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Using JRuby: What, Why, When, and How Charles Oliver Nutter @headius

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Thank You Yarden! • Yarden Laifenfeld could not be here • Check out her JRuby talk! • "Ruby & JVM: A Love Story" • Really cool talk about her experiences using and building apps with JRuby! • @YardenLaif

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Cheers to Tom Enebo • We co-lead JRuby since 2006 • Almost 16 years working together! • So many conferences! • So many beers! • @[email protected] • @tom_enebo on Twitter

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What is JRuby? • An implementation of Ruby atop the Java Virtual Machine • Ruby implementation fi rst, JVM language second • Many bene fi ts from JVM ecosystem • Ruby code should "just work" • Different extension API, no forking, parallel threads • https://www.jruby.org/

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Ruby Compatibility • JRuby 9.4 is out now! • Ruby 3.1 compatible, language feature-complete • Most of core, stdlib features from 2.7 to 3.1 released in 9.4.0.0 • JRuby 9.3 (Ruby 2.6 compat) • Maintenance through 2023 as needed • Compatibility before performance! • Now we can refocus on optimization again

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Why Ruby on JVM? • Widely deployed and widely supported runtime • Excellent JIT, GC, concurrency, and platform support • Tens of thousands of libraries • Rich tools for monitoring, pro fi ling, debugging • "Write once, run anywhere": JRuby works on many platforms

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JVM Tools and GC

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Parallel and Concurrent

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Fun Stuff event(:player_egg_throw) do |e| e.hatching = true e.num_hatches = 120 e.player.mesg "hatched" end Purugin

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Getting Started

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JRuby Install • Install a JDK • Java 11+ recommended, there's many distributions out there • Java 8 supported for 9.4 and lower • Install JRuby • Recommended: system package, Ruby installer, Docker image • Download tarball/zip or Windows installer

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Test it out! [] ~ $ rvm use jruby Using /Users/headius/.rvm/gems/jruby-9.4.0.0 [] ~ $ irb :001 > runtime = java.lang.Runtime.runtime => # :002 > runtime.available_processors => 8 :003 > runtime.free_memory => 91420584 :004 >

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JRuby on Rails

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JRuby on Rails? • JRuby has run Rails since 2007! • "Are there JRuby users running Rails applications?" • Oh yes! And at large scale! • Bene fi t from the JVM, libraries, languages • The best way to scale large Rails apps today!

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--- testapp_mri_pg/Gemfile +++ testapp_jruby_pg/Gemfile -# Use postgresql as the database for Active Record -gem 'pg', '>= 0.18', '< 2.0' +# Use jdbcpostgresql as the database for Active Record +gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter' # See https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes -# gem 'mini_racer', platforms: :ruby - +gem 'therubyrhino' group :development do - # Spring speeds up development... - gem 'spring' - gem 'spring-watcher-listen', '~> 2.0.0' end Minimal Con fi g Diffs --- testapp_mri_pg/config/database.yml +++ testapp_jruby_pg/config/database.yml @@ -65,5 +81,7 @@ production: <<: *default database: rails_prod + host: localhost + port: 5432 username: rails_prod password: rails_prod --- testapp_mri_pg/config/puma.rb 2019-04-19 04:48:51.425474315 +0000 +++ testapp_jruby_pg/config/puma.rb 2019-04-17 08:56:53.529154189 +0000 @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ # the maximum value specified for Puma. Default is set to 5 threads for minimum # and maximum; this matches the default thread size of Active Record. # -threads_count = ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 2 } +threads_count = ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 20 } threads threads_count, threads_count # Specifies the `port` that Puma will listen on to receive requests; default is 3000. @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ # Workers do not work on JRuby or Windows (both of which do not support # processes). # -workers ENV.fetch("WEB_CONCURRENCY") { 2 } +# workers ENV.fetch("WEB_CONCURRENCY") { 2 } # Use the `preload_app!` method when specifying a `workers` number. # This directive tells Puma to first boot the application and load code

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Rails 7 • Rails 7 works on JRuby 9.4! • ActiveRecord for JRuby needs some updates • Mostly small changes to our ActiveRecord JDBC adapter • Performance and compatibility looking good!

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Rails 7 actioncable: 203 runs, 921 assertions, 0 failures, 10 errors actionmailbox: 92 runs, 238 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors actionmailer: 230 runs, 516 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors actionpack: 3550 runs, 16802 assertions, 1 failures, 1 errors actiontext: 80 runs, 145 assertions, 7 failures, 2 errors actionview: 2424 runs, 5395 assertions, 2 failures, 4 errors activejob: 368 runs, 837 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors activemodel: 966 runs, 2853 assertions, 5 failures, 0 errors activestorage: 392 runs, 1121 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors activesupport: 5188 runs, 12926 assertions, 43 failures, 28 errors 99% passing!

