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Confidential Customized for Lorem Ipsum LLC Version 1.0 Privacy-preserving data generation in the era of foundation models Mi Jung Park Applied Mathematics & Computer Science, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) OT Workshop, Berlin March 15, 2024 1

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Confidential Customized for Lorem Ipsum LLC Version 1.0 Students & Collaborator 2 Frederik Harder Saiyue Lyu Michael Lui Margarita Vinaroz Kamil Adamczewski Danica J Sutherland Milad Jalali

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Data as a new kind of natural resource! 3 Data philanthropy “--- think of big data as a new kind of natural resource – infinitely renewable, increasingly ubiquitous – …Data has a social opportunity – and we have a social responsibility – … data reaches the people who need it most.”

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Data as a new kind of natural resource! 3 Data philanthropy “--- think of big data as a new kind of natural resource – infinitely renewable, increasingly ubiquitous – …Data has a social opportunity – and we have a social responsibility – … data reaches the people who need it most.” •Great idea, but currently, a few large corporations can take advantage of data

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Data as a new kind of natural resource! 3 Data philanthropy “--- think of big data as a new kind of natural resource – infinitely renewable, increasingly ubiquitous – …Data has a social opportunity – and we have a social responsibility – … data reaches the people who need it most.” •Great idea, but currently, a few large corporations can take advantage of data High-quality data locked in data servers

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Data as a new kind of natural resource! 3 Data philanthropy “--- think of big data as a new kind of natural resource – infinitely renewable, increasingly ubiquitous – …Data has a social opportunity – and we have a social responsibility – … data reaches the people who need it most.” •Great idea, but currently, a few large corporations can take advantage of data High-quality data locked in data servers Privacy Regulations!

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Synthetic Data 4 • Synthetic datasets are promised to preserve the statistical properties of the original data but “contain no personal data” • Why Useful : promote data sharing, debiasing, data augmentation, creating more “fair” datasets • Foundation models (e.g., Stable Diffusion, LLMs) for multi-modal synthetic data generation [Rajotte et al, iScience 22]

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Synthetic data is not privacy-preserving! 5 • Memorising training data [Stadler et al., CSS 22] • Synthetic data is vulnerable to linkage attacks (link a synthetic data point to a single record in the original data) [Carlini et al., CSS 23]

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Synthetic data is not privacy-preserving! 5 • Memorising training data [Stadler et al., CSS 22] • Synthetic data is vulnerable to linkage attacks (link a synthetic data point to a single record in the original data) [Carlini et al., CSS 23]

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6 Privacy-preserving Algorithm Privacy-Sensitive Data Generated Data Release! How to create privacy-preserving synthetic data by utilizing pretrained large models?

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6 Privacy-preserving Algorithm Privacy-Sensitive Data Generated Data Release! How to create privacy-preserving synthetic data by utilizing pretrained large models? Pre-trained Large Models

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7 Privacy Definition

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[Dwork 06] 8 D1 AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ 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[Dwork 06] 8 D1 AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ 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[Dwork 06] 8 D1 AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ 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AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== Differential Privacy • Privacy loss how well we can distinguish two datasets

