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What’s in the Android Toolbox? Bryan Herbst (@bryancherbst)
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What tools?
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$ sdkmanager --list
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$ sdkmanager --list Tools
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$ sdkmanager --list Tools Platform-Tools
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$ sdkmanager --list Tools Platform-Tools Build-Tools
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SDK tools
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/tools
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/tools android emulator monitor
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools adb fastboot systrace
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/build-tools/27.0.3
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$ ls $ANDROID_HOME/build-tools/27.0.3 aapt apksigner dx
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What’s in an APK?
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APK ≈ JAR ≈ Zip
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APK META_INF/ APK metadata
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APK META_INF/ lib/ Native libs
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APK META_INF/ lib/ res/ Static resources (PNGs, XML layouts, etc.)
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APK META_INF/ lib/ res/ assets/ Static assets (fonts, HTML, etc.)
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APK META_INF/ lib/ res/ assets/ AndroidManifest.xml Hey, this looks familiar!
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APK META_INF/ lib/ res/ assets/ AndroidManifest.xml classes.dex Your code
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APK META_INF/ lib/ res/ assets/ AndroidManifest.xml classes.dex resources.arsc Compiled resources (strings, dimens, etc.)
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Dex?
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Code (.c, etc) Machine code
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Code (.c, etc) Machine code (arm) Machine code (x86) Machine code (mips)
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Java
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Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code
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Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Ahead-of-time
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Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Just in time
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Android
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Ahead-of-time Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex)
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Just-in-time Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex) Dalvik
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Ahead-of-time Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex) ART
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Ahead-of-time (on-device) Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex) ART
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Ahead-of-time (on-device) (with JIT) Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex) ART
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Compile Transform Package
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Compile Transform Package .java à .class
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Compile Transform Package .classà .dex
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Compile Transform Package everything à .apk
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Shift from generic tools to Android-specific tools
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incrementality parallelism
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Gradle The orchestrator
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By default Gradle does nothing
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Plugins add functionality
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apply plugin: 'com.android.application' Android functionality
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apply plugin: 'com.android.application' apply plugin: 'java' Java functionality
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apply plugin: 'com.android.application' apply plugin: 'java' apply plugin: 'kotlin' Kotlin functionality
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Plugins can extend the DSL
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Plugins can add dependency configurations
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Plugins can add tasks
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Android Plugin 3.x & Gradle 4.x
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compile Configurations
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compile testCompile Configurations
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compile testCompile debugCompile Configurations
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compile testCompile debugCompile apk Configurations
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compile testCompile debugCompile apk provided Configurations
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compile testCompile debugCompile apk provided Configurations
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api Available at compile time and runtime Configurations
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api implementation Available at compile time, Only available to consumers at runtime Configurations
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api implementation compileOnly Only available at compile time Configurations
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api implementation compileOnly runtimeOnly Only available at runtime Configurations
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Lib B Lib A App compile ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App compile ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App compile ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App compile ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App implemenation ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App implemenation ':libB'
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Lib B Lib A App implemenation ':libB'
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And so much more
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Compile .java à .class
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Before we compile…
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Code Generation Dagger Butterknife Databinding
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buildConfigField "String", "FOO", '"bar"'
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resValue "string", "FOO", "bar"
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Compile javac / kotlinc
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Transforms .class à .dex
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Java 8 bytecode Java 6/7 bytecode
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Java 8 bytecode Java 6/7 bytecode Bytecode Optimized bytecode
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Java 8 bytecode Java 6/7 bytecode Bytecode Optimized bytecode Java bytecode Dex bytecode
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import com.android.build.api.transform.Transform
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import com.android.build.api.transform.Transform class RetrolambdaTransform : Transform { }
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app/build ├── generated ├── intermediates │ ├── classes │ └── transforms │ ├── dex[...] │ ├── mergeJavaRes │ ├── profilers-transform │ └── proguard └── outputs └── apk
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DX and D8 The dexing duo
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DX is the current dexing tool
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$ javac Main.java $ dx --dex --output=. Main.class
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dexdump lets you disassemble dex files
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$ dexdump –d classes.dex
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[000148] Main.main(String) 0000: sget-object v0, System;.out:PrintStream; 0002: const-string v1, "Hello World" 0004: invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, println:(String)V 0007: return-void
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[000148] Main.main(String) 0000: sget-object v0, System;.out:PrintStream; 0002: const-string v1, "Hello World" 0004: invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, println:(String)V 0007: return-void
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D8 is the next-gen dexing tool
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Faster compilation!