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Failure: TimeWithZoneTest#test_minus_with_time_precision [activesupport/ test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb:340]: Expected: 86399.999999998 Actual: 86399.99999999799 😩

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activerecord-jdbc-adapter • Version-matched to Rails • 60.0 for Rails 6.x, 70.0 for Rails 7.x, etc • 70.0 in progress • sqlite, mysql working pretty well, gems are out there • 7745 runs, 25040 assertions, 32 failures, 14 errors, 19 skips • postgresql needs more updates, coming soon

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Performance

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What Matters to You? • Straight-line performance? • High concurrency? • Startup time? • Warmup time? • Memory size? • Optimizing for only one of these can penalize the others

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Benchmarks • Benchmarks are very situational • What looks good in a microbench may not translate to production • Three example benchmarks • railsbench, small Rails blog on SQLite, no web server, tight loop • Rails blog on MySQL, end to end through Puma • ActiveRecord reads and updates

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railsbench • Based on simple scaffolded blog app • SQLite database, single thread, all in one process • No web server, no connections, just loop on requests • Good for analyzing Rails core framework performance • Not great for real-world end-to-end measurement

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The Players • Ruby 3.1.2 with and without --yjit • Truf fl eRuby 22.2 JVM CE • Newer versions may be better • JRuby 9.4 on Java 17

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time to run 2000 requests (lower is better) 0 550 1100 1650 2200 Time 1,460ms 1,834ms 1,704ms 2,152ms CRuby 3.1 CRuby 3.1 yjit Tru ffl eRuby JRuby

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What You're Missing • Straight-line performance? • High concurrency? • Startup time? • Warmup time? • Memory size?

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Memory Footprint • More complex runtimes take more memory • Different GC strategies take more memory • CRuby has been optimized for startup time and memory use • Super valuable but may not help server apps

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Memory Footprint 0 750 1500 2250 3000 Memory 900MB 2,400MB 80MB CRuby 3.1 Tru ffl eRuby JRuby

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Warmup Time • Optimizing runtimes just take longer to warm up • Code needs to be pro fi led, analyzed, compiled • GC needs to fi nd sweet spot for heap size, generations • Known issue, but we and JVM folks always try to improve • Pre-warm new deploys (or just accept it will start off slower) • JVM tooling to bootstrap into a warm VM

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Warmup Over Time 0ms 450ms 900ms 1350ms 1800ms Iteration (2000 requests each) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CRuby 3.1 yjit

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Warmup Over Time 0ms 5000ms 10000ms 15000ms 20000ms Iteration (2000 requests each) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JRuby

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Warmup Over Time 0ms 5000ms 10000ms 15000ms 20000ms Iteration (2000 requests each) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CRuby 3.1 yjit JRuby

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Warmup Over Time 0ms 6000ms 12000ms 18000ms 24000ms Iteration (2000 requests each) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tru ffl eRuby

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Warmup Over Time 0ms 7500ms 15000ms 22500ms 30000ms Iteration (2000 requests each) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 CRuby 3.1 yjit Tru ffl eRuby JRuby

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Benchmarks Lie • The only benchmark that matters is your code • Your code is probably not requesting the same posts in a loop • We can make this a bit more real with full end-to-end • Puma web server, MySQL backend • External request driver (siege) • Max out CPU (high concurrency)

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End-to-end Rails Blog • Scaffolded "blog" application on MySQL • Local i7 laptop • CRuby 3.1: 16 workers, 2 threads each • JRuby 9.4: 32 threads • Truf fl eRuby: 32 threads but had issues

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Setup • Local everything including benchmark driver • MySQL in a Docker container • Scaffolded app is super minimal • Using siege: 16 concurrent, 10s intervals, benchmark mode • Warmup time is a thing...

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requests per second (higher is better) 0rps 1500rps 3000rps 4500rps 6000rps 3m 5,160rps 668rps 2,361rps 2,070rps CRuby 3.1 CRuby 3.1 yjit Tru ffl eRuby JVM CE JRuby

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0MB 1500MB 3000MB 4500MB 6000MB 1,400MB 6,000MB 1,520MB Ruby 3.1 Tru ffl eRuby JRuby

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0MB 400MB 800MB 1200MB 1600MB 950MB 1,400MB 1,520MB Ruby 3.1 JRuby JRuby with max heap

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Requests per second, 10s siege runs (higher is better) 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CRuby 3.1 CRuby 3.1 yjit JRuby

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ActiveRecord Performance • Steady improvement over the years • Lots of work to slim down, use prepared statements, etc • Still a pretty heavy framework • JRuby performance has steadily increased • Thanks in part to JVM improvements! • Numbers using local MySQL via Docker

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Select Performance select Iterations per second 0 1250 2500 3750 5000 binary boolean datetime string text * 3,974 4,798 4,853 4,499 4,569 4,798 2,410 2,584 2,480 2,674 2,713 2,630 CRuby 3.1 JRuby 9.4

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Update Performance Update speci fi c typed column and save! Iterations per second 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 binary boolean datetime string text timestamp 16,407 18,580 18,969 14,630 18,934 19,751 7,615 8,406 8,341 6,507 8,509 8,491

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True Story • Large Rails application using 40 xlarge on EC2 • 40 worker processes per server • 100k-150k req/min, 50-75ms response times • Migrated app to JRuby, made more use of threading • Down to 10 xlarge, 75% cost reduction • Consistently over 150k req/min, 30ms response times

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Wrapping Up

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JRuby Future • JRuby 9.4 is out! • You can help us by trying it and reporting issues • Maybe submit a PR? • Big optimization work coming the rest of this year • Many call types do not optimize, no splitting, lots of big plans • Upcoming JVM features: native fi bers, built-in FFI, new JITs and GCs

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JRuby on Rails Future • Rails 6 support is pretty stable • Rails 7 support is looking great! • As your app grows, JRuby can help you scale • Reduce resources, save money • Let's talk about running your app on JRuby!

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Thank You! • Charles Oliver Nutter • [email protected] • @headius(@mastodon.social) • https://github.com/jruby/jruby • https://www.jruby.org