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[Dwork 06] 8 D1 AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIoMuiLlxWsA9oh3InTdvQTGZMMoUy9DvcuFDErR/jzr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QSy4Nq777RTW1jc2t4rbpZ3dvf2D8uFRU0eJoqxBIxGpdoCaCS5Zw3AjWDtWDMNAsFYwvs381oQpzSP5aKYx80McSj7gFI2V/G6IZkRRpHezntcrV9yqOwdZJV5OKpCj3it/dfsRTUImDRWodcdzY+OnqAyngs1K3USzGOkYh6xjqcSQaT+dh56RM6v0ySBS9klD5urvjRRDradhYCezkHrZy8T/vE5iBtd+ymWcGCbp4tAgEcREJGuA9Lli1IipJUgVt1kJHaFCamxPJVuCt/zlVdK8qHpu1Xu4rNRu8jqKcAKncA4eXEEN7qEODaDwBM/wCm/OxHlx3p2PxWjByXeO4Q+czx+iYZH+ D2 AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBFclZki6LKoC5cV7APaoWTS2zY0kxmTTKEM/Q43LhRx68e482/MtLPQ1gOBwzn3ck9OEAuujet+O2vrG5tb24Wd4u7e/sFh6ei4qaNEMWywSESqHVCNgktsGG4EtmOFNAwEtoLxbea3Jqg0j+Sjmcboh3Qo+YAzaqzkd0NqRoyK9G7Wq/ZKZbfizkFWiZeTMuSo90pf3X7EkhClYYJq3fHc2PgpVYYzgbNiN9EYUzamQ+xYKmmI2k/noWfk3Cp9MoiUfdKQufp7I6Wh1tMwsJNZSL3sZeJ/Xicxg2s/5TJODEq2ODRIBDERyRogfa6QGTG1hDLFbVbCRlRRZmxPRVuCt/zlVdKsVjy34j1clms3eR0FOIUzuAAPrqAG91CHBjB4gmd4hTdn4rw4787HYnTNyXdO4A+czx+j5ZH/ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBFclZki6LKoC5cV7APaoWTS2zY0kxmTTKEM/Q43LhRx68e482/MtLPQ1gOBwzn3ck9OEAuujet+O2vrG5tb24Wd4u7e/sFh6ei4qaNEMWywSESqHVCNgktsGG4EtmOFNAwEtoLxbea3Jqg0j+Sjmcboh3Qo+YAzaqzkd0NqRoyK9G7Wq/ZKZbfizkFWiZeTMuSo90pf3X7EkhClYYJq3fHc2PgpVYYzgbNiN9EYUzamQ+xYKmmI2k/noWfk3Cp9MoiUfdKQufp7I6Wh1tMwsJNZSL3sZeJ/Xicxg2s/5TJODEq2ODRIBDERyRogfa6QGTG1hDLFbVbCRlRRZmxPRVuCt/zlVdKsVjy34j1clms3eR0FOIUzuAAPrqAG91CHBjB4gmd4hTdn4rw4787HYnTNyXdO4A+czx+j5ZH/ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBFclZki6LKoC5cV7APaoWTS2zY0kxmTTKEM/Q43LhRx68e482/MtLPQ1gOBwzn3ck9OEAuujet+O2vrG5tb24Wd4u7e/sFh6ei4qaNEMWywSESqHVCNgktsGG4EtmOFNAwEtoLxbea3Jqg0j+Sjmcboh3Qo+YAzaqzkd0NqRoyK9G7Wq/ZKZbfizkFWiZeTMuSo90pf3X7EkhClYYJq3fHc2PgpVYYzgbNiN9EYUzamQ+xYKmmI2k/noWfk3Cp9MoiUfdKQufp7I6Wh1tMwsJNZSL3sZeJ/Xicxg2s/5TJODEq2ODRIBDERyRogfa6QGTG1hDLFbVbCRlRRZmxPRVuCt/zlVdKsVjy34j1clms3eR0FOIUzuAAPrqAG91CHBjB4gmd4hTdn4rw4787HYnTNyXdO4A+czx+j5ZH/ AAAB9HicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBFclZki6LKoC5cV7APaoWTS2zY0kxmTTKEM/Q43LhRx68e482/MtLPQ1gOBwzn3ck9OEAuujet+O2vrG5tb24Wd4u7e/sFh6ei4qaNEMWywSESqHVCNgktsGG4EtmOFNAwEtoLxbea3Jqg0j+Sjmcboh3Qo+YAzaqzkd0NqRoyK9G7Wq/ZKZbfizkFWiZeTMuSo90pf3X7EkhClYYJq3fHc2PgpVYYzgbNiN9EYUzamQ+xYKmmI2k/noWfk3Cp9MoiUfdKQufp7I6Wh1tMwsJNZSL3sZeJ/Xicxg2s/5TJODEq2ODRIBDERyRogfa6QGTG1hDLFbVbCRlRRZmxPRVuCt/zlVdKsVjy34j1clms3eR0FOIUzuAAPrqAG91CHBjB4gmd4hTdn4rw4787HYnTNyXdO4A+czx+j5ZH/ A AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE0GPVi8cW7Ae0oWy2k3btZhN2N0IJ/QVePCji1Z/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4bua3n1BpHssHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqzUuOmXK27VnYOsEi8nFchR75e/eoOYpRFKwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1VNIItZ/ND52SM6sMSBgrW9KQufp7IqOR1pMosJ0RNSO97M3E/7xuasJrP+MySQ1KtlgUpoKYmMy+JgOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYbEo2BG/55VXSuqh6btVrXFZqt3kcRTiBUzgHD66gBvdQhyYwQHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBkt2MxQ== Differential Privacy • Privacy loss for all o and all pairs of datasets A is epsilon-DP if how well we can distinguish two datasets