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Faster compilation! Smaller dex files!
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Faster compilation! Smaller dex files! R8 integration!
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gradle.properties android.enableD8=true
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Default in Studio + Gradle Plugin 3.1
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Desugar Artificial Java sweetener
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Retrolambda
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Retrolambda
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Retrolambda Jack
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Retrolambda Jack
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Retrolambda Jack Desugar
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Retrolambda Jack Desugar D8
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Jack and Jill Dead tools
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Shrink + Obfsucate ProGuard and R8
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Activity Class A Class B
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Activity Class A Class B
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Activity Class A
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A B
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ProGuard The old guard
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ProGuard is an open-source Java shrinker, obfuscation, and optimization tool
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minifyEnabled true proguardFiles 'proguard-rules.pro'
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-keep class com.model.ImportantData { *; }
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-keep class * extends android.view.View { (...); }
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AAPT automatically generates ProGuard rules for Activities
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AAPT automatically generates ProGuard rules for Views
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AAPT automatically generates ProGuard rules for Services
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AAPT automatically generates ProGuard rules for ContentProviders
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AAPT automatically generates ProGuard rules for BroadcastReceivers
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ProGuard is an open-source Java shrinker, obfuscation, and optimization tool
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ProGuard is an open-source Java shrinker, obfuscation, and optimization tool
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Activity Drawable Class A
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Drawable Class A
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R8 The new (pro)guard
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R8 The new (pro)guard And D8
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R8 does full program Shrinking, obfuscation, and optimization
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Better incremental builds!
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Better incremental builds! New DSL!
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Not available yet :(
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Package Making the APK
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A A P T
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Android Asset Packaging Tool
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AAPT packages, reads, and updates APKs
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AAPT also…
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AAPT also… Processes resources
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AAPT also… Processes resources Generates R class
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AAPT also… Processes resources Generates R class Compiles resources
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AAPT2 Android Asset Packaging Tool 2
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AAPT2 is enabled by default as of plugin 3.0.0
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AAPT2 split linking and compilation
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AAPT2 is more restrictive
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APK Signing
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V1 signatures use jarsigner
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V2 signatures use apksigner
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Whole-file signature https://source.android.com/security/apksigning/v2
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Gradle Plugin 2.2+ defaults to v2 signatures
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Zipalign
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Zipalign aligns APKs on 4-byte boundaries
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Memory CPU
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU Data
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Memory CPU Data
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V1 signature: After signing V2 signature: Before signing
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apkzlib
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Packing tools aapt apksigner zipalign
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Packing tools aapt apksigner zipalign Gradle Android Plugin apkzlib
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Post-build
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ART Android Runtime
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Ahead-of-time (on-device) (with JIT) Java (.java) Bytecode (.class) Machine code Dex Bytecode (.dex)
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Compiled APK (.dex)
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat)
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat) JIT Profile
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat) JIT Profile optimize (dex2oat) Optimized .oat
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat) JIT Profile optimize (dex2oat) Optimized .oat
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat) JIT Profile optimize (dex2oat) Optimized .oat Android 5.0
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Compiled APK (.dex) optimize (dex2oat) Optimized APK (.dex, .oat) JIT Profile optimize (dex2oat) Optimized .oat Android 7.0
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State of the ART
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State of the ART Interpreted (.dex)
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State of the ART Interpreted (.dex) JIT Compiled (in memory)
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State of the ART Interpreted (.dex) JIT Compiled (in memory) AOT compiled (.oat)
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Tools: android.googlesource.com/platform/tools/base ART, APK Signing: source.android.com/ R8 + D8: r8.googlesource.com
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https://goo.gl/cMsvmf @bryancherbst