery.mobile.js 624 enableMouseBindings jquery.mobile.js 620 disableTouchBindings 51 

Tracking the Scalability http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/01/scalable-web-apps-the-complexity-issue.html Array.prototype.swap = function (i, j) { var k = this[i]; this[i] = this[j]; this[j] = k; } Array.prototype.swap = function (i, j) { Log({ name: 'Array.prototype.swap', lineNumber: 1, range: [23, 94] }); var k = this[i]; this[i] = this[j]; this[j] = k; } 52 

Transformation 53 

Non-Destructive Partial Source Modification Modified Intact Do not remove comments Preserve indentation & other formatting Add “contextual” information Inject or change function invocation 54 

String Literal Quotes http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/02/from-double-quotes-to-single-quotes.html console.log('Hello') [ { type: "Identifier", value: "console", range: [0, 7] }, { type: "Punctuator", value: ".", range: [7, 8] }, { type: "Identifier", value: "log", range: [8, 11] }, { type: "Punctuator", value: "(", range: [11, 12] }, { type: "String", value: "\"Hello\"", range: [12, 19] }, { type: "Punctuator", value: ")", range: [19, 19] } ] console.log("Hello") May need proper escaping List of tokens 55 

Style Formatter https://github.com/fawek/codepainter CodePainter Source Sample code Formatted source Infer coding styles Indentation Quote for string literal Whitespace 56 

Rewrite and Regenerate var syntax = esprima.parse('answer = 42;'); syntax.body[0].expression.right.value = 1337; escodegen.generate(syntax) answer = 1337; answer = 42; https://github.com/Constellation/escodegen 57 

Minification & Obfuscation https://github.com/Constellation/esmangle Array.prototype.swap = function (first, second) { var temp = this[first]; this[first] = this[second]; this[second] = temp; } Array.prototype.swap=function(a,b){var c=this[a];this[a]=this[b],this[b]=c} 58 

Syntax Augmentation ES.Future Exoskeleton 59 

LLJS (Low-Level JavaScript) http://mbebenita.github.com/LLJS/ let x = 0; Block scope let u8 flag; let i32 position; struct Point { int x, y; }; Data types let u16 *p = q; Pointers 60 

Sweet.js for Macro http://sweetjs.org macro def { case $name:ident $params $body => { function $name $params $body } } def sweet(a) { console.log(“Hello World”); } Define def.. ..so that you can write 61 

Transpilation: Class Harmony ES 5.1 // Vector in 3-D Cartesian coordinate class Vector3 { constructor (x, y, z) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; } } // Vector in 3-D Cartesian coordinate var Vector3 = (function () { function Vector3 (x, y, z) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; } ; return Vector3;})(); Intact http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/09/javascripts-future-class-syntax.html 62 

Transpilation: Module Harmony ES 5.1 https://github.com/jdiamond/harmonizr http://ariya.ofilabs.com/2012/06/esprima-and-harmony-module.html module LinearAlgebra { // Create 2-D point. export function Point(x, y) { return { x, y }; } } var LinearAlgebra = function() { // Create 2-D point. function Point(x, y) { return { x: x, y: y }; } return { Point: Point }; }(); Intact 63 

Future 64 

Assisted Code Review Should be automatic, based on predefined, historical, or heuristic patterns 65 

Syntax Query if (x = 0) { /* do Something */ } IfStatement.test AssigmentExpression[operator='='] Which syntax family should be the model? CSS selector? XPath? SQL? 66 

Copy Paste (Mistake) Detection function inside(point, rect) { return (point.x >= rect.x1) && (point.y >= rect.y1) && (point.x <= rect.x2) && (point.y <= rect.y1); } Forgotten change! 67 

Refactoring Helper // Add two numbers function add(firt, two) { return firt + two; } // Add two numbers function add(first, two) { return first + two; } 68 

And Many More... Semantic Diff Symbolic execution Informative syntax error Declarative transformation Pattern Matching 69 

Parsing Infrastructure Smart editing Source transformation Minification & obfuscation Instrumentation Code coverage Dependency analysis Documentation generator Conditional contracts 70 

Next-Generation Code Quality Tools To boldly analyze what no man has analyzed before... 71 

Thank You [email protected] @AriyaHidayat ariya.ofilabs.com 72