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Differential Privacy (continued) [Dwork 06] 9 • Approximate DP: A is (epsilon, delta)-DP if

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Differential Privacy (continued) [Dwork 06] 9 DP holds w.p. • Approximate DP: A is (epsilon, delta)-DP if

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Differential Privacy (continued) [Dwork 06] 9 DP holds w.p. noise variance • Approximate DP: A is (epsilon, delta)-DP if

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Differential Privacy (continued) [Dwork 06] 9 DP holds w.p. noise variance sensitivity maximum over all pairs of datasets • Approximate DP: A is (epsilon, delta)-DP if

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Differential Privacy (continued) [Dwork 06] 9 DP holds w.p. noise variance sensitivity maximum over all pairs of datasets • Privacy & Accuracy Trade-off: • Approximate DP: A is (epsilon, delta)-DP if

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Properties of DP: Post-processing invariance 10 • Differential privacy is immune to post-processing: Sensitive Data epsilon-DP Algorithm

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Properties of DP: Post-processing invariance 10 • Differential privacy is immune to post-processing: Sensitive Data epsilon-DP Algorithm Output Algorithm

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Properties of DP: Post-processing invariance 10 • Differential privacy is immune to post-processing: Sensitive Data epsilon-DP Algorithm Output Algorithm epsilon-DP, With respect to Sensitive data!

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Properties of DP: Composability 11 Sensitive Data epsilon1-DP Algorithm epsilon2-DP Algorithm Output1 Output2 • Union of output 1 & output 2 is (epsilon1+epsilon2)-DP!

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Properties of DP: Composability 11 Sensitive Data epsilon1-DP Algorithm epsilon2-DP Algorithm Output1 Output2 • Union of output 1 & output 2 is (epsilon1+epsilon2)-DP! • More re fi ned composition methods, e.g., Moments accountant [Abadi et al,16]

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12 DP Data Generation with Deep Learning

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019].

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample Discriminator (D) Real Data Sample

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) Loss [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample Discriminator (D) Real Data Sample

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) Loss Only Discriminator sees Data. Perturb gradients of D [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample Discriminator (D) Real Data Sample

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) Loss Only Discriminator sees Data. Perturb gradients of D [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. If D is DP, G: data-independent! Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample Discriminator (D) Real Data Sample

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DP-fying GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) Loss Only Discriminator sees Data. Perturb gradients of D [Park et al., 2018;Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Frigerio et al., 2019]. If D is DP, G: data-independent! DP-Generator by post-processing invariance of DP Random Input Generator (G) Generated Data Sample Discriminator (D) Real Data Sample

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Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) DP-Discriminator using DP-SGD : gt(xi) r✓t L(✓t, xi) AAACM3icbVDBattAFFylTZO6Sau0x16WmoILwUih0B5DciklhwRiO2AZ8bR+shevVmL3Ka0R+qdc+iM9FEoODSHX/kNXtgOt04GFYWYe+94khZKWguCnt/Ho8eaTre2nrWc7u89f+Hsv+zYvjcCeyFVuLhKwqKTGHklSeFEYhCxROEhmx40/uERjZa7PaV7gKIOJlqkUQE6K/c88yoCmSVpN6pg6X2P5jkcKUwJj8i880pAoiKuIpkgQU72MC1DVSd25V/d5Mxf77aAbLMAfknBF2myF09j/Ho1zUWaoSSiwdhgGBY0qMCSFwroVlRYLEDOY4NBRDRnaUbW4ueZvnTLmaW7c08QX6t8TFWTWzrPEJZuN7brXiP/zhiWlH0eV1EVJqMXyo7RUnHLeFMjH0qAgNXcEhJFuVy6mYECQq7nlSgjXT35I+gfdMOiGZ+/bh0erOrbZa/aGdVjIPrBD9omdsh4T7Ir9YL/YjffNu/ZuvbtldMNbzbxi/8D7/Qd58qtk 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 AAACM3icbVDBattAFFylTZO6Sau0x16WmoILwUih0B5DciklhwRiO2AZ8bR+shevVmL3Ka0R+qdc+iM9FEoODSHX/kNXtgOt04GFYWYe+94khZKWguCnt/Ho8eaTre2nrWc7u89f+Hsv+zYvjcCeyFVuLhKwqKTGHklSeFEYhCxROEhmx40/uERjZa7PaV7gKIOJlqkUQE6K/c88yoCmSVpN6pg6X2P5jkcKUwJj8i880pAoiKuIpkgQU72MC1DVSd25V/d5Mxf77aAbLMAfknBF2myF09j/Ho1zUWaoSSiwdhgGBY0qMCSFwroVlRYLEDOY4NBRDRnaUbW4ueZvnTLmaW7c08QX6t8TFWTWzrPEJZuN7brXiP/zhiWlH0eV1EVJqMXyo7RUnHLeFMjH0qAgNXcEhJFuVy6mYECQq7nlSgjXT35I+gfdMOiGZ+/bh0erOrbZa/aGdVjIPrBD9omdsh4T7Ir9YL/YjffNu/ZuvbtldMNbzbxi/8D7/Qd58qtk ¯ gt gt(xi) max(1, kgt(xi)k2/C) 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Discriminator parameters Sample-wise gradient has limited sensitivity

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Challenge I: privatising entire Discriminator network during many steps of training results in High privacy loss, due to composability of DP Challenge II: Larger models (generally) have poor accuracy-privacy trade-offs, because noise scale (roughly) grows linearly with # parameters.

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Challenge I: privatising entire Discriminator network during many steps of training results in High privacy loss, due to composability of DP Challenge II: Larger models (generally) have poor accuracy-privacy trade-offs, because noise scale (roughly) grows linearly with # parameters. Kernel Mean Embedding Discriminator (D) Can we use a simpler “Discriminator” that allows us to add noise only once?

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16 Differentially Private Kernel Mean Embeddings For Data Generation

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17 how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given Kernel Mean Embedding (ME)

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17 how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given probability space Kernel Mean Embedding (ME)

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17 how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given probability space inf. dim. features reproducing kernel Hilbert space Kernel Mean Embedding (ME)

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17 how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given probability space inf. dim. features reproducing kernel Hilbert space Kernel Mean Embedding (ME)

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17 how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given probability space inf. dim. features reproducing kernel Hilbert space Kernel Mean Embedding (ME) Maximum mean discrepancy [Gretton et al, 2012]

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17 kernel characteristic how close is P from Q? Real data Synthetic data Given probability space inf. dim. features reproducing kernel Hilbert space Kernel Mean Embedding (ME) Maximum mean discrepancy [Gretton et al, 2012]

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18 Infinite-dimensional Mean Embedding

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18 Infinite-dimensional Mean Embedding Only this term access Data, but the feature is infinite-dimensional! Sample average

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18 Infinite-dimensional Mean Embedding Only this term access Data, but the feature is infinite-dimensional! Sample average The sensitivity of the mean embedding is unbounded! maximum over all pairs of datasets

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19 Finite-dimensional approximation : random Fourier features Finite-dimensional features such that

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19 Finite-dimensional approximation : random Fourier features Approximation error under RF [Sutherland & Schneider15] [Rahimi & Recht, 2018] Finite-dimensional features such that

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19 Finite-dimensional approximation : random Fourier features Approximation error under RF [Sutherland & Schneider15] [Rahimi & Recht, 2018] Finite-dimensional features such that

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19 Finite-dimensional approximation : random Fourier features Perturb MERF With Gaussian noise Approximation error under RF [Sutherland & Schneider15] [Rahimi & Recht, 2018] Finite-dimensional features such that

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19 Finite-dimensional approximation : random Fourier features Perturb MERF With Gaussian noise Approximation error under RF [Sutherland & Schneider15] [Rahimi & Recht, 2018] Finite-dimensional features such that DP-MERF [Harder et al, AISTATS 2021]

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20 DP-MERF on tabular data ROC: receiver operating characteristics PRC: precision recall curve F1 score: harmonic mean of precision and recall [DP-CGAN by Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019] Evaluation: Train 12-classifiers using Synthetic data; and Test them on Real test data ROC PRC ROC PRC ROC PRC

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20 DP-MERF on tabular data ROC: receiver operating characteristics PRC: precision recall curve F1 score: harmonic mean of precision and recall [DP-CGAN by Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019] • Takeaway: The kernel-based method (DP-MERF) performs better than DP-CGAN at a small privacy budget (epsilon=1) Evaluation: Train 12-classifiers using Synthetic data; and Test them on Real test data ROC PRC ROC PRC ROC PRC

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20 DP-MERF on tabular data ROC: receiver operating characteristics PRC: precision recall curve F1 score: harmonic mean of precision and recall [DP-CGAN by Torkzadehmahani et al., 2019] • Takeaway: The kernel-based method (DP-MERF) performs better than DP-CGAN at a small privacy budget (epsilon=1) Evaluation: Train 12-classifiers using Synthetic data; and Test them on Real test data ROC PRC ROC PRC ROC PRC • Later work: DP-HP (Hermite Polynomials) [Vinaroz et al, ICML 2022]

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21 But when applied to CIFAR10 data

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21 But when applied to CIFAR10 data

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22 Could there be more expressive features we could use?

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23 Perceptual features [Zhang et al, CVPR 2018] • Unlike traditional metrics (L2/SNR, etc), embedding using the features of VGG networks trained on ImageNet classi fi cation agrees surprisingly well with human’s perceptual similarity. [Dos Santos et al, ICCV 2019] • Generative modelling via Moment matching using perceptual features

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24 DP-MEPF (perceptual features) [Harder et al, TMLR 2023] Pre-trained VGG19 Using Gaussian mechanism • MMD is a well-de fi ned metric if PFs are universal features. • A bit murky: Empirically, in transfer learning, features from ImageNet pretrained VGG/ResNet can express any functions for a downstream task by fi nding a linear weight in their span, which follows the de fi nition of universal feature [Charles et al, JMLR 06]

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25 More theoretical analyses in the paper Assuming PFs are universal features, • Second term goes to zero for good generators • At a given DP-level, sigma is constant, but the error is small if D (PF dimension) is smaller than m^2 (private data size). In CIFAR10, m=50k and D=300k.

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26 DP-MEPF (Imagenet -> CIFAR10)

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Summary of DP-MEPF 27 A simple & practical algorithm for DP data generation using mean embeddings with perceptual features, a good accuracy-privacy trade-off!

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Summary of DP-MEPF 27 First time, being able to generate datasets like CIFAR10 with DP! A simple & practical algorithm for DP data generation using mean embeddings with perceptual features, a good accuracy-privacy trade-off!

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Summary of DP-MEPF 27 First time, being able to generate datasets like CIFAR10 with DP! A simple & practical algorithm for DP data generation using mean embeddings with perceptual features, a good accuracy-privacy trade-off! Could we use better generative models (e.g., diffusion models), and adjust features for private data via fine-tuning, so we can generate more complex data beyond CIFAR10? But static (not adapted to private data) features are somewhat limited

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28 Differentially Private (Latent) Diffusion Models For Data Generation

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DDPM [Ho et al, 2020] Data generation process, reverse process (sampling direction) Di ff usion process, forward process (inference direction) Extremely slow training (100s GPU days)! Not a good fit to generative modelling with DP!

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Existing work on DP + Diffusion Models 30 • DP-DM: [Dockhorn et al, TMLR 23]: Train a small-ish DM with DP-SGD for datasets like MNIST/FashionMNIST (still requires 192 GPU days) • DP-Diffusion: [Ghalebikesabi et al. 23]: Fine-tune a pre-trained DM with DP-SGD. Performs well on CIFAR-10, CelebA32, Camelyon17. But the Unet is large, requiring fi ne-tuning 80 M parameters using DP-SGD seems awfully inef fi cient!

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Latent Diffusion Model (Stable Diffusion) 31 • We turn to Latent Diffusion Models, where Autoencoders maps high-dimensional pixels to lower-dimensional space to diffuse. Faster training (from 100s-1000s to 1-10s GPU days). [Rombach et al., CVPR 22]

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Latent Diffusion Model (Stable Diffusion) 31 • We turn to Latent Diffusion Models, where Autoencoders maps high-dimensional pixels to lower-dimensional space to diffuse. Faster training (from 100s-1000s to 1-10s GPU days). [Rombach et al., CVPR 22]

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DP-LDM 32 • Take a pre-trained LDM (pre-trained with ImageNet). • Update only attention modules with DP-SGD using private data (if conditioned generation, fi ne- tune conditioning embedder as well). [Lyu et al, submitted 2023]

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• Attention modules determine which features are more important to a given task / given a distribution. Fine-tuning weights for what to focus on seems to make sense. • LLMs: altering attention modules substantially alters the models’ behaviors [(Shi et al., 2023; Hu et al., 2021]. DMs: manipulating or fi ne-tuning attention modules yields a more targeted generation, e.g., targeted for a user- preference [Zhang et al., ICLR 24] and transferring to a target distribution [You & Zhao, 2023] 33 Intermediate representation Conditioning Why attention modules?

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Higher dimensional image data (32->256) 34 Transferring Imagenet -> CelebAHQ Takeaway: DP-LDM (fine- tuned attention modules) performs way better than DP-MEPF (static features)

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A bonus: DP text- to-image Generation 35 Training image Transferring LAION-400M -> MM-CelebAHQ Takeaway: DP-LDM’s generated images are realistic, yet far from training images!

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36 Fun Slide What happened to Ann Graham Lotz?

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What happened to Ann Graham after fine-tuning DP-LDM with CelebA? 37

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What happened to Ann Graham after fine-tuning DP-LDM with CelebA? 37 Input Prompt: Ann Graham Generated images from DP-LDM

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Conclusion and Discussion 38 DP-LDM: greatly reduce the gap between DP and non-DP generative modelling, compared to existing methods.

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Conclusion and Discussion 38 DP-LDM: greatly reduce the gap between DP and non-DP generative modelling, compared to existing methods. What’s next?

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Conclusion and Discussion 38 DP-LDM: greatly reduce the gap between DP and non-DP generative modelling, compared to existing methods. Fine-tuning DMs is still annoying… Any other ways to use foundation models? Something like, e.g., DP-API [Lin et al, ICLR 2024] DP-histogram mechanism to generate synthetic data through the utilization of publicly accessible APIs What’s next?

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Conclusion and Discussion 38 DP-LDM: greatly reduce the gap between DP and non-DP generative modelling, compared to existing methods. Fine-tuning DMs is still annoying… Any other ways to use foundation models? Something like, e.g., DP-API [Lin et al, ICLR 2024] DP-histogram mechanism to generate synthetic data through the utilization of publicly accessible APIs What about Tabular data? What’s next?

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Thank you very much indeed! 39

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Backup slides 40

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41 Benefits of kernel mean embeddings No information loss due to a selection of a certain statistic

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41 Benefits of kernel mean embeddings No information loss due to a selection of a certain statistic Closed-form estimator :

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41 Benefits of kernel mean embeddings No information loss due to a selection of a certain statistic Closed-form estimator : Pair-wise evaluation Of a kernel function Using samples drawn from P and Q

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41 Benefits of kernel mean embeddings No information loss due to a selection of a certain statistic Closed-form estimator : Pair-wise evaluation Of a kernel function Using samples drawn from P and Q Needs privatization once

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41 Benefits of kernel mean embeddings No information loss due to a selection of a certain statistic Closed-form estimator : Pair-wise evaluation Of a kernel function Using samples drawn from P and Q Needs privatization in every training step Needs privatization once

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Objective in Diffusion Models Surrogate Objective

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43 DP-MEPF (imagenet -> celebA)

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43 DP-MEPF (imagenet -> celebA) Takeaway: pre-trained perceptual features boost performance significantly.

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44 DP-MERF on tabular data • Comparison metric: test accuracy under 12 downstream tasks. (model fitted to generated data & tested on real data)

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44 DP-MERF on tabular data • Comparison metric: test accuracy under 12 downstream tasks. (model fitted to generated data & tested on real data)

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44 DP-MERF on tabular data • Comparison metric: test accuracy under 12 downstream tasks. (model fitted to generated data & tested on real data)

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44 DP-MERF on tabular data • Comparison metric: test accuracy under 12 downstream tasks. (model fitted to generated data & tested on real data) Multi-class & Heterogeneous data

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Detail in Random “Fourier” Features Applicable to any translation invariant kernels : Approximate via MC integration Bochner’s Theorem [Rahimi & Recht, 2018]

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Detail in Random “Fourier” Features Applicable to any translation invariant kernels : Approximate via MC integration Bochner’s Theorem Draw random frequencies Random features for Depending on the kernel [Rahimi & Recht, 2018]

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46 Benefits of DP-MERF DP-GAN Type Work DP-MERF Privacy cost High: perturb high-dimensional gradients at every training step Low (hence, practical) : perturb first term once-for-all Sensitivity No analytic sensitivity: needs to search for optimal norm clipping bound (costly) Analytic sensitivity : RFs are norm bounded by construction Generating Input/output pairs Output (labels) assumed to be known. Generate outputs condition on inputs Learn joint distribution! By constructing a new kernel Heterogeneous data GANs not working well with mixed-data Simple! By constructing a new kernel [modelling tabular data using CGAN by Xu et al, 2019]

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Generator learns joint distribution

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1)

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2)

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2)

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2) Product of two kernels:

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2) Product of two kernels: Characteristic kernels [Szabo & Sriperumbudur18]

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2) Product of two kernels: Characteristic kernels [Szabo & Sriperumbudur18] DP-Proportion to real data

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47 DP-MERF for generating input/output pairs [Harder et al, 2021] Decompose G as Generator learns joint distribution (1) (2) Product of two kernels: Characteristic kernels [Szabo & Sriperumbudur18] DP-Proportion to real data DP-MERF

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48 DP-LDM: Fine-tune Other parts

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49 DP-LDM: LoRA